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Garden Flowers: 



How TO Cultivate Them. 



A TREATISE ON THE CULTURE OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL 

TREES, SHRUBS, ANNUALS, HERBACEOUS 

AND BEDDING PLANTS. 



BY 



Edward Sprague Rand, Jr. 



AUTHOR OF FLOWERS FOR THE PARLOR AND GARDEN. 




BOSTON: 

J. E. TILTON AND COMPANY. 

1866. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 

EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, Jr., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



Stereotyped by C. J. Peters & Son, 
13 Washington St., Boston. 

Y f\ -^ Press of Geo. C. Rand & Avery. 



TO 



DR. J. P. KIRTLAND, 



OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, 



THE PIONEER OF HORTICULTURE IN THE 
GREAT WEST. 



INTRODUCTION. 



In presenting the present volume, the author can 
lay but little claim to originality. The work was un- 
dertaken to supply the want, which has long been 
felt, of a trustworthy handbook of garden-flowers ; one 
which should comprise a short treatise on the culture 
of hardy perennials, biennials, and annuals, as well as 
the more showy family of bedding-plants. In a work 
of a few hundred pages, it is manifestly impossible to 
give minute directions for the successful cultivation 
of every plant. The volume is not intended to teach 
gardening ; but, a knowledge of the several principles 
of gardening — the preparation of the soil, the appli- 
cation of manures, the sowing of seed, the formation 
of hot-beds — being presupposed, it is proposed to 
teach the peculiar culture each plant may require, to 
give the soil in which it best succeeds, and to furnish 
a condensed Hst of species and varieties best adapted 
to garden culture, with the height, color of flowers, 
season of bloom, native country, and date of intro- 



VI INTRODUCTION. 

duction of each. This first plan has been somewhat 
amphfied ; and all hardy plants, comprising trees and 
shrubs, have been included, until the present volume 
comprises short and concise directions for the culture 
of every plant usually met with in the garden, includ- 
ing trees, shrubs, and climbers. 

The labor of compilation has been greatly lessened 
by adaptations from two English works of somewhat 
similar character, Glenny's " Handbook of the Gar- 
den," and Johnson's "Cottage Gardener's Dictionary," 
books of great value, but almost useless to the Amer- 
ican florist on account of the great difference in cli- 
mate between our own country and England, which 
renders, in many cases, entirely different treatment 
necessary in the culture of the same plant. 

Many plants which are hardy in England are not 
hardy with us, while, strange as it may seem, some 
plants which survive our severest winters uninjured 
require frame protection in England. 

While the heat of our summer's sun will forever 
prevent our raising such florists' flowers as Tansies, 
Auriculas, and Pinks, in perfection, the same warm 
summers enable us to bring many plants to a perfec- 
tion of bloom unknown in England. The directions 
for the culture of these florists' flowers are ample, and 
the list of species of trees will be found very complete. 



INTRODUCTION. VII 

The author has experienced great difficulty in the 
appUcation of the word "hardy" to the various plants. 
The extent of our country is so great, and the range 
of temperature so varied, that it is impossible to fix 
with certainty the exact locality where a plant ceases 
to be hardy. Much also depends on situation and 
exposure. 

Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, respectively, 
each have many hardy plants which are winter-killed 
farther north. The Liquidamber is hardy five miles 
south of Boston, but is killed to the ground each win- 
ter twenty-five miles north of the same city. Pyrus 
Japonica stands well as a hedge-plant in Massachu- 
setts, yet is winter-killed in western New York. These 
instances might be multiplied a hundred-fold. 

Again : neighborhood to the sea has much to do 
with the hardiness of plants, usually operating unfa- 
vorably ; as also has. the protection afforded by snow 
in each winter. Thus it will be seen no rule of gen- 
eral application can be laid down. Where a plant is 
called " hardy," it may be taken as hardy in Massa- 
chusetts, and, of course, southward ; though often some 
species of such a plant may require frame protection. 
In this the author has given the results of his own 
experience and observation ; and, while he cannot 
hope to have made no mistake, he trusts the experi- 



VIII INTRODUCTION. 

ence of others may confirm his near approximation 
to accuracy. 

The present volume omits entirely the hardy ferns, 
which it is proposed to embrace in a forthcoming vol- 
ume devoted entirely to cryptogamous plants. A 
companion volume to the present, classifying and 
describing "Greenhouse Plants" in the same manner, 
is already in press, which, with his previous work 
on " Parlor Gardening," and his forthcoming work 
on " Orchids," now far advanced towards completion, 
the author hopes will form indispensable companions 
both to the florist and amateur, and indeed to all, both 
old and young, who love the culture of flowers, the 
bright and beautiful gifts which the Author of all 
good has so lavishly strewn around our earthly path- 
way, and which, if we rightly read their silent teach- 
ings, cannot but ennoble and elevate the soul. 

Glen Ridge, January, 1866. 



Garden Flowers, 



AND 



HOW TO CULTIVATE THEM. 




ABIES. Spruce Fir. [Pinacese.] Hardy evergreen or- 
namental trees and shrubs, growing in common soil, 
and increased by seeds and by grafting. A numerous family. 

A. Ajonesis (Ajona) ; large tree ; Siberia. A. alba (white 
spruce); 50 feet ; May; North America ; 1700. A. alba nana 
(dwarf) ; May. A. aniabilis (lovely) ; 180 feet ; April ; New Cali- 
fornia ; 1 83 1. A. aroinatica (aromatic); loo feet; Oregon. A. 
balsamea (balsam-fir) ; 45 feet ; May ; North America. A. bracte- 
ata (bracted) ; 120 feet ; California. A. Bnmoniana (Brown's) ; 
75 feet ; Nepaul. A. Canadensis {C2a-i2.d\2in', hemlock-spruce); 
85 feet; May; North America ; 1736. A. Cephalonica {Qt'^\\2i- 
lonian) ; 60 feet; May; Cephalonia ; 1824. A. concoloK (one- 
colored); mountains of Mexico. A. Dotiglasii {jyo\i^2L%''^\ 170 
feet ; May ; North America ; 1826. A. excelsa (lofty) ; 150 feet ; 
May ; north of Europe. Carpatica, Clanbrasiliana., gigantea., 
7nonstrosa, mucronata^ na7ta, tenuifolia^ variegata,2ind vi?ninalis 
are all varieties of excelsa. A. falcata (sickle-leaved) ; 35 feet ; 
Oregon. A. fir ma (solid); mountains of Japan. A. Fraseri 
(Eraser's) ; 30 feet ; May ; 181 1. A. Fraseri nana (dwarf). A. 



10 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

grandis (great); 170 feet; May^ New California; 1831. A. 
heterophylla {w?ir\o\is-\Q3Nt6)', 180 feet; Oregon. A. hoinolepis 
(equal-scaled); 25 feet; mountains of Japan. A.Jesoeiisis {]^zo\ 
spruce-fir); 55 feet; Japan. A. Khutrow (Khutrow) ; 50 feet; 
Himalayas. A. lasiocarpa (woolly-coned) ; North-west America ; 
A. Menziesii (Menzies') ; 60 feet; May; North-west America ; 
1 83 1. A. Mertensiana (Merten's) ; Island of Sitcha. A. micro- 
phylla (small-leaved); 180 feet; Oregon. A. Morinda (Morin- 
da) ; 40 feet ; North India. ^. 7;/ z/(;r^««/^7 (sharp-pointed); 180 
feet; Oregon. ^. ;?zVr^ (black-spruce) ; 60 feet ; May; North 
America; 1700. A. 7iobilis (noble); 65 feet; North America; 
1 83 1. A. Noi'dmajuiiana i^Q>xdiVi\2irm!'&)\ 80 feet; Crimea. A. 
obovata (reversed-egg-coned) ; Siberia. A. oriejitalis (eastern) ; 
30 feet ; May; Levant ; 1825. A. picea (pitchy) ; 160 feet ; May ; 
Germany; 1603. A. picea Apollinis {A^oWim); Greece. A. 
picea leioclada {smooth.-hr^.ncho.d) ; Levant. A. pichta (pitch); 
50 feet; May; Siberia; 1820. A. Pindrow (Pindrow) ; 100 
feet ; May ; Himalayas ; 1837. A. Pi7isapo (Pinsapo) ; 65 feet ; 
Spain; 1838. A. polita (neat); 50 feet; mountains of Japan. 
A. religiosa (sacred); 150 feet; Mexico. A. rubra (red-spruce); 
50 feet; May; North America; 1755. ^- ^^^bra violacea (vio- 
let). A. rubra arctica (arctic). A. ScJirenkiana (Schrenk's) ; 
Siberia. A. Sitchensis {^\\s:\\?i\\)', Island of Sitcha. ■ A.trigona 
(three-angled) ; 300 feet ; Oregon. A. Tstiga (Tsugan) ; North 
of Japan. A. Tsiiga nana {^\y7vci). A. Webbiana {}Ntbh''s)', 90 
feet; Himalayas; 1822. 

These are all now classed under Pinus. 

Abobra. [Cucurbitaceae.] A very ornamental climber, 
nearly allied to the ornamental gourds which have of late 
become so popular. The flowers are greenish and incon- 
spicuous ; the foliage finely cut, dark-green, and veiy orna- 
mental ; the fruit, which is the chief beauty, small, glossy 
scarlet, freely produced. The plant is dicecious. 

Raised from seeds, in hot-bed, in pots, and turned out in 
a rich sunny border, the plants grow rapidly, and before 
autumn are very showy. It also strikes freely from cuttings. 



GARDEN FLO\VERS. II 

We know of but one species. The plant is perennial, but 
succeeds best as an annual. 

A. viridiflora (green-flowered); tender perennial; 15 feet; 
flowers green, fruit scarlet, all summer ; South America; i860. 

Abronia. [Nyctaginaceae.] A very pretty genus of trail- 
ing plants, which, though properly frame perennials, succeed 
better with us treated as annuals. The flowers are in heads 
like a verbena, and cover the plant. 

Soil, a sandy peat and leaf-mould, though the plants suc- 
ceed in any good garden soil. Propagated by cuttings 
rooted in sand in spring, from plants wintered in the green- 
house ; or, better, by seeds sown in frame in May, and trans- 
planted to the garden after the weather has become warm. 
A. U7?ibellata^ with rosy-lilac flowers, is the best variety. 

A. 7nellifera (honey-bearing); flowers orange, from June to 
August; Cahfornia; 1826. A. piilchella (neat); flowers pink, 
from July to September ; California; 1848. A. rosea {jo?^^-z(A- 
ored); flowers rosy-red, July to September; California; 1847. 
A. iiDibellata (umbel-flowered); flowers rosy-lilac, all summer; 
Cahfornia ; 1825. All the varieties grow about six inches high. 

Acacia. [Mimoseae.] The only hardy species of this 
very extensive genus is A. yulibrissin, which succeeds well 
south of New York, as a hardy shrub or small tree, in any 
garden soil. Propagated by cuttings of year-old shoots, or 
by seeds. 

A. Julibrissin (silk-tree); hardy tree; lato 12 feet; flowers 
pinkish- white, in August; Levant; 1745. 

Acacia Pseudo. See Robinta. 

Acacia Rose. See Robinia. 

Acacia Three-Thorned. See Gleditschia. 

AcAENA. [Sanguisorbeae.] A family of not veiy show)^ 
perennials, growing in common garden soil, and propagated 
by seeds or division ; generally tender. 



12 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

A. millefolium (thousand-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; 
flowers greenish, in September ; south of Europe. A. latebrosa 
pinnatijida and sericea are other species. 

AcANTHOLiMON. Prickly Thrift. [Plumbaginaceas.] Dwarf 
hardy perennials, very pretty ornaments for rock-work. Soil, 
sandy loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of the half- 
ripened shoots in a gentle heat, by division, or by seed. 

A. glumaceum (glumaceous). Hardy evergreen perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in June ; Armenia ; 1845. 

Acanthus. Beards-Breech. [Acanthaceas.] Hardy her- 
baceous perennials, somewhat coarse, but of stately appear- 
ance, the blooms being borne in a tall spike, white and pur- 
plish, protected by spiny bracts. They grow in any kind of 
soil, and propagate most readily by division of the root ; also 
by seeds. A. spiiiosissimus has beautifully divided leaves. 

A. Hispaniais (Spanish); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers 
white, in August ; Spain ; 1700. A. 7nollis (soft) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet ; flowers white and purple, in summer ; Italy ; 1548. 
The leaves of this species, growing through an old basket, are 
said to have given the idea of the Corinthian style of architecture. 
A. niger (black) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in Au- 
gust ; Portugal; 1759. A. spinosissimiis (most spiny); hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple and white, in summer ; south 
of Europe ; 1629. A. spinosiis (spiny) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers white, in August; Italy; 1629. 

These plants, in the most northern States, need slight 
protection in winter. 

Acer. Maple. [Aceraceae.] Hardy trees and shrubs. 
Common soil. Propagated by seeds and layers. Cuttings 
will strike in the open ground, if inserted in spring and kept 
moderately moist. The usual method is by seeds, or, in va- 
riegated or dark-foliaged varieties, by budding, inarching, or 
grafting on the common maple. 

A. Austriaciun (Austrian maple); 40 feet ; flowers green, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 3 

May ; Austria. A. barbatiwi (bearded-calyxed) ; 15 feet ; flowers 
green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A. campestre 
(common) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Britain. 
A. campestre Austriacum; 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in 
June; Austria; 1812. ^. ir^z;/?/*?^//'^^^'/////?^;;? (hill-dwelling); 25 
feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; France. A. campestre 
hebecarptun (downy- fruited) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, 
in June ; Britain. A. campestre Icevigatiun (smooth-leaved) ; 30 
feet; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. campestre nanum 
(dwarf); 6 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. ca7npes- 
tre variegatum (variegated) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, 
in May; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. circinatum 
(round-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; 
Columbia; 1827. A. Creticum (Cretan); 6 feet; flowers in 
May; Levant; 1752. A. dasycarpiim (hairy-fruited); flowers 
green and yellow, in April; North America; 1725. A. hetero- 
phylhim (various -leaved) ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; 
Levant; 1759; evergreen. A. Ibericum (Georgian); 40 feet; 
flowers green; Asiatic; Georgia; flowers yellow; 1826. A. 
lobatum (lobed-leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers green; Siberia; 1820. 
A. macrophylhujt (lortg-leaved) ; 25 feet ; flowers green, in May ; 
North America; 1812. A. i7ionta7ium (mountain); 25 feet; 
flowers green and yellow ; North America ; 1750. A. Monspes- 
sulatmm (Montpeher) ; 8 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in 
May; France; 1739. ^- iiig^^i^Ji (black); 40 feet; flowers 
green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A.oblongiim 
(oblong-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and white ; Nepaul ; 
1824. A. obtusatu7n (blunt-lobed-leaved) ; 40 feet; flowers 
green and yellow, in May; Hungary; 1825. This is the Nea- 
polita7iu77i of the Italians, and the hybridu77t of London nurseries. 
A. obtusifoliu77i (blunt-leaved); 4 feet; flowers green and yel- 
low, in May ; Crete. ^. ^/z////J?/z>/7;z (Guelder-rose-leaved); 20 
feet; flowers green and yellow, in May; France; 1823. A. 
opalus (opal) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; 
Italy; 1752. yi . /<2/<2;;/m/z/;;2 (palmate-leaved) ; 10 feet; flowers 
green; Japan; 1820. A. Pe7i7tsylva7ticu77i (Pennsylvanian or 
striped bark) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; North 



14 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

America ; 1755. A variety of this, striatum, must be increased 
by grafting or budding. A. platanoides (plane-like) ; 50 feet ; 
flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe ; ,1683. A. plata- 
noides laciniatiim (cut-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yel- 
low, in June ; Europe ; 1683. Must be grafted or budded. A. 
platanoides Lobelli (Lobels) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, 
in May; Naples. A. platanoides variegatum (variegated); 30 
feet; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe; 1683. Must 
be grafted or budded. A. psettdoplatanus (the sycamore); 50 
feet; flowers green and yellow, in April; Britain. A. pseudo- 
plataims pitrpureuut (purple-leaved) ; flowers purple, in May ; 
1828. A. pseudoplatamis subobtusiwi (slightly blunt-leaved) ; 50 
feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May. A. pseudoplatanus 
variegatum (variegated) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, 
in April ; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. rubrum 
(red-flowered or swamp-maple). There are two varieties, one 
with leaves variegated with white, and the other with yellow ; 20 
feet; flowers red, in April ; North America ; 1656. A.sacchari- 
num (sugar-maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; North 
America; 1735. ^- Tartaricum (Tartarian); 20 feet; flowers 
green and yellow, in May ; Tartary ; 1759. 

Achillea. Milfoil. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous 
perennials ; many of the kinds weedy, but some very pretty. 
They are free-flowering, easily grown in common soil, and 
propagated by division of the plant, by cuttings, and by seed. 

A. Clave7iitcB (Clavennu's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in June and July ; Austria ; 1656. A. ptarmica flore 
pleno (double Sneezewort); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers 
white, in July; gardens. A. toinentosa (woolly); hardy peren- 
nial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. 

There are some thirty other species; all, except one {A. 
yEgyptiacce) hardy perennials. The flowers of all are white or 
yellow. 

AcHYRANTHES. See Iresine. 

Acis. [Amaryllidace^.] Hardy bulbs ; small, but very 



GARDEN FLOWERS. I5 

pretty. Soil, light sandy loam. Propagated by offsets from 
the bulbs, which should be carefully separated, and planted 
where they may not be disturbed. In the Northern States, 
a slight winter protection will be found necessary. 

A. aiitiiinnalis (autumnal) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white and pink, in September; Portugal; 1629. A. graridi- 
fiorns (large-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
August; Numidia ; 1820. A. rosea (rosy); hardy bulb; 6 
inches ; flowers rose-colored, in August and September ; Corsi- 
ca ; 1820. A. trichophyllus (hair-leaved); 6 inches; flowers 
white, in early spring ; Spain ; 1820. 

AcoNiTUM. Monkshood. [Ranunculacese.] Hardy per- 
ennials, with showy, curious hood-shaped flowers. Soil, any 
common loam. Propagated by parting the roots, which is 
best done after the bloom declines in the autumn. Divide 
the root into as many pieces as there are hearts to. the plant, 
with a portion, of root to each, and plant them in nursery- 
beds about a foot apart : the plants, however, need not be 
parted for several years ; for, the larger they spread, the more 
showy they»are. Once in three or four years is often enough 
to disturb the plant ; and even then, if it be too large, you 
may cut away some all round to lessen it, without digging 
the main plant up. Propagated also by seeds. 

Many of the species do well in partially shaded places. 
All species are poisonous, and possess powerful medical 
properties. 

There are about one hundred and thirty species, of which 
about ninety are tuberous-rooted, and the remainder fibrous- 
rooted. The following are good species : — 

A. mitiumiale (autumnal); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers 
deep-blue, in autumn; China; 1846. A. Chinense (Chinese); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in September ; China ; 
1833. A. Japoniciun (Japanese); hardy perennial; 5 feet; 
flowers purple, in August; Japan. A. Napellus (Monkshood); 



1 6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in June and July ; Europe ; 
1596. A. ochroleticujn (yellowish-white); hardy perennial; 3 
feet ; flowers yellowish-white, in June and July ; Caucasus ; 
1794. A. speciostun (showy); hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers 
blue, in July ; 1804. A. variegatiun (variegated) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 5 feet ; flowers blue and white, in July ; south of Europe. 

AcoRUS. [Orontiaceae.] A small genus of hardy peren- 
nials with gladiate leaves, which succeed well in moist gar- 
den soil. Easily propagated by division. 

A. cala7nus is the sweet-flag of druggists. 

A. calamus (sweet-flag) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in June ; Eng- 
land. A. graffiifieits {gr2issy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers green, leaves very flagrant; China; 1796. A. terrestris 
(land) ; i foot ; flowers green, in June ; China ; 1822. 

AcROLiNiUM. [Compositae.] A beautiful half-hardy an- 
nual. Soil, sandy peat and loam. Propagated by seeds. 

A. roseiun (rosy) ; half-hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose- 
pink, in June ; Swan River ; 1853. 

ACT.^A. [Ranunculacece.] A family of hardy peren- 
nials, conspicuous for their white flowers and red or white 
berries, succeeding in any garden soil, but preferring a moist, 
half-shaded position. Propagated by division of the root in 
early spring and by seeds. 

A. alba (white); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers and berries 
white, in May and August; North America. A. rubra (red); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; berries bright- 
red, in August ; North America. These two have been consid- 
ered varieties of ^. spicata, but seem sufficiently distinct to con- 
stitute species. A. spicata {s^Wn^d) -, herb Christopher ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; England. 

AcTiNOMERis. [Compositae.] Half-hardy ornamental 
perennials, nearly allied to Coreopsis, and of easy culture in 
any good garden soil. Propagated by division of the root 
and by seed. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/ 

A. alata (winged) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
July; Mexico; 1803. A. heliaiithoides (sunflower-like); hardy 
perennial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Louisiana; 1825. 
A. procera (tall); hardy perennial; 8 feet; flowers yellow, in 
September; North America ; 1766. A. squarrosa (^'^x^z.d^xi^; 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North Ameri- 
ca ; 1640. 

Adam's Needle. See Yucca. 

Adenophora. [Campanulacese.] Hardy herbaceous 
plants related to and resembling Campanula, thriving in 
common garden 'soil, and easily propagated by division. 

A. denticiilata (denticulated); hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- 
ers blue, in June and July ; Siberia ; 181 7. A. mtermedia (inter- 
mediate); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers pale-blue, from July 
to September; Siberia; 1819. A.vrrticillata{\^\\Q)x\t6)', hardy 
perennial; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Siberia; 1783. 

Adenostoma. [Sanguisorbaces.] A hardy shrub nearly 
allied to Alchimilla. Propagated by cuttings of the young 
shoots, rooted in sand under a bell-glass in spring. Soil, 
rich peaty loam. Requires protection in winter in more 
Northern States. 

A . fascicidata (fascicled) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
in June ; California; 1848. 

Adlumla.. [Fumariaceae.] A very pretty hardy biennial 
climber ; flowers white, tipped with pink ; foliage finely cut 
and very ornamental. Seeds sown in May produce plants 
w^hich climb and flower the following year. Propagated by 
seeds. As with all biennials, to insure bloom every year, 
seed must be sown each spring : in rich soil, however, the 
seed sows itself, and the plants come up without further 
trouble. The genus is nearly allied to Corydalis. 

A. drrhosa (tendril bearing); hardy biennial; 8 to 15 feet; 
flowers white, rose tipped, all summer ; North America ; 1778. 

Adonis. Pheasajifs Eye. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy an- 



1 8 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

nuals and perennials, with pretty poppy-like blooms. Com- 
mon garden soil. The annuals may be sown in pots in 
February, a few in a three-inch pot, and kept under glass 
until May, when, if planted out with their ball of earth entire 
in the borders, they will flower directly ; or they may be 
sown in patches in the open border or in beds, about May. 
The fault of the Flos Adonis as a garden plant is, that the 
bloom is scanty. The perennials like a cool situation, but 
require no peculiar culture : they are propagated by dividing 
the roots. There are several species. 

Annuals. A. aestivalis (summer) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, 
in June; south of Europe; 1629. A. aittunuialis (autumnal; 
Flos Adonis, Pheasant's Eye); 18 inches; flowers crimson, in 
July ; England. Av citrina (citron-colored) ; i foot ; flowers 
orange, in June ; south of Europe ; 18 19. 

Perennials. A. Appetiiiia (Appenine) ; i foot ; flowers yel- 
low, in May ; Europe. A. Daiirica (D2X\\ix\(z?c(\)\ i foot; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; Siberia; 1827. ^4. ^/V/^r/^ (distorted) ; i 
foot; flowers yellow, in spring; Naples; 1827. A. Pyrejiaica 
(Pyrenean) ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1817. 
A. Siberica (Siberian) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia ; 
1827. A. vernalis (spring); i foot; flowers yellow, in April; 
Europe; 1629. A. Vo/gensis (Volga.); i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Russia; 18 18. 

^gochloa. [Polemoniaceae.] Dwarf hardy annuals, 
nearly allied to Gilia, and requiring the same management. 
They grow in ordinary light garden soil ; and seeds require 
to be sown about the middle of May in patches in the flower- 
borders, the young plants being thinned out while young, so 
that they may not grow up crowded. The genus is now 
called Navarrettia. 

^. cotulo'folia (cotula-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; California ; 1833. Al. intertexta (inter- 
woven) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Califor- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 9 

nia; 1833. y£. pubescens {downy); hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers blue, in June ; California ; 1833. ^-E. sqiiarrosa (spreading) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in August ; Santa Cruz ; 
1847. 

^scuLUS. [Sapindacese.] The Horse-chestnut is too well 
known to need description. All the species are hardy orna- 
mental trees, flourishing in rich loam, of stately growth, alike 
desirable both for foliage and flower. Propagated by seed, 
layers, or by grafting. 

^. glabra (smooth-leaved) ; 12 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, 
in May; North America ; 1812. A£. hippocastaJiu7n (common 
Horse-chestnut); 40 feet; flowers white, in May; Asia; 1629. 
jE.hippocastanum flore-pleno {d.oxii!o\^-'^ov^^x^d)\ 40 feet; flowers 
white, in May ; gardens. AL. hippocastamim foliis argeiiteis 
(silver-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers white, in May ; gardens. jE. 
hippocastanu77t variegatum (commmon striped-leaved) ; 16 feet ; 
flowers white, in May; Asia; 1629; layers. ^. Ohiotensis 
(Ohio) ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America. y£. 
pallida (pale-flowered) ; 1 2 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in 
June; North America; 1812; grafts or buds. Al. rubicimda 
(red-flowered); 12 feet; flowers red, in June; North America; 
grafts or buds ; 1820. 

The double-flowered variety is very desirable. 

^THiON^MA. [Cruciferae.] Annuals and perennials of 
low growth succeeding in light soil. Propagated by summer 
cuttings, or by seed sown in spring. 

Annuals. ^. Buxbaiunii (Buxbaum's) ; 6 inches ; flowers 
pale-red, in June; Levant; 1823. jE. gracile (slender); 3 
inches; flowers pale-red, in June ; Carniola ; 1823. j£.saxatile 
(rock) ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; south of Europe ; 

1759- 

Perennials. ^. heterocarpuin (various-podded) ; 6 inches ; 
flowers purple, in July; Armenia; 1837. Al. ineuibrattacetmi 
(membranous); i foot; flowers lilac, in June; Persia; 1829. 
^. monospermum (one-seeded) ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purple, 



20 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

in July; Spain; 1778. ^, j)arviflorum (small-flowered); 6 
inches ; flowers lilac, in July; Persia ; 1830. 

African Marigold. See Tagetes. 

AGATHiEA. [Compositae.] Greenhouse sub-shrubby plants, 
useful for the summer decoration of the flower-garden. Good 
garden soil, or loam and leaf-mould. Propagated freely by 
cuttings in August or February, the young plants being kept 
in a frame or greenhouse, and planted out in May. 

A. ccslestis (heavenly); frame sub-shrub; 18 inches ; flowers 
pale-blue, from May onwards ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1753. A. 
linifolia (flax-leaved) ; frame sub-shrub ; 1 8 inches ; flowers blue, 
all summer ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1800. 

Ageratum. [Compositae.] Hardy or half-hardy annuals, 
which may, however, be kept as perennials, by cuttings or in 
pots, if not allowed to ripen seed. Light rich soil. Propa- 
gated by seeds, which should be sown in April, in a frame, 
and the plants pricked out in the open border in May, not 
less than six inches apart. The best is A. Mexicamwt. 

A. Mexicanu77t vel odoratimt (Mexican or fragrant) ; half-hardy 
annual; 18 inches; flowers blue, all summer; Mexico; 1822. 
A. a7igiistifolmm \ from Monte Video; has white flowers, in 
July. A. strictiun ; from Nepaul ; has white flowers, in June. 
A. coeruleurn ; from the West Indies ; has sky-blue flowers, in 
July. 

Agrimonia. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
easily propagated by division of the root, and growing in 
common garden soil. The genus is allied to Potentilla. 

A. Etipatoria (Eupatoria) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; Great Britain. A. odorata (scented) ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July and August ; Italy ; 
1640. ^.JZ/^i/^^/^wj- (sweet-smelling); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1820. 

Agrostemma. [Car}^ophyllaceas.] Hardy perennials. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 21 

with Lychnis-like flowers. They should be planted in a pre- 
pared rich loamy soil, and are increased by division. 

The species commonly known as Rose Campion (A. cor- 
onaria) is now referred to Lychnis. 

A. Bungeana (Bunge's) ; hardy perennial ; i8 inches ; flowers 
scarlet, in July ; Asiatic Russia ; 1834. A. Pyrenaica (P}Te- 
nean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-rose, in June ; Py- 
renees ; 1819. A. Suecica (Swedish) ; i foot ; flowers pink, in 
August; Sweden; 1834. 

Agrostis. [Graminace^.] A very beautiful annual or- 
namental grass. Easily grown from seed sown in light 
loamy soil. If grown in a frame, in pots, the plants develop 
well and are very ornamental. 

A. pulchella (neat) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; apetalous, flower 
panicle slender, much branched ; Italy ; 1831. A. dulcis, ele- 
gans, laxiflora^ nebulosa^ phunosa^ and retrofracta are fine new 
varieties, all succeeding with similar treatment. 

AjUGA. Bugle. [Labiatas.] Hardy perennials or an- 
nuals, the latter of little interest in gardens ; some of the 
former are neat plants for damp rock-work, or for flower- 
borders in a cool situation. Common damp garden soil. 
Propagated by division. 

A. alpiiia (alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 
in May ; England. A. Geitevejisis (Geneva) ; hardy perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers blue, from May to July ; Switzerland ; 1656. 
A. pyramidalis (pyramidal) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers blue, in May and June ; Britain. A. reptans (common) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May and June ; 
England. There are white-flowered and red-flowered varieties 
of this. 

AiLANTHUS. [Xanthoxylaceae.] Tree of Heaven. De- 
ciduous trees formerly extensively planted on account of 
their rapid growth and graceful foliage, but now generally 



22 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

discarded on account of the vile smell of the blossoms. 
Cuttings and seed. Dry soil. 

A. glandiilosa (glanded) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green ; 
China ; 175 1. 

Alchemilla. Ladfs Mantle. [Sanguisorbaceae.] Har- 
dy perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. 
The species have all insignificant flowers, but a pretty 
foliage. A. alpina^ conjimcta, and sericea are the most inter- 
esting. A. Capensis and sibbaldiccfolia are greenhouse plants. 
Some other hardy species are A.fissa 2iXiA pentaphylla. 

Alder. See Alnus. 

Aletris. Colic Root. [Liliaceae.] Curious hardy peren- 
nials, requiring a cool, moist situation and peaty soil, and to 
be in a shady place. Propagated by offsets. 

A. aicrea (golden-tipped) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in July; North America; 181 1. A. farinosa (mealy); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North 
America ; 1768. 

Alisma. Water Plantai7i. [Alismaceae.] Hardy water 
plants. The plants maybe planted in the muddy soil of the 
margins of ponds or lakes ; or potted into large pots, and the 
pots set into water deep enough to cover them. Propagated 
by seeds, or division of the roots. 

A. lanceolata (spear-leaved); hardy aquatic perennial; 18 
inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in July ; England. A. plantago 
(plantain) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in 
July; England. A. raiitmcidoides (ranunculus-like); hardy 
aquatic perennial ; i foot ; flowers purplish, in August ; Britain. 
A. trivialis ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 16. 

Allium. Garlic. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs. Good 
loamy soil. Propagated by offsets. 

A. acumifiatum (sharp-pointed) ; half-hardy-bulb ; i foot ; 
flowers white and crimson, in March; California; 1847. A. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 23 

azureufn (azure) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, in Septem- 
ber ; Siberia ; 1830. A. bisulciivi (jonquil-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 
I foot; flowers purple, in June; south of Europe. A. Cowani 
(Cowan's) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Chili ; 
1823. A. flavum (yellow) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June; Austria; 1759. A. longifolium (long-leaved); hardy 
bulb ; I foot ; flowers dark purplish-red, in September ; Mexico ; 
1826. A. Moly (Moly) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
June ; south of Europe ; 1604. A. Neapolitanum (Neapolitan) ; 
hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Italy ; 1824. 

There are about one hundred and twenty other species, 
some of which are ornamental ; but the above list com- 
prises the best. 

Almond. See Amygdalus. 

Alnus. [Betulaceae.] Hardy decjduous trees, with apeta- 
lous fliowers, growing freely in moist situations. The tree 
is short-lived, but very useful where a temporary shade is 
needed. Propagated by layers or seeds. 

A. barbata (bearded); flowers in March ; Russia ; 1838. A. 
Canadensis (Canadian) ; flowers in June ; Canada. A. cordifolia 
(heart-leaved); flowers in June; Naples; 1818. A. glauca 
(milky-green) ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1820. A. glu- 
tinosa {^\!\Qk^) \ flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutitiosa eniar- 
ginata (five-notched-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glu- 
tmosa foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in April ; 
Britain. A. ghitinosa incisa (cut-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Bri- 
tain. A. ghitinosa laciniata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers in April ; 
Britain. A. glutinosa quercifolia (oak-leaved) ; flowers in April ; 
Britain; 1838. A. incana (hoary-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in 
June; Europe; 1780. A. ijicana angtilata (angular-leaved); 
20 feet. A. incana pinnata (pinnate) ; 26 feet ; flowers in June ; 
Europe. A. Jorullensis (Jorulla) ; Mexico. A. viacrocarpa 
(long-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. macrophylla (long- 
leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers in June ; Naples. A. obcordata (two- 
lobed) ; flowers in March ; Russia. A. oblongata (oblong-leaved); 



24 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

20 feet; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1730. A. oblongata 
elliptica (elliptic-lobed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. oxyacan- 
thifolia (oxycanth-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. puntila 
(dwarf); 10 feet; flowers in June. A. rubra (red); 20 feet; 
flowers in June. A. riigosa (wrinkled) ; flowers in March ; North 
America. A. serrulata (saw-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in June ; 
North America ; 1769. A. Siberica (Siberian); Siberia; 1820. 
A. stibrotiinda (roundish-leaved); 23 feet; flowers in April. A. 
undiilata (wave-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; North Amer- 
ica; 1782. 

Alonsoa. [Scrophulariaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy 
evergreen sub-shrubs, with pretty scarlet flowers. Soil, sandy 
loam and leaf-mould, equal parts. Propagated by seeds 
sown in March in a hot-bed ; the seedlings pricked out when 
large enough, and by the end of April potted separately into 
small pots, and then hardened off in cold frames for planting 
out. Cuttings planted in sandy soil, and put in a hot-bed in 
spring, should be treated in the same way as soon as they 
are rooted : during summer they will root freely under a 
hand-glass, on a shady border. For pot blooming, strong 
young plants should be selected in March, and shifted into 
larger pots as they grow, the stronger branches being stopped 
to make the plants bushy ; they should be grown in a green- 
house, or a well-glazed frame. The plants require plenty of 
air, and to be kept from frost in winter. 

A. acutifolia (acute) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 1790. A. incisifolia (cut- 
leaved) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from 
May to October ; Chili ; 1795. A. linearis (linear) ; greenhouse 
sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 
1790. A. Warczewiczii J greenhouse perennial; 18 inches; 
flowers crimson scarlet, all summer ; Peruvian Andes ; 1854. 

Aloysia. [Verbenaceae.] A greenhouse shrub, which, 
kept in a cellar in winter, succeeds well in the border in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 2$ 

summer. It is chiefly cultivated for the leaves, which pos- 
sess a pleasant lemon-like fragrance, whence the common 
name " Lemon verbena." The flowers are in spikes purplish- 
white and inconspicuous. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
Propagated by cuttings, which root freely in sand in March 
from the old wood, in August from the new. 

A. citriodoi'-a (lemon-scented) ; greenhouse shrub ; i to 5 feet ; 
flowers purplish-white, in summer ; Chili ; 1784. 

Alsine. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, some of 
which are rather pretty. A. laricifolia, introduced from Si- 
beria in 1834, is a perennial; propagated by division. A. 
7nucro7iafa, moUuginea^ piibescens^ and segetalis, are pretty an- 
nual species with white flowers. Propagated by seeds. 

Althaea. Marsh Mallow. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, 
biennials, and perennials, but, excepting the Hollyhocks (A. 
rosea 2i\\dJidfolia), of little horticultural importance. Com- 
mon garden soil. Propagated, the annuals and biennials, by 
seeds ; the perennials, by division of the root. 

The Hollyhock {Althcea rosea) is a noble flower ; and the 
varieties are becoming so numerous, and so much improved, 
that it is an established favorite. It is raised from seed, and 
multiplied by parting the roots ; the former to produce new 
varieties, the latter to propagate old ones. In autumn the 
old plants must be dug up and parted, each heart being 
separated with a portion of root to it. These are to be 
planted out in a nursery-bed one foot apart, or they may 
be planted at once where they are to bloom. They will 
stand three years, or even more, if a large plant and a num- 
ber of spikes of flower be the object. Even in parting them, 
they need not be divided into single hearts, unless increase 
is desired. Choice varieties may be increased by cuttings of 
the flowering stems ; every leaf, with a portion of the old 
stem containing a bud, being capable of forming a plant if 



26 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

treated as a cutting. They are best planted at the back of 
borders, or in the midst of shrubs, the plants being in no 
way interesting ; but the flower-spikes, which are produced at 
the upper part of the stem, are very noble objects. The 
variety of color afforded by this plant is now considerable, 
and some varieties are veiy rich and distinct. They bloom 
from the latter part of July to September. 

A.ficifolia (Antwerp Hollyhock); hardy biennial ; 6 feet; flow- 
ers various, in July; Levant; 1597. A. rosea (common holly- 
hock); hardy biennial, or perennial by culture; 8 to 10 feet; 
flowers various, in July ; Levant ; 1573. 

For the newest varieties of double Hollyhocks consult the 
florists' catalogues, where a large list may be found, with 
colors and habit described. 

Alyssum. Madwort. [Cruciferas.] Dwarf hardy peren- 
nials, or sub-shrubby plants, with cruciferous flowers. A. 
saxatile is very suitable for rock-work, or the front part of a 
flower-border, and forms a beautiful spring-bloomiing bed in 
the flower-garden. It is increased by cuttings. Good gar- 
den soil. The herbaceous species are propagated by divi- 
sion, the sub-shrubby ones by cuttings. Vigorous two-year- 
old plants are the best for blooming : the others are unim- 
portant. The plant commonly called Sweet Alyssum is not 
of this genus : it is Koniga ?naritima. 

A. saxatile (rock); hardy sub-shrubby perennial; i foot; 
flowers yellow, in April ; Candia ; 17 10. 

There are some twenty other species, all with white or 
yellow flowers. 

Amaranthus. Amamnth. [Amaranthaceae.] Hardy 
and half-hardy annuals, sometimes showy from the large 
masses of rich-colored flowers, as in A. caiidatiis, in which 
they droop, and A. hypochondriacus, in which they grow 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/ 

erect ; sometimes grown for the curiously-colored foliage, as 
in A. tricolor. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich garden mould. 
These are propagated by seeds sown in the open borders in 
April, the young plants thinned out to six inches apart. 
The tender sorts require a light and highly manured soil 
(equal parts light loam, leaf-mould, and decayed manure), and 
must be sown in a hot-bed in April, and carefully tended till 
the weather becomes settled, and then planted out. A. mel- 
ancholicus is a very dark-foliaged species, which is now very 
popular for massing. 

A. atroJfurpure7^s (d3.rk-pur-p\e) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; leaves 
and flowers purple, in September; East Indies; 1820. A. bi- 
color (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; leaves red and green, 
in August; East Indies ; 1802. A. caitdatus (Love-Hes-bleed- 
ing) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in August ; East In- 
dies ; 1596. A. hypochondriac2is (Prince's feather); hardy an- 
nual ; 3 to 4 feet ; flowers crimson, in August ; Virginia ; 1684. 
A. speciosus (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 
Nepaul ; 18 19. A. tricolor (three-colored); tender annual; 2 
feet ; foliage variegated, — red, green, and yellow ; East Indies ; 
1548. 

Amberboa. [Compositas.] Hardy annuals. Plant in 
rich garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in the open 
border in May. 

A. moschata (Sweet-Sultan); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers 
lilac-purple, in July; Persia; 1629. A. siiavolens {y^tVi.(y^-'&v\- 
tan) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Levant ; 
1683. 

Amelanchier. [Rosaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, 
sometimes attaining to the height of trees, bearing snowy- 
white flowers early in the season, followed by dark-purple 
edible berries. Propagated by seeds, layers, and grafting 
on thorn or quince. Called also June-berry and shad-bush. 

A. Botryapiu7n (snowy Mespilus) ; hardy tree ; 12 feet ; flow- 



28 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

ers white, in May ; North America ; 1746. This a.nd A . j^orzWa, 
and variety parvifioraj ovalis, and varieties semi-integrifolia, 
subcordata, oblongifolia, rotundifolia, ahiifolia^ sangtiifiea, and 
oligocarpa^ — all seem varieties of one species, A. Canadensis^ 
to which all can readily be referred. All are natives of North 
America. A. vulgaris (common); 6 feet; south of Europe; 
1596. 
American Cowslip. See Dodocatheon. 

Amblyolepis. [Compositae.] A pretty and fragrant 
hardy annual. Common garden soil. Propagated by seeds 
sown in May. 

A. setigera (bristly) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
August ; East Indies. 

Amethystea. [Lamiacece.] A pretty hardy annual. 
Sow the seeds in May in a light peaty soil, cover slightly, 
and thin out as they grow. Propagated by seeds. 

A. ccernlea (blue); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers blue, in 
July; Siberia; 1759. 

Ammobium. [Compositas.] Half-hardy herbaceous plants, 
flourishing in common garden soil. Propagated by cuttings 
and seed. 

A. alatiim (winged); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers 
white, in June ; New Holland ; 1822. A. pla^itagyneiwi (plan- 
tain-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
August; New Holland; 1827. / 

Ammyrsine. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf hardy evergreen shrubs, 
separated from Ledum; conspicuous for masses of white 
flowers in June, and for neat evergreen foliage. They suc- 
ceed well in a Rhododendron bed. A damp peaty soil will 
grow them in perfection, if well sheltered from the direct sun- 
light. Propagated by layers. 

A. buxifolium (box-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in May and June ; North America; 1736. A. 



♦ GARDEN FLOWERS. 29 

prostrata (flat-lying) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in May and June ; North America. 

Ammogeton. [Compositae.] A hardy herbaceous per- 
ennial, thriving in sandy loam. Propagated by division of 
the root. 

A. scorzonerifolitmt (scorzonera-leaved) ; hardy herbaceous 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 
1834. 

Amorpha. [Leguminosae.] Deciduous hardy shrubs, 
called also Bastard Indigo, natives of North America, thriv- 
ing in common garden soil. Propagated by seed or layers. 
The tips of the shoots are very liable to be winter-killed. 
A. hef'bacea, Leunsii, na7ia, and microphylla^ require winter 
protection in the Northern States. 

A.fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, 
in July; North America ; 1800. A.fniticosa{^\\xv^:)\iy)', hardy 
shrub; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; Carolina; 1724. A. 
inicrophylla (small-leaved) ; half-hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers 
purple, in August; Missouri; 181 1. A. nana (dwarf); half- 
hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Missouri; 181 1. 

Ampelopsis. [Vitaceae.] Hardy deciduous climbing 
shrubs. The Virginian Creeper {A. hedei-acea) is one of 
the best of all plants, not evergreen, for covering a large 
space of bare wall or fence, thriving in the most confined 
situations : in autumn the leaves assume a rich crimson tint. 
Common garden soil. Propagated by layers, cuttings, and 
seeds. 

This plant is commonly known as Woodbine in the 
Northern States. 

A. bipi7i7iata (double-winged); half-hardy climber; 15 feet; 
flowers greenish, in August ; North America ; 1700. A. cordata 
(heart-leaved) ; half-hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish, in 
May; North America; 1803. These two require winter pro- 



30 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

tection in the Northern States. A. hederacea (Virginian creep- 
er) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in June ; 
North America; 1629. A. hirsnta (hairy); hardy climbing 
shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in May ; North America ; 
1806. 

Ampherephis. [Compositae.] A very pretty floriferous 
plant, of easy culture in good garden soil. Sow the seeds 
in May, in the open border, and thin out the plants. 

A. aristata (awned) ; hardy annual; i foot; flowers purple, 
in July ; Caraccas ; 1824. A. intermedia (intermediate); hardy 
annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple or lavender, in August ; Bra- 
zil ; 1821. A. imitica (awnless) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
purple, in July ; South America ; 1803. 

Amsonia. [Apocynacese.] Very neat pretty hardy per- 
ennials, thriving in common garden soil, propagated by divi- 
sion of the root, or by cuttings, in summer. 

A. angiistifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers blue, in June; North America; 1774. A. latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; 
North America; 1759. A. salicifolia (willow-leaved); hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 181 2. 

Amygdalus. Almond. [Rosaceae.] Small deciduous flow- 
ering trees and shrubs. The double-flowered varieties are 
particularly beautiful. All grow freely in good loamy well- 
drained garden soil. Propagated by budding on plum- 
stocks ; the shrubs by transplanting the suckers, or by lay- 
ering. 

A. cojmmmis (common) ; hardy tree, 15 feet ; flowers pink, in 
April; Barbary ; 1548. A. incana (hoary); hardy shrub; 2 
feet ; flowers red, in April ; Caucasus. A. nana (common 
dwarf) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; Russia ; 
1683. ^./?^w//<2 (double dwarf) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers 
red, in April ; China ; 1683. 

There are about a dozen or more varieties of the common 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3 1 

almond. Most of these will survive the winter as far north 
as the peach-tree can live. They flower, but seldom fruit. 
The sweet almonds are more tender than the bitter vari- 
eties. To make the dwarf flowering-almond flower to great- 
est advantage, cut the plant off close to the ground as soon 
as the bloom has faded. 

Anacyclus. [Compositae.] A genus of hardy annuals, 
with rayed flowers of no special beauty. Easily grown in 
common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. 

A. Alexandrinus (Alexandrian); i foot; flowers yellow, in 
July; Egypt; 1828. A. aureus (golden); i foot; flowers yel- 
low, in August; Levant; 1570. A. davatus (clavate) ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in August ; Barbary ; 18 10. A. pyrethriwi (like 
pyre th rum) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in August ; Barbary; 1837. 
A. radiatus (rayed) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; south 
of Europe; 1596. 

Anagallis. Pimpo-nel. [Primulaceae.] Hardy and half- 
hardy slender annuals and herbaceous perennials, of pros- 
trate habit. The hardy annuals are sown in May in the 
open border, and are propagated by seeds. The half-hardy 
sorts are increased by cuttings, planted in March in hot- 
beds, or in July or August under a hand-glass, and when 
potted off, should be grown in three parts loam and one 
part peat, and preserved during winter in a greenhouse. 
They all do well in beds and borders in the flower-garden. 

A. altertiifolia (alternate-leaved) ; perennial ; i foot; flowers 
yellow and pink, in May ; Rio Janeiro ; 1839. ^' carnea (flesh- 
colored) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers flesh-colored, in Au- 
gust ; Switzerland; 1819. A. Indica (Indian); hardy annual ; 
I foot ; flowers blue, in June; Nepaul ; 1824. A. MarryattcB 
(Mrs. Maryatt's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers cop- 
per-colored, in June ; garden hybrid. A. Monelli (Monelli's) ; 
half-hardy herbaceous trailer ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; 
Italy ; 1648. A. var. Brewerii has red flowers. A lilacina has 



32 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

pale-lilac flowers. A. Phcsnecia has scarlet flowers ; inti-oduced 
from Morocco in 1803. A. Phillipsii has blue flowers. A. Wil- 
inoreana has purple flowers ; introduced from Madeira in 1834. 
A. Webbiana (Webb's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in July; Portugal; 1828. A. Wellsiana (Wells's); half- 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers copper-color, in July ; hybrid. 

There are numerous seeding varieties. 

Anantherix. [Asclepiadaceae.] A hardy herbaceous 
plant of no special beauty, growing in any garden soil, and 
readily increased by division. 

A vh'idis (green) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers green 
and yellow, in September ; North America ; 18 12. 

Anarrhinum. Very pretty half-hardy biennials, allied 
to Antirrhinum. Seed sown in summer wdll give bloom 
the following year. Common garden soil. May also be 
increased by cuttings. Winter in cold frame. 

A. bellidifoliutn (daisy-leaved) ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in 
July; France; 1629. A.fruticosujn{^^\\xv\ihy)\ 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1826. A. pubescens {dov^ny) -, 
18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 181 8. 

Anastatica. [Cruciferae.] An annual plant of the Egyp- 
tian deserts, called Rose of Jericho. When full grown, it 
contracts its rigid branches into a ball, and is blown about 
by the wind ; when it alights upon a damp place the branch- 
es relax as if it came to life ; hence the name of Resurrec- 
tion Flower. Aside from this, it is a plant of no interest, the 
flowers being small and white. It grows readily from seed, 
but needs a warm exposure. 

A. HierocJnintina (Rose of Jericho); hardy annual; 18 
inches ; flowers white, in July ; Levant ; 1597. 

Anchusa. Biigloss. [Boraginaceae.J A genus of orna- 
mental herbaceous plants, comprising perennials, biennials, 
and annuals. They all grow freely in common garden soil. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 33 

The perennials are increased by division and seeds ; the bi- 
ennials and annuals by seed. As they transplant badly, 
they should be sown where they are to bloom. 

The flowers of most of the species — of which there 
are more than thirty — are blue ; but A. angustifolia, lep- 
tophylla, petiolatci, and zmdnlata, have purple flowers ; A. 
incaniata has flesh-colored, and A. ochroleiica and its vari- 
eties, have yellowish-white ; A. myosotifiora has pink flowers. 
A. Capensis and pidchella require greenhouse protection. 
The following are good species : — 

A . aggregata (cluster-flowered) ; hardy annual ; flowers blue, 
in June ; Levant; 1827. A. amana (pleasing) ; hardy annual ; 
flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe; 1817. A. Barrelieri 
(Barrelier's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; 
south of Europe ; 1820. A. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse bi- 
ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 
1800. ^. i^/z7/^rz (Miller's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches; flowers 
pink, in June ; Levant ; 1713. A. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in July ; Mount Cauca- 
sus ; 1810. A. paiiiculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers blue, in June ; Madeira; 1777. A. tinctoria (alkanet); 
hardy biennial, or perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; 
Montpelier ; 1596. 

Andromeda. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, 
principally hardy, but a few requiring a greenhouse or stove. 
Soil, good rich moist peat, or peat with a third, part loam. 
They are best propagated from layers, put down in Septem- 
ber, and taken off the following autumn. The seeds are 
very small, and require to be sown as soon as ripe, very 
lightly covered, and set in a cool close frame ;' but this is 
too tedious a process, except with very rare kinds. Perhaps 
A.Jloribimdamz.yhQ set down as one of the most useful of 
all dwarf shrubs ; for it looks well from the time the bloom- 
3 



34 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

buds first appear till they are dead, and that comprises one- 
half the entire year. 

There are some forty species, most of which are hardy ; 
the genus has, however, by later botanists been separated 
into Leucothoe, Cassandra, Oxydendrum, and Cassiope : of 
A. polifolia there are many garden varieties. The following 
are most ornamental : — 

A. (Leucothoe) axillaris (axil-flowering) ; hardy evergreen 
shrub ; 2 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1765. 
A. (Cassandra) calyailata (small-calyxed) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in March ; North America ; 1748. A. (Leucothoe) 
Catesbcei (Catesby's) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America ; 1793. A. floribunda (free- 
flowering) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
May; North America ; 1812. ^ . ^^///i?//^ (poly-leaved) ; hardy 
evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 
1790. A. Mariana (stagger-bush); hardy deciduous shrub; 3 
feet; flowers large white, in June; North America; 1763. Oxy- 
dendrum arboreuni (sorrel-tree) is a very ornamental tree of the 
second class, bearing in August large racemes of white flov/ers. 
Hardy south of Massachusetts. 

Androsace. [Primulaceae.] Elegant alpine plants, re- 
lated to the primroses ; the hardiest of them well adapted 
for sheltered rock-work, and all very interesting ; grown in 
pots. Soil, sandy peat and light turfy loam in about equal 
proportions. Their greatest risk is from excess of moisture 
about the crowns or roots ; and from dampness in winter 
they are much more liable to suffer injury than from the de- 
gree of cold. They ought to be kept in small pots, very well 
drained ; and, in the application of water, great care is neces- 
sary at all seasons, but especially in winter. In our sum- 
mers, they require a cool situation. The perennial, bien- 
nial, and annual species require the same kind of treatment, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 35 

differing only in the mode of propagation, which in the per- 
ennials is by division, and in the others by seeds. 

A. carmata (keeled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in May ; North America ; 1826. A. carnea (flesh-col- 
ored) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in July ; 
Switzerland; 1768. A. C/^^;«^'^j-7;zi? (bastard-jasmine) ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Austria ; 1768. 
A. lactea (milk-white) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in June; Austria; 1752. A. lactiflora (milk-flowered); 
hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 
1806. A. lamiginosa (woolly) ; frame perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers rosy-lilac, in August ; Himalaya ; 1841. A linearis (linear) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North 
America; 1826. A. maxima (greatest); hardy annual; 6 
inches; flowers white, in May; Austria; 1797. A. septentri- 
onalis (northern) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
May; Russia; 1755. A. villosa{y\S\.o\x^)\ hardy perennial ; 3 
inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1790. 

ANDROSiEMUM, [HypericaceaE.] A woody-stemmed her- 
baceous perennial, growing in the shade in common soil, 
and increased by division. 

A. officinale (officinal) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; 
England. 

Andryala. [Compositse.] A genus of composite plants 
of little beauty, comprising annuals, biennials, perennials, 
and greenhouse plants. Soil, garden loam. Increased by 
seed or division. 

Anemone. [Ranunculaceae.] A fine genus of hardy and 
half-hardy herbaceous perennials, many having tuberous 
roots, flourishing in rich light loam. Propagated by offsets, 
division, or seed sown in July, from which plants will bloom 
the next year. A. Japonica, a fine autumnal blooming kind, 
makes a fine bed, and is propagated by every little fragment 



36 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

of its roots, these being thickly set with Httle buds or bulb- 
lets. Some of the smaller-growing spring kinds are very 
pretty if grown in large patches, or planted about in shrub- 
beries : these propagate by separating their tubers when in 
a dormant state. A. narcissiflora is a very fine hardy species, 
blooming early in June. 

There are about twenty tuberous- rooted species and va- 
rieties, and about forty with herbaceous roots. 

The Anemone, the florist's flower of our gardens, is the 
offspring of A. coronaria (poppy anemone), and A. hortensis. 
Sprung from these are annually increased varieties. A vari- 
ety lasts about twelve years. 

Characteristics of a good single Anemone. — The stem 
strong, elastic, and erect, not less than nine inches high ; 
the flower at least two inches and a half in diameter, con- 
sisting of large, substantial, well-rounded petals, at first hor- 
izontally extended, and then turning a little upwards, so as 
to form a broad, shallow cup ; the color clear and distinct 
when diversified in the same flower, or brilliant and strik- 
ing if it consists only of one color, as blue, crimson, or 
scarlet. 

A double Anemone should have the outer petals quite flat; 
the second series a little shorter, the third shorter still, and 
so on till the centre is quite full, when the whole should 
form a rather flat hemisphere. Every double flower should 
be of one full color. 

Propagation. — Offsets from the root, and new varieties 
from seed. In propagating by offsets, all the best kinds 
should be taken up annually at the decay of the leaf, and 
the root divided at the time of taking up, to allow the wound 
to heal, into as many pieces or knobs as are furnished with 
an eye or bud ; observing, however, that, if they are divided 
very small, they flower very weak the first year. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3/ 

The time for taking up the roots is June, when the leaf 
and stalk are withered ; for then the roots cease to grow for 
a month or six weeks. Take them up in dry weather, 
spread in an airy place out of the sun for about a week, 
then clear from earth, and store in bags or boxes. 

In propagating by seed, sow from the best single or semi- 
double flowers. Double flowers produce none. 

The time for planting is October, or early in November, 
and the plants will come into flower in May or June. 

Make the beds in a sheltered part of your garden, facing 
the south ; remove the old soil from the beds to the depth 
of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is low and swampy, with 
a wet, clay bottom, drain weU, and do not dig so deep ; if 
high and dry, or with a sandy or gravelly subsoil, you may 
go a little deeper. Then put in from four to six inches of 
unmixed cowdung, such as might be gathered up where 
cows feed. Upon this layer of dung, place as much good 
fresh loam as will raise the beds to their former level, or a 
little higher. During winter, cover the beds with an old 
frame, or with leaves and boughs. 

Any common, moderately light earth suits the Anemone ; 
overmoist and stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If neces- 
sary to make a soil, take maiden loam from the surface of a 
pasture, the top spit, turf and all ; to every load of this add 
one of cowdung, and half a load of sea or sharp sand : blend 
the whole together, and fonn it into a ridge, in which let it 
remain a year, at least, turning it over once in two or three 
months. But, in default of pasture-earth, a good compost 
may be formed of common light garden soil and rotted cow- 
dung, adding to every load of the former half a load of the 
latter, and about a quarter of a load of sharp sand ; and of 
either of the above composts the bed is to be formed. Make 
it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth, and three feet and 
a half broad. 



38 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

A. Apennina (Apennine) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers 
blue, in May ; England. A. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy tu- 
ber ; I foot; flowers white, in May; North America; 1824. 
A. coro7zarm {poppy) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers various, 
in May; Levant; 1596. A. Halleri (Haller's) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May : Switzerland ; 18 16. 
A. Jiorteiisis (garden) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in 
May; Italy; 1597. A. Hiidsoniana (Hudson's); hardy peren- 
nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1827. 
A. Japonica (Japanese) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, 
in September; Japan; 1844. A. iievwrosa (grove); hardy tu- 
ber ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in April and May ; England. A. 
palmata (palmate) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Portugal; 1597. A. pavoitia (peacock); hardy tuber ; 
I foot ; flowers red, in May ; France. A. Pemtsylvanica (Penn- 
sylvania) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America; 1766. A. Pulsatilla (pasque-flower); hardy 
perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in April ; England. A. 
rammcidoides (ranunculus-like) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; England. A. vernalis {^px'in^; hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Switzerland; 1752. 
A. vitifolia (vine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in September; Nepaul ; 1829. 

There are many other species, all more or less desirable. 

Aniseed -Tree. See Illicium. 

Anisodus. [Solanaceae.] Coarse-growing perennials of 
little beauty, growing in common garden soil, and increased 
by division. 

A. luridits (lurid) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- 
green, in July ; Nepaul ; 1823. 

Requires protection in the Northern States. 

Anodontea. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy plants 
allied to Alyssum, and requiring the same treatment. There 
are seven species, of no special interest. 

Anoda. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, commonly called 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 39 

Blue Hibiscus. Easily grown in common soil, and very 
pretty. Propagated by seed sown in open borders in May. 
A. Dillenia; hardy annual; i8 inches; flowers blue, in Au- 
gust ; Mexico; 1858. 

Anomatheca. [Iridaceae.] Pretty half-hardy bulbous 
perennials. Soil, light rich loam. Propagated readily by 
seeds or by offsets. A. criienia, planted out in a bed, makes 
a pretty show, the bloom lasting till September. The seed 
should be sown in wide-mouthed pots or seed-pans, very 
thinly ; and if the plants come up too thick, they must be 
thinned. The next season, they may be planted four or 
five in a pot, and the following year they may be bedded 
out in spring and the bulbs taken up in autumn. The 
flower is very bright, sparkling, and effective. The plants 
also do well in pot-culture, although very subject to red 
spider; and bloom all summer contrasting prettily in the 
greenhouse with Gloxineas and Achimenes. 

A.cruenta (blood-colored); half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers 
scarlet, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1830. A. juncea (rush- 
leaved) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers Hlac, in May ; Cape 
of Good Hope ; 1791. 

Antennaria. [Compositae.] Small hardy and half- 
hardy herbaceous perennials. The smaller kinds are suit- 
able for pot-culture. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by 
division. 

A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, 
in June ; Europe ; 1775. A. Carpatica (Carpathian); hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Carpathian Moun- 
tains ; 1775. A. dioica (dioecious) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers pink, in June ; England. A. margariticia (pearly) ; hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; England. A. plan- 
taginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in June ; Virginia, 1759. A. triplinervis (triple-nerved) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August ; Nepaul ; 
1823. 



40 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Anthemis. [Compositas.] A genus of mostly hardy 
plants, of which about twenty-three are herbaceous peren- 
nials, twelve annuals, and three evergreens. The common 
Chamomile is a familiar example. None of the species are 
particularly interesting. All are of easy culture m common 
garden soil. 

Anthericum. [Liliaceae.] Greenhouse or hardy herbace- 
ous perennials, with fleshy bundled roots. They are rather 
pretty, and desirable in a large collection. Soil, sandy loam, 
with plenty of drainage. Propagated by suckers, offsets, and 
seeds. 

A. liliastrtun (St. Bruno's Lily) is a fine hardy plant, with 
white flowers in May; Switzerland; 1629. A. albticoides (al- 
buca-like) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
July; Cape of Good Hope ; 1788. A.Jilifoluim (thread-leaved) ; 
greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of 
Good Hope; 1820. A. fioribundiwi (free-flowering); green- 
house perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in March ; Cape of 
Good Hope ; 1774. A.fragrans (sweet) ; greenhouse perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1795. A. 
sulphureum (sulphur) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale- 
yellow, in May; Hungary; 1823. A. vespertimini (evening); 
greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of 
Good Hope ; 1803. 

There are some twenty other species. 

Antirrhinum. Snapdragon. [Scrophulariaceae.] Har- 
dy herbaceous plants, mostly perennials. The common 
Snapdragon (A. inajtis), with its varieties, is the most im- 
portant. It grows well in a common border, and seeds free- 
ly. The seeds may be sown in July or August in a pan or 
wide-mouthed pot, to be planted out, when large enough, in 
a bed, which, in the Northern States, should be protected 
by a frame during winter. Striking varieties, such as the 
double-flowered and the striped-flowered, may be propa- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 4 1 

gated by cuttings of the small unblooming shoots, inserted 
in sandy soil under a hand-glass. When rooted, they may 
be potted singly into pots and presented in frames during 
winter, ready to plant out in the following April. They 
bloom very well in six-inch pots. The annuals may be 
sown in pots in a frame in March, and planted out in May. 

A. asarina (asarina) ; half-hardy trailing herb ; flowers white, 
in July ; Italy ; 1699. A. glandulosum (glandulous) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet ; flowers red and yellow, in August ; California ; 
1834. A. niajus (common); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers 
various, in July; England. A. molle (soft); half-hardy trailing 
herb; flowers white, in July; Spain; 1752, A. Montevidense 
(Monte Videan) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; 
Monte Video; 1829. A. seiiipervirens (evergreen); hardy per- 
ennial ; 2 feet; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1821. 

Most of the species require frame protection during win- 
ter in the Northern States. 

Antwerp Hollyhock. See Althaea ficifolia. 

Apargia. [Composit2e.] The only species worth culti- 
vating is A. aiirajitiaca, a hardy herbaceous perennial, grow- 
ing one foot high, with orange-colored flowers in June ; in- 
troduced from Hungary in 1816. 

Apios. [Leguminosae.] A tuberous-rooted hardy climb- 
ing perennial. The tubers have been recommended as a 
substitute for potatoes. Rich loamy soil. The plants 
flower better if left undisturbed. Propagated by division of 
the tubers. 

A. tuberosa (tuberous); hardy cHmbing perennial; 6 feet; 
flowers purple, in August; very fragrant and pretty; North 
America; 1640, 

Apocynum. Dog's-bane. [Apocynace^e.] Acrid hardy 
herbaceous perennials, of rambling growth, with small cup- 
shaped flowers, not very showy. Common soil. Increased 
by division. 



42 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

A. androscemifolium (tutsan-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 1688. A. caftnabhmm 
(hemp-like) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish, in July ; 
North America ; 1699. y^ . ^y/^rzayb/zV^?;? (hypericum-leaved) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 
1758. A. Venetum (Venetian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers 
white, in July ; Adriatic Islands ; 1690. 

Aponogeton. [Fluviales.] Curious and elegant peren- 
nial water-plants ; one or tw^o require a stove temperature, 
others a greenhouse. A. distachyon is easily grown and 
flowered in the open air in summer, and may be preserved 
in a cellar during winter ; the tender kinds in pots set into a 
tank or tub. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by seeds, 
which should be sown in spring in the same kind of soil, 
and the pots set under water : they also increase by offsets. 

A. distachyon (two-spiked) ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; 
Cape of Good Hope; 1788. A. angiistifoliuni (narrow-leaved); 
greenhouse aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape of 
Good Hope ; 1788. A. jimcifolinvi {xm'&\\-\q2mq.^ \ greenhouse 
aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 1847. 

Aquilegia. Columbijie. [Ranunculaceae.] Handsome 
hardy perennials. Common garden soil ; good turfy loam 
for the choicer sorts. Propagated by seeds, or by division. 
The seed of the common kinds may be sown in beds thinly 
in May ; the young plants, when strong enough, planted out 
six inches apart every way. If they are to bloom in beds, 
they should be nine inches apart and eighteen inches from 
row to row. When they bloom, pull out and destroy all the 
single and ugly ones, and, if desirable, propagate the better 
ones. The common Columbine has sported into a variety 
of colors ; and some of its double varieties are very beautiful. 

A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
May ; Switzerland ; 1731. A. atropiirpurea (dark purple) ; har- 
dy perennial; i foot; flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1827. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 43 

A. Canadensis {C2Lna.d\3.n) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers 
orange-red, in May ; North America ; 1640. A. formosa (beau- 
tiful) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers reddish-orange, in 
June ; Kamtschatka ; 1822. A. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Himalayas ; 
1839. ^- gldndidosa (glandular) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers white and blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. A. glatica 
(glaucous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in 
May ; Himalaya ; 1839. A.juctmda (joyous) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot; flowers blue and white, in June; Siberia; 1844. A. 
Kanaoriensis (Kanaor) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers violet 
with blue spurs, in May ; Himalaya. A. leptoccsras (slender- 
horned) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue and cream- 
color, in July; Siberia; 1846. A. 7nacranf/ia (\3.Tge-^owered) ; 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers cream-colored tinged with 
pink; North America; 1847. ^- Siberica (Siberian); hardy 
perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue and white, in June ; Siberia ; 
1806. A. 6^/'/;/;?^^/ (Skinner's) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; 
flowers red and green, in May; Guatimala ; 1841. A. viUgai^is 
(common) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers various, in June ; 
Britain. A. blanda is a fine hybrid with white and blue flowers. 
A. ccerulea is a Rocky- Mountain species erect flowered with long 
spurs. A. spectabilis is a Siberian species with dark-purple 
flowers with yellow centre. A variety of vulgaris^ A. caryphyl- 
loides, has double variegated flowers : the seeds are dark -green 
instead of black. 

Arabis. Wall-cress. [Cruciferae.J Dwarf evergreen 
hardy perennials, with cruciferous flowers, particularly 
adapted for rock-work. Common soil. Propagated by cut- 
tings, planted in a shady border, under hand-glasses, any 
time during summer. The annuals, which are insignificant, 
are raised from seeds sown in Ma}^ 

A. albida (whitish) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, 
in April ; Caucasus ; 1798. A. Alpestris (Alpine) ; hardy bien- 
nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Switzerland ; 1819. A. 
Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 



44 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

May; Switzerland; 1596. A. cccrulea (blue); hardy perennial; 
6 inches; flowers pale-blue, in June; Switzerland; 1793. A. 
lucida (shining) ; hardy joerennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
June; Hungary; 1790. A. petrcza (rock); hardy perennial; 6 
inches ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1800. A. rosea (rosy) ; 
hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in April ; Calabria ; 
1832. A. undidata (wavy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers 
white, in May; south of Europe ; 18 10. A. verna (spring); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; France; 17 10. 

There are pretty variegated varieties of A. albida, pmcox^ 
and lucida. There are some twenty other species. 

Aralia. [Araliaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, and 
tall-growing herbaceous perennials. They grow with erect 
stems, and leaves comparatively large and very compound ; 
the herbaceous kinds being smaller. All desirable as speci- 
men plants for the lawn or shrubbery. Common soil. 
Propagated by cuttings of the matured stems, planted in 
sandy soil under hand-glasses. There are some stove and 
greenhouse kinds. Soil, loam and peat. Propagated by 
cuttings. 

A. hi spida (^nsi\y) ', hardy deciduous shrub; 8 feet : flowers 
white, in July; North America; 1799. A. midicaulis (naked 
stemmed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; 
North America ; 1731. A. Miihlenbergii (Muhlenberg's) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. 
race7nosa (raceme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white, in June; North America; 1658. A. spiiiosa (thorny); 
hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in September ; Virginia ; 
1688^ 

There are fifteen other species, mostly greenhouse plants. 

Araucaria. [PinacecE.] A genus of magnificent ever- 
green trees, hardy south of Philadelphia. The best-known 
species is A. imbricata, the Chili Pine. A. excelsa^ the Nor- 
folk-Island Pine, requires greenhouse protection. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 45 

Arbor-Vit^. See Thuja. 

Arbutus. [Ericacese.] A beautiful genus of evergreen 
shrubs, flourishing in loamy garden soil or peat. Flowers 
bell-shaped, white or pink. Increased by seeds or layers, 
the rarer species by inarching on the more common. The 
fruit resembles a strawberry, and is very ornamental. They 
are not hardy north of Philadelphia. Of the eighteen 
species seven are greenhouse evergreens. 

A . ant^rac/me {2indra.chne) ; lo feet; flowers white, in April; 
Levant; 1724. A. andrachnioides (andrachne-hke) ; 8 feet; 
flowers whitish-green, in April. A. Canariensis (Canary); 
greenhouse evergreen ; 8 feet ; flowers whitish-green, in June ; 
Canaries; 1796. A. deiisijlora (thickly-flowered); greenhouse 
evergreen ; 20 feet ; flowers white ; Mexico ; 1826. A. hybrida 
(hybrid). A. laurifolia (laurel-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 
20 feet; flowers white; Mexico; 1825. A. Meiisiesii (Men- 
zie's) ; flowers white ; North America ; 1827. A. Milleri (Mil- 
ler's) ; hybrid ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in September ; 1825. A. 
inucronata (sharp-pointed-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen trail- 
er ; I foot; flowers white ; Magellan; 1828. A. pilosa (hairy- 
branched).; I foot; flowers white, in May; Mexico ; 1829. A. 
phillyrecBfolia (phillyrea-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; i foot ; 
flowers white ; Peru ; 1812. A. procei^a (tall) ; 15 feet ; flowers 
white ; North America; 1825. A. piimila (dwarf); greenhouse 
evergreen ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; Magellan ; 1825. A. serrati- 
folia (saw-edged-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 6 feet ; flowers 
whitish-green. A. speciosa (showy) ; Mexico ; 1837. A. touien- 
tosa (woolly-branched) ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; California; 1826. 
A. tomeiitosa nuda (smooth-branched.) A. nnedo (unedo) ; 10 
feet; flowers white, in October; Ireland. A. wiedo crispa 
(curled) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in October, A. uiiedo integrifo- 
lia (entire-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in October. A. imedo 
plena (double-flowered) ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in October, A. 
unedo salicifolia (willow-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in Octo- 
ber. A. schizopetala (cut-petalled) ; 7 feet ; flowers white, in 
October. A. schizopetala ritbra (red-flowered) ; 10 feet ; flowers 
pink, in October, 



46 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

The shrub called Strawberry-tree in the Northern United 
States is Euonymus. 

Arctostaphylos. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf evergreen shrubs, 
ornamental in foliage, flowers, and berr}^, succeeding in sandy 
peat. Increased by layers and seed. A. Alpina is deciduous. 

A. Alpina (Alpine); deciduous trailer; i foot; flowers flesh- 
colored, in May; Scotland. A. lo7igifolia (long-leaved); half- 
hardy evergreen under-shrub ; Mexico; 1847. A. nitida (shin- 
ing) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; 
Mexico; 1836. A. pungens (stinging); half-hardy evergreen 
shrub; i foot; flowers white, in February; Mexico ; 1839. A. 
tomeiitosa (downy) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers white ; North 
America ; 1826. A. uva iirsi (bear's-grape) ; evergreen trailer; 
I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Britain. 

Arctotis. Bear's-ear. [Compositae.] Greenhouse per- 
ennial herbs, with showy composite flowers. Soil, sandy 
loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by division. Many of 
the species are remarkable for having the under surface of 
their leaves covered with a close white wool ; and this, to- 
gether with the form of the leaves, gives them a distinct 
appearance among other plants. Many of the species form 
good bedding plants, and give a mass of bloom all summer. 
Treated as annuals, they bloom the first year. 

A. acaulis (stemless); greenhouse perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1759. ^- arboresce?ts 
(arborescent); greenhouse perennial; 18 inches ; flowers white 
and pink, in June; Cape of Good Hope; 1818. A. aspera 
(rough) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in 
June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1710. A. aiircola (golden) ; green- 
house perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers orange, in April ; Cape of 
Good Hope; 17 10. A. breviscarpa (short-podded); hardy an- 
nual ; I foot ; flowers orange with dark centre, in July ; Cape of 
Good Hope. A. grajidijiora (\:AxgQ.-?iC\NQ.XQ.^; greenhouse per- 
ennial ; 18 inches; flowers yelloW, in April; Cape of Good 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 47 

Hope; 1774. A.speciosa (showy); greenhouse perennial; 18 
inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. 

Arenaria. [Caryophyllaceae.] Small herbaceous per- 
ennials and annuals, suitable for rock-work. The peren- 
nials increased by division, the annuals by seed. All grow 
in good garden soil. 

A. Balerica (Balerian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers 
white, in July ; Majorca ; 1787. A. biflora (two-flowered) ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1818. 
A. ccBspitosa (tufted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, 
in June; Switzerland; 1826. A. glandidosa (having glands); 
hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Europe ; 1820. 
A. nardifolia (spikenard-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1827. 

There are about seventy other species. 

Arethusa. [Orchidacese.] A genus of only two spe- 
cies, of which only one is hardy. The plants are very diffi- 
cult of cultivation, but their beauty richly repays any care. 
The root is a small tuber, about the size of a large pea. Soil, 
peat, very wet. 

A. bulbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple and white, in June ; North America ; in low peaty swamps. 

This plant is dying out in many localities where it was 
once very plenty. 

Aretia. [Primulaceae.] Pretty little perennials, of easy 
culture in loam and peat. Propagated by division. 

A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, 
in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. A. Helvetica (Swiss) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 inches; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1775. 
A.pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, 
in June ; Switzerland ; 1824. A. Vitaliana (Vital's) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1787. A. 
arge7itea is half-hardy. 

All the species are very impatient of standing water at 
the roots. 



48 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Argemone. [Papaveraceae.] Annuals and perennials, 
with white and yellow poppy-Hke flowers. Common garden 
soil. They will not bear transplanting. The ar.nuals are 
propagated by seed, the perennials by suckers. The latter 
require winter protection in the Northern States. 

A. grandijlora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet j 
flowers white, in July ; Mexico : 1827. A. intei'media (interme- 
diate) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; 
Mexico ; 1827. A. Mexicana (Mexican) ; hardy annual ; 2 
feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico; 1592. A . oc/n^oleuca {yt\- 
lowish) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-colored, in July : 
Mexico ; 1827. 

Aris^ma. [Araceae.] Hardy and half-hardy tuberous- 
rooted perennials, with a curious and spathaceous inflores- 
cence. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by division. 

A. dracontiiim (dragon) ; hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flowers green, 
in June; North America; 1759. ^- ^'i^igc^^s (gaping); half- 
hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers in May ; Japan ; 1800. A. ter- 
natum (ternate) ; half-hardy tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, 
in May; Japan; 1774. 'A. triphyllum (three-leaved); hardy 
tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers brown, white, purple, and green, in 
May ; North America ; 1664. 

This latter species is commonly- known as " Indian Tur- 
nip," "Jack in the Pulpit," or " Wild Arum." In cultivadon, 
it grows very large, and is very curious in flower, and orna- 
mental in fruit. 

Aristolochia. Birthivort. [Aristolochiaceae.] (Dutch- 
man's Pipe.) Hardy greenhouse or stove herbs or shrubs, 
often with twining stems. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich 
loam and sand ; plenty of root-room. Propagated by layers. 
The twining species are rampant climbers, often growing 
thirty feet high : they should have plenty of room, to appear 
to advantage. They are increased by layers and division. 

The following are the hardy and half-hardy species, of 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 49 

which A. sipho and toinentosa are the best. There are also 
six greenhouse and about twenty stove species. The flow- 
ers of all are more curious than beautiful. 

A. BcEtica (Spanish); deciduous climber; 6 feet; flowers 
purple, in June; Spain; 1596. A. Chilensis (Chilian); decid- 
uous half-hardy ; 6 feet ; flowers purple and green, in Septem- 
ber ; West Indies; 1832. A. dematitis (clematis-like); herba- 
ceous perennial; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Britain. A. 
longa (long-rooted) ; deciduous trailer ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, 
in July; south of Europe; 1548. A. pallida (pale-flowered); 
herbaceous perennial; 2 feet ; flowers white and purple ; Italy; 
1640. A. pistolochia (pistolochia) ; deciduous trailer; 2 feet; 
flowers purple, in July; south of Europe; 1597. A. sagittata 
(arrow-shaped) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, 
in July; North America; 18 19. A. serpentaria (snakeroot) ; 
deciduous trailer ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in July ; North 
America; 1632. A. sipho (tube-bearing); deciduous climber; 
30 feet ; flowers yellow and brown, in July ; North America ; 
1763. A. tomentosa (downy) ; deciduous climber ; 20 feet ; flow- 
ers purple, in July ; North America ; 1799. 

Armeria. Thi-ift. [Plumbaginaceae.] Dwarf herba- 
ceous plants, nearly all hardy. Soil, sandy loam. Increased 
by dividing the crown, and planting the separate pieces as 
cuttings under hand-glasses. They are fine rock-plants, 
and also do well in pots; and some varieties of the com- 
mon thrift, especially a deep rose and a white one, make 
pretty edging to flower-beds. 

A. cephalote:^ i^\^-3.A^6)\ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers 
deep rose-pink, in August; Europe; 1800. A. dianthoides 
(pink-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale red, in 
May; Europe; 18 10. A. latifolia (broad-leaved); hardy per- 
ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Portugal; 1740. A. 
plantaginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
pale-red, in June ; Jersey. A. vitlgaris (common) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. There is 
a pretty white-flowered variety of this, called alba. 
4 



50 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Aronicum. [Composite.] A hardy herbaceous plant 
aUied to Doronicum, flourishing in garden soil, and propa- 
gated by division. 

A. Altaictun (Altaic); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; Siberia; 1783. 

Arrow-Head. See Sagittaria. 

Artemisia. Hardy and greenhouse herbs and shrubs, 
with a few annuals, remarkable in many cases for a strong 
heavy odor. A. Abrotajuwi, the Southernwood, is a favor- 
ite in cottage gardens ; the, rest are unimportant. Common 
soil. Propagated by cuttings. 

A. Abrotamun (Southernwood) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers greenish, in August ; Europe ; 1548. 

There are about forty other species. 

Arum. [Araces.] Curious perennials. The majority 
hardy, but some requiring a greenhouse, others a stove. It 
is the floral sheath or spathe of these plants that forms the 
conspicuous part of the inflorescence. The tender kinds 
should have rich loam, and plenty of water while growing. 
For the hardy sorts, any common soil that is deep. Propa- 
gated by suckers. 

A. dracunatlus (dragon); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers 
brown, in July ;. south of Europe ; 1548. A. Italicum (Italian) ; 
hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yellowish, in June; Italy; 
1683. A. tenuifoliiim (slender-leaved); hardy perennial; i 
foot ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1750. 

Many plants formerly belonging to Arum have been re- 
ferred to Arisaema. 

Arundo. [Gramineae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing in 
rich damp soil. Propagated by division. 

A. Donax ; hardy perennial; 10 feet; flowers apetalous ; 
south of Europe ; 1648 A. Donax versicolor; a pretty striped 
variety. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 5 I 

AsARUM. Asarabacca. [Aristolocliiacete.] Dwarf hardy 
perennials, more remarkable for the curious structure of 
their flowers than for their beauty. Cool moist common 
soil. Propagated by division. 

A. Ca7ta(fense (C3.n3.dmn) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
brown, in April; Canada; 17 13. A. EiiropcBiuji (European); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April ; England. 
A. Virginicuin (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
brown, in April ; Virginia; 1759. 

AscLEPiAS. Swallow-wort. [Asclepiadaceae.] Herba- 
ceous perennials, including stove, greenhouse, and hardy 
kinds. For the tender kinds, rich loam and leaf-mould in 
equal parts. They are best raised from seeds, which are 
generally produced freely, and the plants should be often 
renewed : they may also be raised by cuttings in sand in a 
hot-bed. The seed should be sown in pots in the spring, 
and the plants pricked out as soon as large enough, aftei'- 
wards potted singly, and shifted into larger pots as they 
grow. Most of the hardy sorts grow in good deep garden 
soil ; but A. tiiherosa should have good loam, but will thrive 
in garden soil. These are increased by division. 

A. amcBna (pleasing); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers pur- 
ple, in July; North America ; 1732. A. Curassavica (Curas- 
soa) ; stove perennial ; 3 feet 5 flowers orange, in June ; South 
America; 1692. A white variety is called alba; a long-leaved 
deep-red variety is called rubra : these are very desirable stove 
plants, and do well as bedding plants in summer. A. decuinbens 
(decumbent) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, 
in July ; North America; 1731. A. exaltata (tall); hardy per- 
ennial; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; North America; 1800. 
A. nivea (snowy); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers white, in 
July; North America; 1730. A. pnlchra {idar); hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America. A. rubra 
(red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; Virginia ; 
1825. A. Syriaca (Syrian); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers 



52 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

purple, in July ; North America ; 1629. A. t2ibe7'osa{i\xheYO\is) ; 
liardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange-scarlet, in 
July ; North America ; 1690. 

Ash. See Fraxinus. 

Aspen. See Populus. 

AsPERULA. [Galiaceae.] Veiy pretty hardy perennials. 
Grow in cool moist soil ; and increased by division. 

A. Aparine (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, 
in July; south of Europe; 1818. A. galeoides (gahum-like) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; south of* 
Europe; 17 10. A. longifolia (long-leaved); hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. odorata 
(sweet) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May. 
A. tinctoria (dyer's) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, 
in July ; Europe ; 1764. A. trichodes (hairy) ; hardy annual ; 
propagated by seeds ; flowers white, in July ; 1838. 

AsPHODELUS. [Liliacese.] Hardy herbaceous perenni- 
als, growing in common garden soil. Increased by division 

A. albus (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
June ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. luteus (yellow); hardy per- 
ennial; 18 inches; flowers" yellow, in June ; Sicily; 1596. A. 
proliferous (prolific) ; hardy annual ; propagated by seed ; flowers 
white, in August; Armenia; 1824. A. raniosus (branching); 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1 55 1 • A. tenuior (more slender) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1824. 

Aster. [Composit^e.] Hardy composite perennials. 
Common garden soil. Propagated by seed and by division. 
A veiy large family, of which we enumerate a very small 
selection. See also Callistephus and Felicia. 

A. AlpiiUis (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blu- 
ish-purple, in July; Europe; 1658. A. Amelhis (Amellus); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers ptrrple, in August ; Italy ; 1596. 
A. ^^j-j-^r^^zV?/.? (Bessarabian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
purple, in September; Bessarabia; 1834. A. Nov(2 Anglit^ 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 53 

(New England) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in Sep- 
tember ; North America ; 1710. A. pidcherrimus (prettiest); 
hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; North 
America ; 1800. 

There are more than a hundred and fifty other species. 

As'iEROCEPHALUS. Hardy annuals and perennials, in- 
cluding the well-known Sweet Scabious, or Mourning Bride. 
The seeds of this are sown in the flower-borders in May, 
and merely thinned out when the plants come up, or in a 
hot-bed, and transplanted. The perennial species are of 
easy culture in common garden soil, and increase by di- 
vision. 

A. atropm-'p-areiLs (Sweet Scabious); hardy annual ; 2 feet ; 
flowers various colors, in July ; India. A . gramiiiifoliiis (grass- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; S\Titzer- 
land ; 1683. A. incana (hoary) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers red, in June ; Europe; 1826. A. ochroleticus (yellowish); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in July ; Germany ; 
1517. 

There are many other species. 

Astragalus. Milk Vetch. [Legaminosae.] Perennials 
and annuals, mostly hardy, bearing papiUonaceous flowers. 
The large species are suitable for the common borders, and 
the smaller ones for rock-work. They are increased by 
seeds, by division, or by cuttings, according to their habit. 
It is a very numerous family, containing many species of 
merely botanical interest. 

A. alopecitroides (fox~tail) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; Spain ; 1738. A. Atistriacus (Austrian) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Austria ; 
1640. A. hypoglottis (under-tongue) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inch- 
es ; flowers purplish-blue and white, in June ; England. A. 
leontiims (lion's tail) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in 
May ; Austria ; 1816. A. leptophy litis (fine-leaved) ; hardy per- 



54 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

ennial; 6 inches; flowers white, in June ; Barbary; 1811. A. 
Monspessulanus (Montpelier) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
purple, in July; France; 1710. A. odoratus (sweet); hardy 
perennial; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant; 1820. A. 
onobrychis (Saintfoin); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple or white, in June ; Austria ; 1640. A. Ponticus (Pontic) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Tauria ; 1820. 
A. stipidatiis (stipuled) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yel- 
low, in June ; Nepaul ; 1822. 

There are more than a hundred other species. 
AsTRANTiA. [Umbelliferae.] Elegant herbaceous plants, 
qnite hardy. Common garden soil. Increased by division. 

A. Carm'oh'ca (Csirmolmn) ; hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers 
striped, in May; Carniolia; 18 12. A . Caticasz'ca {C2iUca.si2Ln) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Caucasus ; 
18 1 8. A. ;/7<7y^r (greater) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers 
striped, in June ; Europe ; 1596. A. maxima (greatest) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; Caucasus ; 1804. 

Atragene. [Ranmiculaceae.] Hardy deciduotis climb- 
ers, resembling Clematis. Soil, rich garden loam. Prop- 
agated by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, or by layers. 

A. Am.cricana (American); hardy climbing shrub; 10 feet; 
flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1797. A. Austriaca 
(Austrian); hardy climbing shrub; 12 feet; flowers blue, in 
June; Austria; 1792. A. Sibej^ca (Siberian); hardy climbing 
shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1753. 

Aubergine. See Solanum, Egg-Plant. 

AuBRiETiA. [Cruciferae.] Veiy pretty dwarf evergreen 
herbaceous perennials, growing in common garden soil, and 
well suited to rock-work. Propagated by seeds and division, 
or by cuttings under a bell-glass in sand. 

A. deltoidca (tlu^ee-angled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- 
ers purple, in May; Levant ; 1710. A. hcsperidifiora (hesperis- 
flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 55 

south of Europe ; 1823. A. purpurea (purple); hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac-purple, in May ; Levant ; 1820. 

There are varieties with variegated foliage. 

AcuBA. [Cornaceas.] A fine evergreen shrub, conspicu- 
ous for its variegated foliage ; hardy south of Philadelphia. 
Common soil. Propagated by cuttings and layers. 

A. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers chocolate, 
in May ; Japan ; 1783. 

The plant is dioecious. 

Auricula. See Primula. 

AvENS. See Geum. 

AvENA. [Graminese.] Oat. Too well known to need 
description. A. sterilis is the common animated oats of the 
garden. All the species are ornamental in a collection of 
grasses. 

Azalea. [Ericaceae.] Handsome, low, hardy, and 
greenhouse shrubs. 

The American or hardy Azaleas (A. pontica, calendiilacea, 
niidifloray and viscosa, with hosts of garden varieties bred 
from them) are inhabitants of all our best shrubberies, and 
have been so wonderfully improved by seedling culture as 
to throw into the shade the original species : there are 
now to be selected twenty or thirty varieties better than 
the very best of the original species. Ever}^ year, too, adds 
to the diversity of sorts, and to the size of the flowers, 
which is one of the characteristics of the improved kinds. 
In many places they thrive in the common soil of the gar- 
den, but, in general, they require peat earth to be dug in 
with the natural soil ; and where there is to be any quantity 
grown, or a nursery of them made, beds of peat earth, or 
compounds of the greatest part of turfy-peat earth, must be 
made up. They are raised from seed sown in beds in the 
open air ; but, from its extreme diminutiveness, many prefer 



56 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

sowing in pans and wide-mouthed pots. When they are 
large enough, they should be planted out in peat-beds six 
inches apart : the second year every alternate plant may be 
taken out and planted elsewhere, to make room ; and, as 
they increase in size, they should have more room. They 
are propagated chiefly by layers ; but cuttings of the last 
year's wood will root readily in sand. The following are 
some of the hardy species : — 

A. arborescens (tree-like) ; lo feet ; flowers red, in June ; North 
America ; 1818. A. bicolor (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scar- 
let, in June; North America; 1734. A canescens (hoary); 3 
feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1812. A. calendii- 
lacea (marigold-like) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North 
America; 1806. A. calendulacea chrysolecta (fine-golden); 4 
feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea 
crocea (saffron-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers saffron, in June ; North 
America. A. calendulacea cuprea (copper-colored) ; 4 feet ; 
flowers copper, in June ; North America. A calendulacea 
fla7nmea (flame-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North 
America; 181 2. A. calendulacea grajidifiora (large-flowered) ; 
4 feet; flowers orange, in June; North America. A. calendu- 
lacea ignescens (fire-colored) ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; 
North America. A. calendulacea splendens (shining); 4 feet; 
flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea tri- 
uinphans (triumphant) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North 
America. ^ . ^/(3:?/r^z (dwarf-glaucous) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in 
June; North America; 1734. A. hispida (bristly); 5 feet; 
flowers white, in June; North America; 1734. A. ledifolium 
(ledum-leaved) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in April; China; 1824. 
A. nitida (shining-leaved); 4 feet; flowers white, in April; 
North America ; 18 12. A. nudifiora (naked-flowered) ; 3 feet ; 
flowers deep pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. A. nudijlora 
alba (early-white) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North Amer- 
ica. A. nudifiora alba-plena (double-white); 4 feet; flowers 
white, in June; North America. A. nudifiora blanda (soft); 
4 feet ; flowers blush, in June; North America. A. nudijlora 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 5/ 

carnea (flesh) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America ; 
1734. A. nudiflora Caroliiiiana (Carolina); 4 feet; flowers 
scarlet, in June ; North America. A. niidifiora Coburghii (Co- 
burg's) ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora 
coccinea (scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North Ame- 
rica. A. nudiflora corynibosa (corymbose) ; 4 feet; flowers scar- 
let, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora crispa (curled); 4 
feet; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora 
cumulata (bundled) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, pink, in June ; 
North America. A. nudiflora discolor (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; 
flowers white, scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora 
fastigiata (pyramidal) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North 
America. A. luidiflora florida (m^any-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
pink, n June ; North America. A. nudiflora globosa (globe- 
like) ; feet; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudi- 
flora glomerata (round-headed) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink in June ; 
North America. A. nudiflora incana (hoary) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora incarnata (flesh- 
colored) ; 4 feet; flowers flesh, in June; North America. A. 
nudiflora mirabilis (wonderful) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; 
North America. A. nudiflora magniflca (magnificent) ; 4 feet ; 
flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora montaua 
(mountain) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. 
A. nudiflora pallida (pale-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in 
June ; North America. A. 7iudiflora paludosa (marsh); 4 feet ; 
flowers pale-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora papi- 
lionacea (butterfly) ; 4 feet ; flowers striped, in June ; North 
America. A. 7iudiflora pa7'tita {fwQ-^2Lritdi) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white and red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora pai'vi- 
flora (small-flowered); 4 feet; flowers in June; North America. 
A. midiflora prolifera (proliferous) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; 
North America. A . nudiflora pufnila {&\N2ir£) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America. A. 7iudiflora purpU7'asce7is 
(purplish) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. 
?iudiflo7'a purpurea (purple) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; 
North America. A. nudiflora pU7pureo-pletio (double-purple) ; 
4 feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflo7'a 



58 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

I'osea (rosy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. 
A. iiudiflora ruberriina (reddest); 4 feet; flowers dark-red, in 
June ; North America. A. midiflora rubescejis (reddish) ; 4 
feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. midiflora rubi- 
nmda (ruddy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. 
A. nicdiflora rubra (red) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North 
America. A. nudiflora ;7////rt;^j- (shining-red) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
dark-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora semi-dicplex 
(semi-double) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. 
A. nudiflora staniinea (long-stamened) ; 4 feet; flowers red, in 
June; North America. A. nudiflora stellata (starry); 4 feet; 
flowers red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora tricolor 
(three-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, white, in June ; North 
America. A. nudiflora iiariabilis (variable); 4 feet; flowers 
red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora variegata (varie- 
gated) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; North America. 
A. nudiflora versicolor (party-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and 
white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora violacea (violet- 
colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in June ; North America. A. 
Pontica (Pontic) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Turkey; 1793. 
A. Pontica albiflora (white-flowered) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in 
May ; Turkey. A. Pontica coronariiun (garland) ; 7 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; Holland ; 1832. A. Pontica cuprea (cop- 
per-colored-) ; 6 feet; flowers copper, in June; Turkey. A. 
Pontica glauca (milky-green-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June ; Turkey. A. Pontica pallida (pale) ; 6 feet ; flowers pale- 
yellow, in April ; Turkey. A. Pontica tricolor (three-colored) ; 
6 feet ; flowers pale-red, in April ; Turkey. A. speciosa (showy) ; 
4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa 
acutifolia (pointed-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North 
America. A. speciosa aurantia (orange); 4 feet; flowers 
orange, in June ; North America. A. speciosa ciliata (fringed) ; 
4 feet; flowers in June; North America. A. speciosa ci'ispa 
(curled); 4 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. 
speciosa cucullata (hooded) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North 
America. A. speciosa 7;z<2;"6'r (larger-scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa obliqua (unequal- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



59 



sided); 4 feet; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa 
prunifolia (plum-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- 
rica. A. speciosa revoluta (rolled-back-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
in June ; North America. A. speciosa tortulifolia (twisted- 
leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa 
undulata (waved-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- 
rica. A. viscosa (clammy) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North 
America. A. viscosa crispa (curled) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in 
July ; North America. A. viscosa dealbata (whitened) ; 4 feet ; 
flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa fissa (cleft) ; 
4 feet; flowers white, in July; North America. A. viscosa 
odorata (scented) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North Ameri- 
ca. A. viscosa pencillata (pencilled); 4 feet ; flowers white, in 
July; North America. A. viscosa pubesceiis (downy); 4 feet; 
flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa riibescens 
(reddish) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. 
viscosa variegata (variegated) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 
North America. A. viscosa vittata (banded) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white, in July ; North America. A. a?nce?ia (bright-flowered) ; 
I foot ; flowers crimson and purple, in April ; Shanghae. This 
beautiful little species is hardy as far north as Massachusetts, 
if planted in peat and sand, and protected from the winter's 
sun by an evergreen bough thrown over it. The foliage is 
evergreen. 





BABY'S BREATH. See Muscari. 
Baeria. [Compositae.] A pretty hardy annual, thriv- 
ing in any garden soil, from seeds sown in May. 

B. chrysostoma (golden-mouthed); hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1835. 

Balm. See Melissa. 

Balsamina. Balsam. [Balsaminacece.] Tender annu- 
als. The garden Balsam, of which numerous handsome va- 
rieties are grown, is B. hortensis. This requires a rich com- 
post of loam and vegetable mould. Sow the seeds in pots, 
about March, and put them in a cucumber-frame or melon- 
bed. As soon as they are up, and before they have time to 
draw, let them be potted out, one in a pot three inches 
across, and put in a declining or very moderate hot-bed, 
where they must have air to prevent their being drawn up, 
and must be so placed that the tops shall be near the glass, 
and the plants must be shifted every time the pots fill with 
roots ; and in this way you go on moving them from one 
pot to another as they fill with roots. The heat of the bed 
must not be neglected ; and the pots will have to be lowered, 
or the frame raised, as the plants increase in size. Some 
of the plants may be hardened off in May, and in June 
turned into the borders, where, if the soil be rich, and the 
situation sheltered, they make a very pretty show, and seed 
freely. Those in pots have to be put into the greenhouse 
when they have grown too large for the frames ; and, if the 
house is a lean-to, they should be turned every day, that 
60 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 6 1 

one side may not be drawn more than another. By con- 
stant shifting, as the plants fill the pots, and keeping them 
near the glass, they can be grown very large, much branched, 
and the flowers will cover the branches. Compared with 
the double varieties of the common Balsam, the other 
species are unimportant, though some of the stove species, 
when well grown, are very beautiful. Balsams also do well 
if sown in a hot-bed and planted out after the weather has 
become settled. 

B. hortensis (garden) ; tender annual ; 3 feet ; flowers various, 
in July ; East Indies ; 1596. 

There seems to be no reason for making this new genus 
from Lnpatiens. The plant is better named Impatiens bal- 
saminea. 

Baneberry. See Act^a. 

Banksian Rose. See Rosa. 

Baptisia. [Leguminosae.] Hardy perennials, with pa- 
pilionaceous blossoms. Common loamy soil. Multiplied 
by division and seed. 

B. alba (white); hardy perennial-; 2 feet; flowers white, in 
June; North America; 1724. B. Atistralis {sou^h^Yn); hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; 'North America ; 1758. 
B. lanceolata (lanceolate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- 
low, in July; North America; 18 18. B. mollis {?,o(\.) ; hardy 
perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 
1824. B. villosa (villous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; North America ; 181 1. 

Barrenwort. See Epimedium. 

Barbarea. [Cruciferae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, al- 
lied to Arabis, readily increased by seed and division, grow- 
ing in garden soil ; not ornamental. 

The species are B. araiata, orthocerus, precox, strida, Tau- 
rica, and vulgaris ; all with yellow flowers. 



62 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Bartonia. [Loasaceae.] Half-hardy annuals and bien- 
nials. Soil peaty and rather cool. Propagated by seeds : 
the annuals sown in March in a mild hot-bed, and planted 
out in May, or sown in the open ground in May ; the bi- 
ennials sown in July, and kept in frames during winter. B. 
aurea, which is the principal sort cultivated, is very pretty. 

B. albescens (white) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, 
in July; Chili; 183 1. B. aurea (golden); half-hardy annual; 
2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. B.ornata 
(ornate) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; 
Missouri ; 1811. B. nuda (naked) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in August ; Missouri ; 181 1. 

Bastard Indigo. See Amorpha. 

Batschia. Hardy perennials. Good loamy garden soil. 
Increased either by seeds or by division. 

B. canesce7is (hoary); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers 
yellow, in July; North America; 1826. B. longijiora (long- 
flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; 
Missouri ; 1812. B. sericea (silky) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1825. 

Bead-Tree. See Melia. 

Bear's Breech. See Acanthus. 

Bear's Ear. See Arctotis. 

Bear's Ear Sanicle. See Cortusa. 

Bear's Grape. See Arctostaphylos. 

Bedstraw. See Galium. 

Beech. See Fagus. 

Belladonna Lily. A beautiful species of Amaryllis 
(A. Belladonna)^ occasionally used as a bedding plant. 
The foliage dies in July, and the spike of pink lily-like flow- 
ers is produced on a tall stem in September. After bloom- 
ing, the bulb should be potted, and the growth of foliage 
encouraged, as on this depends the bloom of the next year. 
The bulb is tender, and must not be exposed to frost. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 63 

Bell-Flower. See Campanula. 

Bellwort. See Uvularia. 

Bellidiastrum. [Composite.] Dwarf hardy perennials, 
with daisy-Hke flowers. Soil, loam and peat. Increased by 
division. 

B. Michelii (Micheli's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in June ; Austria ; 1570. 

Requires protection in the Northern States. 

Bellis. [Compositae.] A genus of very pretty half-hardy 
perennials, growing in common garden soil, and increased 
by division. The usual mode is to plant them in a frame, 
and bring them into the house to bloom, or to bloom them 
in the frame. The flowers are double and single, of various 
colors. Some have variegated foliage. 

B. hybrida (hybrid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers 
white, in spring ; Italy; 1824. B. mtegrifolia (entire-le^ived) ; 
half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white and pink, in July ; 
Texas ; 1801. B. peremiis (perennial) ; half-hardy perennial ; 
flowers white, in June ; the common Daisy of England. Variety 
hortensis, the garden double red Daisy ; variety Jistulosa, the 
garden double red quilled Daisy ; variety prolifera, the garden 
variety, pink and white, with small flower-heads round the larger 
one. B. sylvestris (wood) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; Portugal ; 1797. 

This plant offers a wide field for improvement by careful 
hybridization. All the species require to be shaded from 
our summer's sun. 

Bellium. [Composite.] A genus of small pretty half- 
hardy herbaceous perennials, with daisy-like flowers, and 
grown in sandy peat : the perennials increased by division ; 
the annuals, by seed. 

B. bellidioides (daisy-like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers 
white, in June; Italy; 1796. B. crassifoluun (thick-leaved); 
half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Sar- 



64 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

dinia ; 1831. B. i7itermediu7ii (intermediate); half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in August ; hybrid. B. inimttufn 
(small) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in July ; 
Levant; 1772. 

Berberis. Barberry. [Berberiaceae.] A genus of ever- 
green and deciduous shrubs, ornamental in foliage, flower, 
and fruit. The common Barberiy ( B. Canadensis ) is a very 
ornamental but neglected shrub. Although there is not a 
shrub more decidedly shrubby, it can be formed into a 
pretty standard. Young suckers may be supported with 
Staines until they run up to the height required, all their side 
shoots being removed before they advance much in growth : 
the top may then be taken off, and a few of the lateral 
branches encouraged close to the top ; these, shortened be- 
fore they grow much, cause other laterals to grow, and a 
good head may be formed in a short time. Generally a 
deep sandy loam is desirable. Propagated by cuttings in 
autumn, by grafting in the case of rare sorts, and by seeds 
where large quantities are raised. 

One group of the Berberries have been called Mahonias. 
These are beautiful dwarf evergreen shrubs, with bright 
shiny foliage, growing thick and rich, and bearing beautiful 
close bunches of bright yellow flowers in the spring, suc- 
ceeded by rich purple fruit. There is hardly a prettier set 
of evergreens in cultivation : they afford a very striking va- 
riety in the foliage of a mixed clump ; but, as the plants 
feather down to the ground, there should be nothing to hide 
them : on this account they make excellent lawn jDlants. 
They bear round, bright, purple fruit, which looks as well 
as the flowers ; and the plants, which do not grow higher 
than three or four feet in general, and are a good while 
reaching that height, are handsome without either flowers or 
fruit. They are multiplied by suckers, which may be taken 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 65 

off in the autumn : they also strike freely, and may therefore 
be raised from cuttings ; but, of late, they have been chiefly 
raised from seeds, which yield a much greater variety of fo- 
liage than the several enumerated sorts exhibit. The seed 
should be washed out of the soft berries and dried ; then a 
bed, with a portion of turfy peat dug among the ordinary 
soil, should be prepared, and the seed sown very thinly in- 
deed upon it, and raked in. When it comes up let it be 
cleared of weeds, and, in very diy weather, occasionally 
watered. They may remain until large enough to plant out 
a foot apart ; for, if they have not room, they soon become 
drawn. Here they have only to be kept clean till they are 
large enough to plant where they are to stand. Except 
where otherwise specified, those named below are evergreen. 

B. aquifoliiun (holly-leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1823. B. Beali (Beal's) ; 
evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in March ; China ; 
1852. B. Darwi7ni {T)2ir\Nm's) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- 
ers deep orange, in May ; Chili ; 1847. S- dealbata (whitened) ; 
evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Mexico ; 
1833. B. dzdcis {svfQet) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet; flowers yel- 
low, in May; Magellan; 1830. B. empetrifolia (empetrum- 
leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Magellan; 1827. B. fasicularis (^\m^^d^\ half-hardy 
evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; California ; 
1820. B. For^miz (Fortune^ s) ; evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July; China ; 1846. B.ghwiacea (glumaceous) ; 
evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; North 
America; 1822. B. ilicifolia (holly-leaved); evergreen shrub ; 
8 feet ; flowers orange-yellow, in July ; Terra del Fuego ; 1843. 
B. Jai7iieso7ii (Jameson's) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers yellow ; 
Peru ; 1847. B. Loxensis (Loxa) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 
4 feet ; flowers yellow ; Loxa ; 1848. B. macrophylla (large- 
leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow ; Japan ; 
1847. B. Nepaleiisis (Nepaul) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 
5 



66 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

5 feet; flowers yellow, in March; north of India; 1850. B. 
repeiis (creeping) ; evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in May ; North America ; 1822. B. trifoliata (trifoliate) ; half- 
hardy deciduous shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Mex- 
ico ; 1839. B- trifurca (three-forked) ; half-hardy evergreen 
shrub; 5 feet; flowers unknown; China; 1852. B. vulgaris 
(common) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
May; England. i5. J^^//zV//2(2;2^ (WaUich's) ; evergreen shrub ; 
10 feet ; flowers yellow ; East Indies ; 1820. 

Most of the evergreen species require a winter protection 
of evergreen boughs in the Northern States. 

Bergia. [Elatinacese.] Hardy annual, of no great 
beauty. Sandy soil. Propagated by seeds. 

B. verticillata (whorled) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white 
and red, in June ; Egypt ; 1820. 

Berteroa. [Cruciferse.] A small family of herbaceous 
half-hardy plants, allied to Arabis, grown in common garden 
soil, and increased by division, seed, and cuttings. The 
species all have whitish flowers and are B. incana, muta- 
bilis, and obliqua. The former is also known as Alyssum 
incanum. 

Betckia. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, 
allied to Valerian. Propagated by seeds sown in a hot-bed, 
and transplanted to the border. 

^. ;;m^/j- (larger) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers rose, in 
August; California; 1836. j5. j-«;/2^///'^//<a; (samolus-leaved) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose, in July ; Chili ; 1835. 

Betonica. Betofiy. [Labiatae.] Hardy perennials. 
Soil, common garden mould. Propagated by division. 

B. grandiflora (great-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1800. B. incana (hoary); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; Italy ; 
1759. B. nivea {sno\\y); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 6/ 

in June ; Caucasus ; 1820. B. Orientalis (Oriental) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers light-purple, in June ; Levant ; 1737. 

This genus is now united to Stachys, which see. 

Betula. Betidacece. [Birch.] Hardy trees and shrubs, 
flourishing in common soil, and propagated by seed. The 
following are the species : — 

B. alba (common white) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April ; Britain. 
B. alba Dalecarlica (Dalecarlian) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; Eu- 
rope. B. alba foUis-variegatis (variegated -leaved) ; flowers in 
May. B. alba macrocarpa (large-fruited) ; 40 feet ; flowers in 
June ; Europe. B. alba pendula (pendulous) ; flowers in April ; 
Britain. B. alba Pontica (Pontic) ; 70 feet ; flowers in May ; 
Turkey. B. alba urticifolia (nettle-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in 
May. B. alba verrucosa (warty) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April ; 
Britain. B, Bhojpattra (Bhojpattra) ; 50 feet ; flowers in May ; 
Himalayas ; 1840. B. carpinifolia (horn-beam-leaved) ; half- 
hardy ; 50 feet; flowers in July; North America; 1759. 
B. Datirica (Daurian) ; 30 feet ; flowers in July ; Siberia ; 
1785. B. Daurica parvifolia (small-leaved); flowers in July; 
Siberia. B. excelsa (tall) ; 60 feet ; flowers in July ; North 
America; 1767. B. friiticosa (shrubby); 6 feet; flowers in 
June ; Siberia ; 1818. B. glaiidulosa (glanded) ; flowers in May ; 
North America; 1816. B. graiidis (great); North America; 
1834. B. lanulosa (woolly); 70 feet; flowers in July; North 
America; 181 7. B. lenta (phant) ; 50 feet; flowers in July; 
North America; 1759. B. lutea (yellow); 20 feet; flowers in 
May; North America. B. mollis (soft); East Indies; 1840. 
B. nana (smooth-dwarf) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- 
ica. B. na7ici 7nacrophylla (large-leaved) ; 6 feet ; . flowers in 
May; Switzerland; 18 19. B. stricta {xi'^nght); flowers in May. 
B. nigra (black) ; 60 feet ; flowers in July ; North America ; 
1736. B. ovata (egg-leaved); 6 feet; flowers in May; Hun- 
gary; 1820. B.pallescens (palish); 6 feet. B. papyracea {^2i- 
per) ; 50 feet; flowers in June; North America; 1750. B. 
papyracea fusca (blackish-brown) ; flowers in May ; Carolina. 
B. papyracea platyphylla (broad-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in 



68 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

June ; Carolina. B. papyracea trichoclada (hairy-twigged) j 
flowers in June ; Carolina. B. peiidiila (pendulous) ; 40 feet ; 
flowers in June ; Britain. B. Pontica (Pontic) ; hardy ever- 
green ; 12 feet ; flowers in May ; Turkey. B.populifolia (pop- 
lar-leaved) ; hardy evergreen ; 30 feet \ flowers in July ; North 
America; 1750. B.populifolia lacimala (cut-lesLved) ; 30 feet ; 
flowers in July. B. popidifolia pendiila (pendulous) ; flowers in 
July. B. piibesceiis (downy) ; 30 feet -, flowers in June ; Ger- 
many ; 1812. B. picmila (hairy-dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; 
North America; 1762. B. rubra (red); 60 feet; flowers in 
July ; Canada. B. Scopolii (Scopoli's) ; 6 feet. B. tristis (sad) ; 
10 feet ; flowers in May ; Kamtschatka. 

BiDENS. [Compositae.] Annuals, bienDials, and peren- 
nials, generally hardy, allied to Coreopsis. Propagated by 
seed and division. Garden soil. 

B. arguta; herbaceous perennial; flowers yellow, in June; 
Mexico; 1825. B. bipinnata (twice-leaved); hardy annual; 2 
feet; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1687. B.letc- 
cantJia (white-flowered); hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers 
white, in July ; South America. B. macrosperma (large-seeded); 
hardy annual ; i foot; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1829. 

There are many other species. 

BiGNONiA. Trumpet- Flower. See Tecoma. 

Bindweed. See Convolvulus, 

BiRTHWORT. See Aristolochia. 

Bitter Vetch. See Orobus. 

Bladder Senna. See Colutea. 

Biscatella. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy peren- 
nials and annuals, of little beauty, growing in common soil. 
Increased by Feed and division. 

Biserula. [Fabaceae.] A hardy annual, growing in 
sandy soil. Increased by seed. 

B. pilecinus ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; 
south of Europe ; 1640. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 69 

BivoNiEA. [Cruciferae.] A hardy annual, growing from 
seed in common soil. 

B. hitea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
July ; Italy; 1824. 

Blephilia. [Labiatae.] A family of herbaceous peren- 
nials, allied to Monarda. Propagated by seeds and divis- 
ion. Common soil. 

B. ciliata (hair-fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, 
in July ; North America. B. hirsuta (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 
3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; North America; 1798. 

Blitum. Strawberry Blite. [Chenopodiaceae.] Hardy 
annuals, with fruit resembling Strawberries. Common soil. 
Propagated by seeds sown in May where the plants are to 
grow. 

B. capitatiwi (headed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; fruit red, in 
July; Austria; 1633. B. virgattmt {twiggy); hardy annual; 2 
feet ; fruit red, in July ; south of Europe ; i68o. 

Bloodroot. See Sanguinaria. 

Blue Bell. Campanula Rotundifolia. 

Blue Bottle. Centauria Cyanus. 

Blumenbachia. [Loasacese.] Hardy annuals, grown 
from seed sown in May in rich loam. 

B. iiisignis (remarkable) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers 
white, in July ; Monte Video ; 1826. B. inultifida (many-cleft) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers greenish-red, in July ; Buenos 
Ayres ; 1826. 

Bog-Bean. See Menyanthes. 

Buck-Bean. See Menyanthes. 

BoLTONEA. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
with pinkish flowers in September. Common garden soil. 
Propagated by division. The species are B. astervides and 
glastifoUay natives of North America, introduced in 1758. 

Borago. Borage. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy annuals, 



70 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

biennials, and perennials. The common Borage, a gay an- 
nual, is one of the best flowers to sow in the neighborhood 
of bees ; for it is said they derive more nourishment from it 
than from any other flower that grows. Good garden soil. 
Propagated by seeds, which may be scattered over the sur- 
face and raked in, and the plants afterwards thinned where 
they are too much crowded. The perennials may be multi- 
plied by parting the roots. 

B. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; herbaceous perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers pink, in June; Persia; 1822. B. laxiflora (loose-flow- 
ered) ; hardy biennial, trailing ; flowers blue, in June ; Corsica ; 
181 3. B. officinalis (common); hardy annual; 3 feet ; flowers 
blue or white, in June ; England. B. Orientalis (Oriental) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; Turkey ; 1752. 

Bottle-Gourd. See Lagenaria. 

BouvARDiA. [Cinchonacese.] Handsome small sub- 
shrubs, mostly greenhouse plants. Some of the species pro- 
duce a profusion of scarlet blossoms, when planted out for 
the summer, in a bed of good peaty earth in the flower-gar- 
den. Of this habit are B. triphylla and a variety of it 
called splendens. The other greenhouse kinds require sim- 
ilar treatment ; the stove species are not of much import- 
ance. The roots must be taken up in autumn, and potted 
and kept rather dry in a greenhouse, and in spring excited 
in a dung-frame, and hardened off" afterwards to plant out as 
soon as danger from frost is past. These kinds are best 
propagated by pieces of the thicker roots, an inch or two 
long, set round against the side of a pot, just covered with 
soil, and the pots plunged in a dung-frame. When they 
begin to grow up, they should be potted separately; they 
grow well in a compost of turfy peat and loam. 

B. Cavanillesii (Cavanille's) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; 
flowers scarlet, in May; Mexico; 1846. B. fiava (yellow); 



GARDEN FLOWERS. /I 

greenhouse sub-shrub : 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 
1845. ^- Isicintha (smooth-flowered); greenhouse sub-shrub; 
3 feet; flowers deep scarlet, in June; Mexico; 1850. B. tri- 
pJiylla (three-leaved) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in June; Mexico. 

A larger flowered and very fine variety is called splendens. 

Box. See Buxus. 

Box Thorn. See Lycium. 

Brachycome. Sivan-River Daisy. [Compositse.] Pret- 
ty half-hardy annuals. Soil, rich light earth. Propagated 
by seeds, which may be sown in heat about April, and, when 
large enough, planted out in the borders or beds six inches 
apart, or they may be sown thinly out of doors in May, and 
be thinned out ; but the bloom is much later in general than 
when sown in heat and planted out in May. The plants 
are very pretty w^hen grown in pots. 

B.iberidifolia (iberis-leaved) ; half-hardy annual ; 18 inches; 
flowers blue, in July ; Swan River ; 1840. 

There is a pure white variety called alba^ and various 
shades of blue and pink. 

Bramble. See Rubus. 

Briza. Quaking Grass. [Graminaceae.] One of the 
many beautiful grasses which are so ornamental in the 
flower-garden, bearing roundish, drooping, chaffy-like clus- 
ters of flowers. Hardy annuals. The seeds may be sown 
in common soil in May. 

B. 7naxi7na (largest) ; hardy annual grass ; 18 inches ; flowers 
in June ; south of Europe ; 1633. B. rubra (red) ; hardy annual 
grass; i foot; flowers in June; south of Europe ; 1820. B. 
virens ; hardy annual grass ; 18 inches ; flowers in July ; Spain. 

Broussonetia. Paper Mulberry. [Moraceae.] Hardy 
trees, resembling Mulberry. Propagated by cuttings, suck- 
ers, and seeds. 



72 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

B. papyi'ifera (paper-bearing) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers 
purplish, in June; Japan; 1751. Of this there are varieties, 
cuaillccta^ dissecfa, fnictu-albo, macrophylla, and variegata. 
This species is hardy as far north as Massachusetts. B. spatti- 
lata (spatulate) ; tree ; 12 feet ; Japan ; 1824. 

Browallia. [Scrophulariaceae.] Pretty half-hardy an- 
nuals or shrubs. The annuals grow in light rich soil, and 
are increased by seeds sown in March in a hot-bed, as 
other tender annuals. The shrubs grow in peat and loam, 
in equal proportions, and are propagated by cuttings, placed 
in a gentle heat. 

B. demissa (low) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
July ; South America ; 1735. There is a white variety. B. elata 
(tall) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Peru ; 
1768. There is a white variety. B.gra7idi/Iora([-2irgQ.-fio^trQd); 
half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers light yellow, in June ; Peru ; 
1829. B. yamesoni (Jameson's) ; greenhouse sub-shrub, 3 feet ; 
flowers orange, in July : New Grenada ; 1 846. B. speciosa 
(showy); tender annual; 18 inches; flowers purple, in July; 
Quindiu ; 1846. 

Bryanthus. [Ericaceae.] Small evergreen shrubs now 
united to Menziesia, growing in sandy peat, and increased 
by cuttings in sand under a bell glass and kept cool. The 
plants must be kept from heat and drought. 

B. erectus (erect) ; hardy evergreen ; i foot ; flowers blush, in 
June ; a garden hybrid. B. G77ielinij hardy evergreen trailer;. 
6 inches ; flowers red, in June ; Kamtschatka. B. Stellerij hardy 
evergreen trailer ; 6 inches ; flowers pale red, in June ; North- 
west America. 

Brugmansia. See Datura. 

Buckthorn. See Rhamnus. 

Bugle. See Ajuga. 

BuGLOss. See Anchusa. 

BuLBOCODiUM. [Melanthaceae.J Beautiful dwarf hardy 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 73 

crocus-like bulbous plants. Soil, sandy loam. Increased 
by offsets. 

B. vernum (spring) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in 
May; Spain; 1629. B. versicolor (various-colored); hardy 
bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac and yellow, in September ; Russia ; 
1820. 

BuPLEARUM. Hare's Ear. [Umbelliferae.] A genus 
consisting of about a dozen hardy annuals, as many hardy 
perennials, and four greenhouse evergreens, growing in 
sandy loam, and propagated by seeds, divisions, or cuttings. 
They are not very ornamental or desirable. The general 
color of the flowers is green and yellow. 

BuPTHALMUM. Ox-eye. [Compositae.] Shrubby and 
herbaceous plants, the former increasing by cuttings, the 
latter by division or by seeds, and all growing in a soil of 
equal parts sandy loam and leaf-mould. 

B. grandijlorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in August; Austria; 1722. B. maritvnuni 
(sea) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, all sum- 
mer ; Sicily; 1640. B. salicifolium (willow-leaved); hardy per- 
ennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; Austria; 1722. 
B. speciosissi77mm (most showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in J-uly ; south of Europe ; 1826. 

Winter protection is necessary in the Northern States. 

Burnet. See Sanguisorba. 

Burning Bush. See Euonymus. 

Butcher's Broom. See Ruscus. 

BuTOMUS. [Butomaceae.] Perennial aquatics, veiy orna- 
mental on the margin of ponds or streams. Planted in 
rich mud, they soon establish themselves and increase 
rapidly. They require winter protection in the Northern 
States. 

B. latifolms (broad-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 



74 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Nepaul ; 1823. B. iwibcUatus {}xrvh€i\Q.K^ \ 3 feet ; flowers pink, 
in August ; England. 

Buxus. Box- Tree. [Euphorbiaceas.] A family of orna- 
mental evergreen shrubs and trees, some hardy, others 
requiring greenhouse protection. Propagated by seed, cut- 
tings, and layers ; the small variety used for edging, by 
division. B se77iperuirens and its varieties are hardy as far 
north as Massachusetts, though often browned by the win- 
ter's sun. 

B. Aiistralis (southern); 6 feet; New Holland; 1820. B. 
Balearica (Balearic) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in July ; 
Minorca; 1780. B. Chinensis (Chinese); 3 feet; flowers yel- 
low, green, in July; China; 1802. B. sempervirens (common 
evergreen) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; England. 
B. seifipervirens angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; 8 feet ; flowers 
yellow, green, in May. B. senipervirens arborescens (tree-like) ; 
30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. seinpervi- 
reiis argentea (silver-variegated) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, 
in May ; Britain. B. seuipervireiis aiirea (golden-variegated) ; 
30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. seiiipervi- 
rens marginata (yellow-edged) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, 
in May ; Britain. B. sempervirens viyrtifolia (myrtle-leaved) ; 
8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain, B. sempervirens 
suffritticosa (sub-shrubby) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, green. B. 
sempervirens variegata (variegated-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers 
yellow, green, in May ; Britain. 





CACALIA. [Compositae.] This genus consists partly 
of curious succulent plants (sometimes called Kleinia)^ 
and partly of herbaceous plants, among which are two pretty 
hardy annuals (sometimes called Emilia). The former are 
but seldom grown in this country, though very pretty little 
plants ; the latter, commonly called " Tassel Flowers," are 
very popular garden flowers, and are propagated by seeds, 
which may be sown in the open borders in May, and the 
plants come into bloom during summer. 

C. Alpina (Alpine); hardy herbaceous perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers purple, in July ; Austria ; 1 739. C. cocciiiea (scarlet) ; 
hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers orange, in July ; South Ameri- 
ca ; 1799. C. cocciiiea aicrea; flowers buff"-orange ; garden hybrid. 

CcELESTiNA. [Compositae.] Pretty half-hardy plants, 
suitable for bedding, forming fine dense plants in rich loamy 
soil, requiring greenhouse protection in winter. Propagated 
by seeds and cuttings. 

C. agerdtoides (ageratum-like) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in Au- 
gust ; New Spain ; 1824 ; called also Ageratiim ccelestiTiiun. 
C. coemlea (sky-blue) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; North 
America; 1732 ; called also Etipatoriiim coelestiimin. C. mi- 
crantha (small-flowered) ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; 
South America ; 1800. 

Cajophora. [Loasacese.] Pretty biennial twining plants, 
which have been separated from Loasa. To be had in per- 
fection, they should be sown in June or July, and kept 
through the winter in an airy greenhouse, and then planted 

75 



^6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

out in May, to cover trellis-work, or trained around stakes in 
large pots, if that be preferred. They are readily increased 
by seed. Like the Loasas, they have stinging hairs. They 
usually bloom throughout the summer, or, if raised as above 
directed, they will also be in blossom through the spring 
months. 

C. Herbertii (Herbert's) ; greenhouse climbing biennial ; 6 
feet ; flowers orange-red, in June ; a garden hybrid. C. lateritia 
(brick-colored) ; greenhouse climbing biennial ; lo feet ; flowers 
brick-red, in May ; Tucuman ; 1836. C. Peiitlandica (Pent- 
land's) ; climbing biennial ; 10 feet ; flowers orange, in summer ; 
Peru ; 1841. 

Calais. [Compositae.] A hardy annual, growing in 
common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. 

C. Lindleyi (Lindley's) ; hardy annual ; flowers yellow, in 
July; North America ; 1833. 

Calamintha. Calamint. [Labiaceae.] Pretty herba- 
ceous perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. 

C. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
July ; Hungary ; 1818. C. Caroliniana (Carolinian) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers flesh-color, in July ; Carolina ; 1804. C. 
grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers, 
reddish-lilac, in July ; Italy ; 1596. Of this there is a variegated 
leaved variety. C. sylvatica (wood) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers pale rose, in August ; England. 

Calampelis. [Bignoniaceas.] Beautiful half-hardy climb- 
ers, well suited for arbors or trellises in summer. The blos- 
soms are tubular, orange-colored, in loose panicles and very 
showy ; the seed-pod is ornamental. Light loamy soil. 
Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Requires greenhouse 
in winter. The plant is often called Eccremocarpus. 

C. scabra (rough); half-hardy climbing perennial; 15 feet; 
flowers orange, all summer; Chili ; 1834. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 7/ 

Calandrina. [Portulacea&J A family of herbaceous 
plants which do well treated as annuals. They should be 
started early from, seed in a moderate hot-bed, and planted 
out in a dry hot situation after the weather has become set- 
tled. If sown in August, and wmtered in a .greenhouse, 
they flower finely in the border the foUowmg summer. 
They need a sunny exposure, as the flowers only expand in 
the sun. 

C. discolor (two-colored) ; 2 feet ; flowers rosy purple, in July ; 
Chili; 1854. C. gra7tdifiora (large-flowered); 2 feet; flowers 
rose purple, in July ; Chili ; 1826. C. practtmbens {^xoc\XTC[^t.xi'C) ; 
3 inches ; flowers rose purple, in July ; Peru ; 1827. C. speciosa 
(showy) ; 3 inches ; flowers rose, in July ; California ; 1831. C. 
U77ibellafa (umbelled) ; 6 inches ; flowers rose -purple, in July; 
Peru; 1826. 

There are other species some of which are stove plants. 

Calceolaria. Shrubs and herbaceous plants, properly 
greenhouse plants, but doing well in the border in summer. 
The shrubby varieties are far superior to the herbaceous, 
and are very useful for summer decoration. Calceolarias 
are, strictly speaking, greenhouse plants, and will bear no 
frost. They are generally kept, until they are rising for 
bloom, in pits, where frost can be kept out by mats or other 
coverings ; for any thing short of frost will not hurt them. 
They are propagated by cuttings of the side-shoots, which 
root freely if planted in light sandy peat, about October ; but 
they do not root freely if planted in spring or summer. 
Seeds may be sown in pans, or wide-mouthed pots, in Au- 
gust, and the seedlings potted off, six or eight in a pot, when 
large enough ; and after this, when they have got forward 
enough, put singly in small pots, to be changed from time to 
time for larger : these bloom early the following year. Later 
blooming plants may be had by sowing in spring. The 



78 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Stems require no support, unless the plants are to be carried 
out, in which case they require a stake to every stem. The 
soil should be light rich loam, well drained. C. integrifolia, 
and its varieties angustifolia and viscosissima, are brilliant 
flower-garden dwarf shrubby plants, bearing large masses of 
yellow blossoms from May throughout the summer. The 
florist's varieties are very numerous, and are constantly un- 
dergoing change and improvement. 

C. alba (white) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in June; Chih ; 1844. C. ajjiplexicaidis (stem- 
clasping) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June; Peru; 1845. C. aracJmoidea (cobwebbed) ; greenhouse 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Chih ; 1827. C. 
bicolor (two-colored) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in August ; Peru ; 1829. C. coiymbosa (corymb- 
flowered) ; greenhouse perennial; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
May ; Chili ; 1822. C. creiiatiflora (crenate) ; greenhouse per- 
ennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow-spotted, in June; Chili; 
1 83 1. C. integrifolia (entire-leaved) ; greenhouse or half-hardy 
evergreen shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers deep yellow, all summer ; 
Chili ; 1822. The variety aiigustifolia has pale flowers : viscos- 
sisswia is much deeper colored. C. piniiata (pinnate) ; half- 
hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Peru; 1773. 
C. ptirpiirea (purple) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
purple, in July; Chih; 1827. C. thyrsiflora (thyrse-flowered) 5 
greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
July; Chili; 1827. C.violaceoe (violet); greenhouse evergreen 
sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers violet, in June ; Chili ; 1852. 

The shrubby varieties General Outram, Queen of Oude, 
Kentish Hero, Etna, Little Dorrit, Prince of Orange, Prin- 
cess Helena, Rubens, General Havelock, Nobey, Ambas- 
sador, Beauty of Montreal, Queen, and Victor Emmanuel, 
do well as bedding plants. 

Calendula. Mai-igold. [Compositae.] Showy hardy or 
half-hardy annuals and greenhouse shrubs. The hardy an- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 79 

nual species succeed in common garden soil, and are read 
ily ncreased by seeds, which should be sown in May. The 
half-hardy sorts should be reared on a slight hot-bed in 
April, and planted out in May. The common Marigold is 
very brilliant. 

C. hybrida (hybrid) ; great Cape Marigold ; half-hardy annual ; 
I foot ; flowers white and brown, in July ; Cape ; 1752. C. im- 
dicaulis (naked-stalked) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white 
and purple, in July ; Cape ; 1731. C. officinalis (officinal) ; 
common Marigold ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep orange, 
in June ; south of Europe ; 1751. C, officinalis flore-pleno j a 
double-flowered variety. C. pluvialis (rainy) ; small Cape Mar- 
igold ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Cape ; 
1693. 

Callichroa. [Compositse.] A pretty dwarf hardy an- 
nual. It grows in common garden soil, and is increased by 
seeds, which should be sown in May. 

C. platyglossa (broad-rayed) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; California ; 1835. 

Calliopsis. [Compositae.] Extremely showy hardy an- 
nuals, also known as Coreopsis. They may be sown in gen- 
tle heat to forward them, pricked out five or six in a pot, 
and kept growing in the house until the middle of May, 
when the balls of earth may be turned out whole, the plants 
being undisturbed. But it is better to sow in the open 
border. When sown thus, it must be in May, and these will 
come into flower in July, a month after those turned out of 
pots in a forward state. This flower ought, of course, to be 
planted behind shorter things, about even with Sweet Peas, 
branching Larkspurs, and things of similar growth. It does 
not make a bad appearance m.ixed with branching Larkspurs 
on large borders ; for both show only their flowers, the 
stems of neither being large enough to interfere with their 



80 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

abundant bloom, and the beautiful blue of the one contrast- 
ing well with the orange-yellow black-eyed flowers of the 
other. C. Drummoiidii is dwarfer, but equally beautiful. 

C. bicolor (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2\ feet ; flowers or- 
ange and black, in July; Arkansas; 1822. Of this, formerly 
called Coreopsis ii7tctoria, there are several varieties. C. Drwn- 
motidii (Drummond's) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow 
and brown, in July ; Texas ; 1834. 

There are many new varieties among which we may men- 
tion C. Atki?zsonia, yellow and crimson ; cardiminifolia hy- 
Irrida^ bright yellow ; coj'onata, crimson and yellow ; Btir- 
7'idgii^ crimson golden edge. 

Callirhoe. [Malvaceae.] A fine tribe of hardy annuals, 
flourishing in garden soil, and raised from seed sown in May. 

C. involucrataj hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rosy-crimson, 
all summer ; North America. C.pedataj hardy annual ; 2 feet ; 
flowers purple, with white eye, all summer ; North America ; 
variety nana, a dwarf variety. C. verticillata j hardy annual ; 
6 inches ; flowers purple, with white eye ; North America, 

Callistephus or Callistemma. China Aster. [Com- 
positse.] Callistemma hortense is a favorite annual. The 
German varieties, with flowers single, semi-double, or dou- 
ble, self-colored, red, pink, dark and light purple, or striped 
in all ways, form a varied and striking feature towards the 
end of the summer wherever they are introduced. To have 
them in perfection, plant them in half well-decomposed dung 
and half loam, or add plenty of manure to the soil of the 
garden. Sow them in a hot-bed in March or April ; plant 
them out in May. If planted in beds, — in which way they 
are very effective, — let the bed be supplied with a good 
dressing of dung, and plant them a foot apart every way : 
keep them clear of weeds, and, in dry sultry weather, let them 
have plenty of water. They will bloom much better treated 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 8l 

in this way ; though when planted about the borders, wher- 
ever there happens to be room, they add greatly to the 
beauty of the garden, because their colors are so varied. 
The best flowers should be marked for seeding. 

C. Chiiiensis (Chinese) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers in 
July ; China ; 1731. 

There are varieties of various colors, as well as double 
and quilled flowers. 

Calluna. Heather. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy ever- 
green shrubs. Soil, peat. Increased by layers or by seeds. 

C. vulgaris (common) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flow- 
ers flesh-color, in April ; England. 

This plant has lately been, found growing wild in Tewks- 
bur}^, Mass., with every indication of its being indigenous to 
this continent. The question has provoked, much argument, 
and is of great interest to botanists. See " Silliman's Jour- 
nal," and " Journal of Boston Society of" Natural History," 
passim ; also " Proceedings of Massachusetts Horticultural 
Society for 186 1." 

The varieties bearing double or white or red or scarlet 
flowers, or that with variegated leaves, are ver)' pretty plants 
for the American or peat border. 

Calophaca. [Leguminosse.] A hardy deciduous shrub, 
very ornamental, grafted standard high on the Laburnum. 
Common light loam. Propagated by seeds or cuttings un- 
der a bell glass. 

C. Wolgarica (Wolga) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June ; Siberia ; 1780. 

Calophanes. [Acanthaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, grow- 
ing in sandy loam and peat. Propagated by division. 

C. obloiigifolia (oblong-leaved) ; tender perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers blue, in August ; CaroHna ; 1832. 

The plant requires winter protection. 
6 



S2 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Calopogon. [Orchidaceae.] A fine native orchid, but 
of difficult culture. Soil, moist peat and sand. 

C. ptddiellum (pretty) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
purple, in July ; North America ; 1771. 

Caltha. Marsh-?nangoId. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy per- 
ennial water-plants, of easy culture, propagated by dividing 
the roots. They are suited for planting on the margin of a 
piece of water, where their bright-colored blossoms are very 
showy. The most ornamental is the double-flowered variety 
of our wild species (C. pahistris flore-pleno.) Though grow- 
ing best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appro- 
priate for rough scenery, they do very well in other situa- 
tions, if the soil is damp ; and the variety above named is 
sufficiently showy to make it worth introducing among hardy 
perennials in a mixed bo-rder. 

C. natans (floating) ; hardy aquatic, floating ; flowers yellow, 
in May; Siberia; 18 16. C. pahistris fiore-plenoj hardy peren- 
nial ; 18 inches ; flowers golden, in May ; a garden variety. 
C. pantassicE folia (parnassia-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1815. 

There are ten other species. 

Calycanthus. Allspice. [Calycanthaceae.] Hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs, remarkable for the fragrant spice-like odor 
of their brownish blossoms. Moist, light, loamy garden 
soil. Increased by layers. 

C. floridusj hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers brown, in June ; 
Carolina; 1726. 

There are several varieties of this species. Tlie other 
species are C. fertilis, glaucus, Icevigatus, maavphyllus, ob- 
longifoliiis, occidentalism and Fermsy/vanicus, all with fragrant 
brownish-purple flowers. 

Calypso. [Orchidaceae.] A beautiful and very rare na- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 83 

tive orchid, growing in rich sandy peat, in a moist cool 
exposure. 

C. borealis (northern) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
rose and brown, in May ; North America ; 1820. 

Calystegia. [Convolvulaceae.] Convolvulus-like twin- 
ing or trailing perennial plants, hardy or mostly so. Their 
culture is extremely simple ; a fragment of the perennial 
root merely requires to be placed in the ground, and it will 
soon establish itself, and, if not checked, spread, and be- 
come a troublesome weed. Sandy loam is most congenial 
to them. C. Soldanella should be occasionally watered with 
salt water. 

C. Catesbiajta (Catesby's) ; flowers rose, in July ; Carolina ; 
1816. C. DaJmrica (Dahurian) ; hardy climbing perennial; 
18 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Dahuria ; 1823. C. piibescens 
(pubescent) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, 
double and single, in July; China; 1844. C. sepiiun (great 
hedge) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white or rose- 
color, in June ; England. C. Soldanella (Soldanella) ; hardy 
trailing perennial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; England. 
C spithamcBa ; hardy climbing perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in July; North America; 1796. C. sylvestris (wood); flowers 
white, in July Hungary ; 1815. C. touientosa (woolly); flowers 
pinkish- white, in June ; North America ; 1818. 

Campanula, [Campanulace^.] Very handsome plants, 
comprising annuals, biennials, and perennials, mostly hardy, 
with a few greenhouse species. The annuals should be 
sown in the open border in May, the seed being slightly 
covered on account of its small size. The perennial hardy 
kinds are increased by seeds or division, and require no 
peculiar treatment. The biennials are sown in May and 
June for blooming the following year. Good garden soil 
suits them all, but it should be rather rich for the Canter- 
bury-bell. The Chimney Campanula is undoubtedly one 



84 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

of the best for pot culture, and requires the protection of a 
frame or greenhouse. The compost for it should be loam 
from rotted turfs one-half, dung from a spent hot-bed one- 
fourth, and turfy peat one-fourth, well mixed together. Se- 
lect a small healthy plant, place it in a four-inch pot, and 
grow it in a frame : if it should throw up a stem for bloom, 
take off the top at once ; and when the pot is full of roots, 
change it for a six-inch pot, using the same kind of compost. 
Thus continue to grow it, changing the pot for a larger as 
fast as the roots fill up the one it is in. The second season 
it may bloom ; but continue the changing into larger pots, 
and, when it is three years old, it will produce many spikes 
of bloom, which should be spread fan-like on a trellis, and, 
in this state, it completely covers a fireplace or a window 
with its numerous beautiful blue flowers. The smaller per- 
ennials make beautiful rock-plants. 

C. atirea (golden) ; greenhouse shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in July; Madeira; 1777. C. barbata (bearded); hardy peren- 
nial; 2 feet; flowers light or dark blue, in June ; Italy; 1752. 
C. Carpatica (Carpathian) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers 
blue or white, in June; Carpathian Alps; 1774. C. fragilis 
(fragile) ; half-hardy perennial, trailing ; flowers pale-blue, in 
August ; Alps of Italy ; 1826. C. Garganica (Garganian) ; half- 
hardy perennial, trailing ; flowers pale-blue, in July ; Gargania ; 
1830. C. grandis (\2iXg€)\ half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in August; NatoHa ; 1842. C. Loreyi (Lorey's) ; hardy 
annual; i foot; flowers blue or white, in June; Italy; 1824. 
C. macra7ttha (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in August ; Russia ; 1822. C. mediiun (Canterbury-bell); 
hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, single or double, 
in June ; Germany ; 1 597. C, nitida (shinihg) ; hardy perennial) ; 
I foot ; flowers blue or white, single or double, in July ; North 
America; 1731. C. nobilis (noble); hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers lilac-purple, in July ; China ; 1844. C.persicifolia (peach- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-blue or white, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 85 

single or double, in July ; Europe; 1596. C. pulla (russet); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Austria ; 
1779. C. piwiila (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
blue or white, in June ; Switzerland ; introduction uncertain. 
C. pyramidalis (chimney) ; perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue or 
white, in August ; Carniolia ; 1594. C. sylvaticu (wood) ; hardy 
annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Nepaul ; 1840. C. thyr- 
soidea (thyrse-flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, 
in June ; Switzerland; 1785. C. Fz^<a:/2V (Capt. Vidal's) ; green- 
house or half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; 
Azores ; 1851. 

There are more than one hundred and fifty species and 
varieties, all worthy of garden culture. 

Canary-Bird Flower. See TROPiEOLUM. 

Candleberry Myrtle. See Myrica. 

Candytuft. See Iberis. 

Canterbury Bells. See Campanula. 

Canna. Indian Shot. [Marantacese.] Stove perennial 
herbs, of considerable stature. The seeds are as large as 
sweet peas, and as hard as flint. Stove or hot-bed heat is 
required to bring up the plants, which are tall, reed-like, with 
showy scarlet or yellow flowers. They grow well in loam 
and dung, and require large pots to grow them successfully. 
In April fill some well-drained pots with soil, and sow in 
them a couple of seeds, not more than half an inch deep. 
Place these pots in a hot-bed, and in a few days the plants 
will shoot up. Let them have water enough to keep them 
moist, and, as they grow, destroy the weakest plant, shifting 
the others by removing the balls whole into larger pots ; and 
having kept them in the hot-bed a day or two to establish 
them, remove them to the stove, or, if you have not a sto\'e, 
to the greenhouse, and plant in the open border about the 
last of May. They perfect their seed in this countr)\ All 
the species flower well in warm situations, planted out in 



S6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

the flower-border, and are very effective both in fohage and 
blossom. For this purpose the plants are turned out about 
the middle of May. When once reared, the plants may be 
perpetuated by division. 

C. Achiras (Achiras) ; 5 feet ; flowers dark-red, in August ; 
Isle of Mendoza ; 1829. C. angustifolia (narrow-leaved); ? feet; 
flowers scarlet, in July ; South America ; 1824. 'C. mirantiaca 
(orange); 4 feet ; flowers orange, in September; Brazil; 1824. 
C. carnea (flesh-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in Septem- 
ber ; Brazil ; 1822. C. cocciiiea (scarlet); 2 feet; flowers scarlet, 
in September; South America; 1731. C. co7npacta (compact); 

2 feet ; flowers red, in July ; East Indies ; 1820. C. crocea (saf- 
fron-colored) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 1823. C. denudata 
(naked) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Brazil ; 1818. C. de- 
nudata latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 
Brazil ; 1818. C. discolor (two-colored-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in September; Trinidad; 1827. C. edidis (eatable); 

3 feet; flowers red, in September; Peru; 1820. C. esczdenta 
(esculent); 4 feet ; flowers red, in September ; South America ; 
1822. C. excelsa (lofty); 16 feet; flowers scarlet, in September; 
Brazil ; 1820. C. Jiaccida (weak) ; 5 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 
South Carohna ;'I788. C. gigaiitea (gigantic) ; 5 feet; flowers 
red and yellow, in July; south of Europe; 1809. C. glauca 
(milky-green) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; South 
America ; 1730. C. glattca rubrolutea (yellow and red); 4^ feet ; 
flowers yellowish-red, in August; Jamaica; 1834. C. glauca 
riifa (reddish-brown); 2 feet; flowers brown, in July; South 
America. C. Indica (Indian) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in Sep- 
tember ; India; 1570. C. inacidata (spotted); 2 feet; flowers 
reddish-yellow, in September ; India. C. iridiflora (iris-flow- 
ered) ; 6 feet; flowers red, in September; Peru; 18 16. C, 
jimcea (rush-like) ; i foot; flowers red, in May; Indies ; 1820. 
C. Laguneiisis (Laguna) ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in September; 
Laguna ; 1828. C. Lafuberti (Lambert's) ; 4 feet ; flowers scar- 
let, in July ; Trinidad; 18 19. C. lanceolata (spear-leaved); 3 
feet; flowers red, in September; Brazil; 1825, C. lanitginosa 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 8/ 

(woolly); 6 feet; flowers deep scarlet, in July; 1823. C. lat- 
ifolia (broad-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers pink, in September ; 
Brazil; 1820. C. limbata (bordered); 3 feet; flowers red, in 
September; Brazil; 1818. C. lutea (yellow); 2 feet; flowers 
yellow, in September ; East Indies; 1829. C. Nepalensis (Ne- 
paul) ; 6 feet; flowers straw-color, in August; Nepaul; 1^62. C. 
Occidentals (Western); 3 feet; flowers reddis|f-yellow, yi June; 
West Indies; 1822. C. Orientalis (Eastern); 4 feet; flowers red, 
in June ; East Indies ; 1820. C. Orientalis fiava (yellow); 4 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in June ; East Indies ; 1820. C. Orientalis viacu- 
lata (spotted) ; flowers scarlet and yellow, in August ; East 
Indies; 1570. C. pallida (pale-flowering); 4 feet; flowers pale- 
yellow, in June ; West Indies ; 1820. C. pallida latifolia (broad- 
leaved) ; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June; West Indies; 1820. 
C. patens (spreading) ; 2 feet ; flowers reddish-yellow, in June • 
Rio Janerio; 1778. C. pedunculata (long-flower-stalked); 6 
feet; flowers orange, in October; 1820. C. polymorpha (many- 
formed) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in September ; South America ; 
1825. C. Reevesii (Reeve's); 5 feet; flowers yellow, in June; 
China; 1835. C rtcbra (red); 3 feet; flowers red, in Septem- 
ber; West Indies ; 1820. C. rubricaulis (red-stemmed) ; 3 feet; 
flowers red, in July; 1821. C. sangninea (bloody); 4 feet; 
flowers red, in September; South America; 1820. C. speciosa 
(showy); 3 feet; flowers red, in August; South America; 1820. 
C. sylvestris (wild) ; 5 feet; flowers scarlet, in September; South 
America; 1820. C. variabilis (variable) ; 3 feet; flowers red, in 
September; India; 1822. C ^^rj2'<?w/r5'2V (Warszewicz's) ; 3^ 
feet; flowers scarlet, in September; Costa Rica; 1849. 

Cannabis. Hemp. [Urticaceae.] Hardy, and an annual 
in this country. Though insignificant in its flowers, the 
Hemp is yet a stately plant when grown freely, remarkable 
for its fine palmate foliage. It merely requires to be sown 
in rich garden soil, and the plants allowed to stand out sep- 
arately. In wilderness scenery it has a fine appearance. 

C. saliva (common) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers green, in 
June ; India ; introduction uncertain. 



88 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Cape Marigold. See Calendula. 

Caprifolium. Honeysuckle. [Caprifoliacea.] A genus 
of mostly deciduous, and some evergreen, climbers, generally 
hardy, too well known to need description. Propagated by 
seeds, cuttings, and layers. The hardy species require little 
care, except pruning ; the half-hardy are better laid down 
and covered with earth in the winter, 

C. dioiaim (dioecious) ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North 
America; 1776. C. Doiiglasii (Douglas's); 20 feet; flowers 
orange, in July ; North America; 1824. C. Etnisntm (Etrus- 
can) ; 15 feet ; flowers orange, in May ; Italy. C.flaviim (yellow); 
10 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Carolina; 1810. C. gratiim 
(pleasant) ; evergreen ; 20 feet ; flowers red, in July ; North 
America; 1730. C. hirsutum (hairy-leaved); 20 feet; flowers 
yellow, in May; Canada; 1822. C. longifloruin (long-flowered); 
climber; flowers yellow, white, in July ; China; 1826. C. Occi- 
deiitale (Western) ; 20 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; Fort Van- 
couver ; 1824. C. periclymeniun (woodbine); 20 feet; flowers 
yellow, in June ; Britain. C. periclymemun Belgica (Dutch) ; 20 
feet ; flowers yellow, in June. C. periclymeimm qtiercifolmm 
(oak-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, red, in June. C. pericly- 
memun serotimun (late-red) ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, red, in 
June. C. pericly7nenuin variegatiim (variegated) ; 1 5 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, red, in June ; Britain. C. seinpervirens (evergreen) ; 
15 feet; flowers scarlet, in June; North America; 1656. C. 
seinpervirens Brownii (Brown's) ; 20 feet ; flowers bright-scar- 
let, in May. C. sempervireits major (larger-flowered) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers scarlet, in May. C. seinpervirens minus (less trumpet) ; 
15 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Carolina ; 1656. 

C. brachypoda ( Lonicera) variegata is a very beautiful va- 
riety, lately introduced from Japan, with fine variegated fo- 
liage, and does well if covered with earth in winter. 

Capsicum. [Solanace^e.] Annuals requiring a warm 
sunny exposure. The plants should be started in a hot-bed 
in April, and pricked out when all danger of frost is over: 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 89 

they need a rich soil. The shrubby species thrive in a 
stove, and are very ornamental. The greater number will 
ripen fruit in the open air, and, from the different colors of 
the fruit, white, purple, blue, green, red, and yellow, are at- 
tractive in garden or conservatory. 

C. anmtuni (Guinea pepper) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; fruit 
erect, usually red; India; 1548. C baccatum (bird-pepper); 
stove shrub; 3 feet; fruit erect, red; India; 1731. C. bicolor 
(two-colored) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white and purple ; 
fruit erect, violaceous ; West Indies ; 1804. C. cerasifonne 
(cherry-pepper) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; fruit erect, red or yellow ; 
South America ; 1 739. C. cereohan (waxy) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; 
fruit pendent, yellow; South America; 1850. C. cordifornie 
(heart-shaped) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; fruit pendent, red or 
yellow; India; 1548. C, frutescens {^x\i\\\xi^\ i foot; flowers 
pale-yellow ; India ; 1656. C. 3f z/leriz (Millefs) ; flowers white ; 
West Indies ; 1824. 

Caragana. Pea-lree. [Leguminoseae.] Pretty, hardy, 
and chiefly low-growing shrubs ; the most interesting of 
which are kept grafted, as standards in the nurseries, and 
make beautiful little pendent trees. The stock used is C. 
arborescens, which is increased by seeds. The rest may be 
increased by layering, and the spreading sorts are suitable 
for large rock gardens. Sandy, loamy soil. 

C. arborescens (tree-like); a small deciduous tree; 15 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1752. C. var. iiiesmis (un- 
armed); 10 feet ; Siberia; 1820. C. y^//<2o-<3:;^^ (Siberian pea) ; 
hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1789. 
C. Chaitilagu (Chinese) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
May ; China ; 1773. C. friitescens (shrubby) ; hardy shrub ; 6 
feet; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1752. C. jubata 
(crested) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in May ; 
Siberia ; 1796. C. pygmcsa (pygmy) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; Siberia; 1751. C. spinosa {s^my) ; hardy 
shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1755. 



90 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Cardamine. [Cruciferas.] Hardy perennials, growing 
in common moist soil. Increased by division. 

C. auiara (bitter) ; aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; 
Britain. C. asarifolia (asarum-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in June; Italy; 1710. C. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved); i foot; 
flowers white, in May ; ScoUand. C. bellidifolia Alpina (Al- 
pine) ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1658. C. cheli- 
donia (celandine-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Italy ; 
1739. C. glauca (milky-green) ; -i foot ; flowers white, in June ; 
Calabria; 1827. C. latifolia (broad-leaved); marsh plants; 2 
feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 17 10. C. macrophylla 
(large-leaved) ; i foot; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia; 1824. 
C. pratensis (meadow) ; marsh-plant ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 
May ; Britain, C. pratensis plena (double-flowered) ; marsh- 
plant ; I foot; flowers purple, in May. C pratensis plena-alba 
(double white-flowered) ; marsh-plant ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
May. C. tkalietroides {thalictvum-likQ) ; annual ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in June ; Piedmont; 181 8. C. trifolia (three-leaved); 2 
feet; flowers white, in May; Switzerland; 1629. C. uliginosa 
(bog) ; marsh-plant ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Tauria ; 
1819. 

Cardinal Flower. See Lobelia. 

Cardiospermum. [Sapindacese.] A family of ornamen- 
tal climbers, commonly known as "balloon vine." They 
need a light warm soil and a sunny exposure, and are useful 
for covering arbors and trellisses. Propagated by seed 
sown in May. 

C. Halicacabttnt (smooth-leaved) ; tender-annual ; 5 feet ; flow- 
ers white, in July ; India ; 1594. The other species are C. Co- 
rindnni 2Ci\A pubescens . 

Carduus. Thistle. [Compositse.] A genus of rank- 
growing plants with showy flowers. Although generally re- 
garded as weeds, some of the species do well in shrubbery, 
and are not unornamental. They are annual, biennial, and 
perennial, and are generally propagated by seed. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 9I 

Carnation. See Dianthus. 

Carolina Allspice. See Calycanthus. 

Carpinus. Hornbeam. [Coi^'laceae.] A family of hard- 
wooded ornamental trees, of rapid growth, hardy and desi- 
rable. The European species are used for hedges. Pro- 
pagated by seed or layers. Grow in rich loamy soil. 

C A7nericana (American); 20 feet; North America; 181 2. 
C. betulus (common) ; 30 feet ; flowers in March ; Britain. C. 
betuhis iiicisa (cut-leaved) ; 1 5 feet. C. betuhis qitercifolia (oak- 
leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe. C. betuhis variegaia 
(variegated) ; 20 feet ; Britain. C. betuhis aurea-variegata (gol- 
den-variegated-leaved) ; 20 feet ; 1845. ^- OrientaUs (Eastern) ; 
12 feet ; Levant ; 1739. 

Carthamus. [CompositEE.] Hardy annuals. They are 
best sown on a gentle hot-bed in spring, and transplanted 
into the open borders in May. Rich garden soil. 

C. ti?ictorius (dyer's) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 
orange, in July; Egypt; 1551. C. oxycantha (sharp-spined) ; 
half-hardy annual; 2 feet ; Caucasus; 18 18. 

Carya. Walmtt. [Juglandiaceae.] A family of hardy 
deciduous trees, too well known to need description. Pro- 
pagated by seed. The trees transplant with difficulty, hav- 
ing a long tap-root. 

C. alba (white shag-bark hickory) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; 
1629. C. «;;mr^ (bitter-nut) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; 1800. 
C. compressa (compressed-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; 
1730. C. laciniosa (jagged) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. C. mi- 
croearpa (small-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. C. obcordata 
(reversed heart-shaped) ; 30 feet; flowers in May; 1812. C. 
olivcEfor77iis (olive-shaped) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. C.porcina 
(pig-nut); 30 feet; flowers in May; 1799. C. porcma glabra 
(smooth) ; flowers in May. C. sulcata (furrowed) ; 30 feet ; flow- 
ers in May ; 1804. C. tomentosa (woolly); 30 feet ; flowers in 
May. C. tometitosa 7naxima (greatest fruited) ; 60 feet ; flowers 
in May. 



92 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Cassandra. See Andromeda. 

Cassia. [Leguminoseae.] A large genus, mostly stove 
shrubs. There are, however, some annuals and perennials 
which do well in the garden. Propagated by seed and 
division. Good loamy soil. There are more than two 
hundred species. 

C. Biirmanjiii (Burman's) ; tender annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1810. C. Marilandica 
(Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow and black, 
in August ; North America. C. nictitans (twinkling) ; hardy 
annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1800. 
C. proc2i7?ibens (lying down) ; hardy annual ; 14 inches; flowers 
yellow, in July ; North America ; 1806. 

Cassiope. [Ericaceae.] Pretty, diminutive heathdike 
shrubs, related to Andromeda. Peat soil ; a moist, cool, 
shady situation. Propagated by cuttings or layers. 

C. fastigiata (fastigiate) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in July; North India ; 1852. C. hypnoides (hyp- 
num-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
June; Siberia; North America; 1798. C. lycopodioides {chjib- 
moss-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in 
July ; Siberia. C. tetragona (four-cornered) ; hardy evergreen 
shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia; 1810. 

Castanea. Chestnut. [Corylaceae.] Generally hardy 
trees, ornamental in foliage and flower, and valuable for 
fruit. The Sweet Chestnut (C. vesca) and its varieties are 
tender in the Northern States, but farther south may be- 
come valuable trees. 

C. Americana (American); 50 feet; flowers white, in May; 
America. C. Chinensis (China) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in 
May ; China. C. pumila (dwarf) ; 12 feet ; flowers green, yel- 
low, in July ; North America ; 1699. C. vesca (Spanish edible) ; 
50 feet ; flowers green, in June ; England. C. vesca asplenifolia 
(asplenium-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Europe. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 93 

C vesca cochleata (sjoiral) ; flowers green, in May. C. vesca 
corallina-variegata (coral- variegated) ; flowers green, in May ; 
1846. C. vesca cucullata (hooded); flowers green, in May; 
1846. C. vesca foliis-aureis {golden-l^diVtdi) ; 50 feet; flowers 
green, in June. C. vesca glabra (smooth-leaved) ; flowers green, 
in May. C. vesca glauca (milky green) ; flowers green, in June. 
C. vesca hicida (shining-leaved); flowers green, in May; 1846. 
C. vesca media (intermediate) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in June ; 
Europe. C. vesca Princei (Prince's) ; flowers green, in May ; 
1846. C. vesca pumila (dwarf); flowers green, in May; 1846. 
C. vesca variegata (variegated-leaved) ; flowers green, in May. 

Castilleja. [Scrophulariace^e.] Pretty annuals and 
perennials. Sandy peat soil. Increased by seeds, or di- 
vision of the root. 

C. coccinea (scarlet-bracted) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July; North America; 1787. C. grandiflora 
(large-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple and yellow, in July; Louisiana; 181 1. C. lithospermoides 
(gromwell-like) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, 
in August ; Mexico ; 1848. C pallida (pale) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot; flowers light purple; Siberia; 1782. C. septeiitrionale 
(Northern) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and green, in 
August; Labrador; 1824. 

Catalpa. [Bignoniaceae.] A family of hardy and tender 
trees, very ornamental in leaf and flower. They thrive best 
in rich deep damp soil. Propagated by seeds, root-cuttings, 
and cuttings. 

C syringifolia (lilac-leaved) ; tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, 
purple, and orange, in July ; North America. C. Kempferii 
(Kempfer's) ; hardy shrub ; 9 feet ; flowers yellowish-white, with 
crimson blotches, in July ; Japan ; i860. 

Catananche. [Compositae.] Hardy perennial free-grow- 
ing plants, requiring ordinary garden soil. They are best 
propagated by seeds, and treated as biennials. 



94 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

C. coeridea (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or 
white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1596. Variety bicolor j white 
and blue ; garden hybrid. C. lutea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; i 
foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Candia ; 1640. 

Catchfly. See Silene. 

Catmint. See Nepeta. 

Ceanothus. [Rhamnaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy ever- 
green and deciduous shrubs, generally worthy of cultivation 
in the shrubbery. They are mostly of free growth and neat 
habit; flowers numerous and showy. Propagated either by 
cuttings, which should be planted in sandy soil under hand- 
glasses, or by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining 
strong plants. They are not particular as to soil, but grow 
well in sandy loam, and, not being veiy hardy, the situation 
ought to be a well-drained one. The Californian species 
may be considered as hardy, in mild winters, south of Phil- 
adelphia. 

C. AmericaiitLs (New-Jersey tea) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in August ; North America. C. ovalis much re- 
sembles this in flower. C. asiireiis (azure-flowered) half-hardy 
evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in August ; Mex- 
ico ; 18 1 8. C. ameatiis (wedge-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen 
shrub; 5 feet; flowers white, in April; California; 1848. C. 
dentatus (tooth-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; 
flowers blue, in May; California; 1848. C.Jloj^ibzindits {va^iny- 
flowered) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers deep 
blue, in June ; California ; 1852. C. Lobbiaitus (Lobb's) ; half- 
hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Califor- 
nia ; 1852. C. pallidus (pale-flowered); half-hardy shrub; 10 
feet; flowers pale-blue, in summer; North America; 1838. 
C. papuloses (papillose) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; 
flowers violet-blue, in May ; California ; 1848. C. rigidzis {st\^) ; 
half-hardy shrub ; flowers blue ; Cahfornia ; 1848. 

Cedrus. Cedar. [Pinaceas.] Evergreen trees, hardy 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 95 

south of Philadelphia, growing in deep sandy soil, and in- 
creased by seeds and cutting. 

C. Africaftus (Mount Atlas); Mount Atlas; 1843. C. De- 
odora (Deodar); Nepaul ; 1822. Varieties crassifolia, te?ttii- 
folia. and viridis. C. Lzdam (Mount Lebanon) ; Levant ; 1683. 
Varieties foliis argenteis, nana, glaiica, intermedia, pendula, 
pyrainidalis, and pyraniidalis argenteis. 

Celastrus. [Celastrinse.] Woody climbers, of which 
only one (C sauidejis, the "Staff Tree " or " Roxbury Wax- 
work ") is hardy in the Northern States. It is a rampant 
climber, ornamental in foliage and fruit, and well worthy 
more notice than it receives. Soil, rich black loam. Pro- 
pagated by seeds or cuttings. There are more than thirty 
tender species. 

C. bullattts (blistered) ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Vir- 
ginia ; 1759. C. scandens (climbing); 15 feet; flowers yellow, 
in June ; North America ; 1736. 

Celosia. Cockscomb. [Amarantaceae.] The only species 
at all cultivated is the common Cockscomb, C. cristata. All 
the varieties of this are popular with gardeners. The fol- 
lowing is the English method of growing large plants. 

The deep crimson-colored varieties are generally the 
most esteemed ; and of these there are tall and dwarf kinds, 
the latter being generally preferred, the comb at its extrem- 
ities altogether or nearly touching the sides of the pot. 
Seeds should be sown in a fresh hot-bed in spring ; and 
unlike the balsam, where splendid specimens are required, 
they should never be turned out of the hot-bed until the 
combs are nearly full grown, when they may be set in the 
greenhouse. Two systems of culture may be adopted. 
First, as soon as the plants are one inch in height, prick 
out, and shift successively into larger pots, never allowing 
the plants to be pot-bound. By this method, the plants are 



96 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Strong before the combs appear, and you have a chance of 
having many very fine, but with the risk that many others, 
from their shape, will be fit only for the rubbish-heap. By 
the second method, the best for those with limited space, 
the young plants are pricked out a few inches apart into 
shallow pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged to grow freely, 
and then checked suddenly by keeping them cooler, and 
withholding water, which will cause them to show their 
combs in a few days. Though small, you can easily observe 
those which are close and well shaped from those which will 
be upright and straggling. Select the best, pot them, and 
continue repotting, and encourage with heat and manure- 
water ; and the strength of your culture going chiefly into 
the combs, these will be large, while your plants will be 
small. Where extremely dwarf plants are wanted, cut off 
young plants a little below the comb ; insert the part with 
the comb into a small pot, in sandy soil, in strong heat, and 
a hand-glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very rotten dung, 
but sweet. Temperature when growing, 60° to 85° by day; 
60° at night. 

The variety aitr-ea is a fine plumed Indian plant with 
showy featheiy golden flowers. Variety coccmea, a native of 
China, has scarlet crimson flowers. Both, when well grown, 
are very showy. 

Celsia. [Scrophulariaceae.] Half-hardy biennials and 
annuals, the former requiring frame or greenhouse protec- 
tion in the winter. Light sandy open soil. Propagated by 
seed. 

C. A returns (Arcturus) ; half-hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in August; Candia ; 1780. C. bcto)iiccEfolia (betony- 
leaved) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
North Africa ; 1824. C. Cretica (Cretan) ; half-hardy biennial ; 6 
feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Crete ; 1752. C. la^iceolata (\3.ncQ.- 
leaved) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 9/ 

Levant; 1816. C. OrientaHs {Y.^.s,t^Yn) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet; 
flowers brown and yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1713. 

Celtis. Nettle-Tree. [Ulmaceae.] Hardy ornamental 
trees. Propagated by seed sown as soon as ripe, and by 
cuttings of the young shoots. Common soil. 

C. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in May ; 
North America ; 1812. C. Icevigata (pohshed) ; 20 feet ; flowers 
green, in May ; Louisiana. C Occidentalis (Western) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers green, in May; North America; 1656. C. Occidentalis 
^^r^^/^ (heart-leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers green, in May; North 
America. C Occidentalis scabriicscula (roughish) ; 20 feet ; flow- 
ers green, in May ; North America. C. pujnila (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; 
flowers green, in May ; North America ; 181 2. 

Cenia. [Compositae.] A family of small hardy annuals, 
propagated by seed, and thriving in any good garden soil. 

C. ticrbinata (turbinate) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in August; Cape of Good Hope; 17 13. C. ttirbinata fonnosa 
(beautiful) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; 
Cape of Good Hope. 

Centaurea. [Compositse.] A large family of mostly 
hardy perennials, comprising, however, some very ornamen- 
tal annuals, which should have a place in every garden. 
These may either be sown in the open border about the end 
of April, and the plants thinned out subsequently to three 
or four in a patch, to be left for blooming, or they may be 
sown wdth other annuals in a seed-bed, or in pots, for 
facility of transplantation ; in the latter case being sown 
somewhat earlier, and coming earlier into flower. They 
bloom from June, more or less onwards to September. The 
very numerous hardy perennial kinds — any of which are 
w^orth growing as common border flowers — grow well in 
the common soil of gardens, and are increased by division. 

C, crocodylium (crocodylium) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 
7 



98 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

purple, in July,; Levant ; 1777. C cyanus (corn-bottle); hardy 
annual ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, pink, or white, in July ; England. 
C. depressa (depressed) ; hardy annual or biennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers blue, in June ; Caucasus; 1818. C. vioschata (Sweet Sul- 
tan) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Persia ; 
1629. ..C pulchella (pretty) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- 
ple, in June ; Persia ; 1836. C. pulchra (beautiful) ; hardy an- 
nual ; I foot ; flowers blue and crimson, in June ; Cashmere ; 
1838. C. siiaveolens (Yellow Sultan); hardy annual; 2 feet; 
flowers yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1683. 

Centauridium, [Compositae.] A iiiie hardy annual. 
Propagated by seeds, and succeeding in good garden soil. 

C Druini7tondii (Drummond's) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; 
flowers orange, in August ; Texas. 

Centranthus. [Valerianaceae.] Ornamental hardy 
perennials or annuals. The perennials are best raised from 
seeds ; for, having but few thick woody roots, they do not 
divide well, like -many other hardy perennials. The seeds 
should be sown in May on a bed of light, not over rich, 
soil, from which they may be transplanted to a nursery-bed 
as soon as large enough to handle, and will be fit to be 
transplanted in the autumn into the positions in which they 
are required to bloom tlie following year. The plants grow 
readily in common light garden soil. The annuals require 
to be sown in the open border in March or April, and like 
a rather moist soil. 

C. angustifoliiis (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers crimson, in June ; south of Europe ; 1759. C. macrosi- 
plion (long-tubed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson or 
white, in July ; 1851. C ruber (red Valerian) ; hardy perennial ; 
2 feet ; flowers crimson, rose, or white, in June ; England. 

Centrocarpha. [Compositae.] Showy, hardy peren- 
nials, requiring good light garden soil, and increased by 
root-division. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 99 

C. chryso7nela (yellow and black) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in July ; South America ; 1821. C.fulgida (glow- 
ing) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North 
America; 1760. C. gracilis (slender); hardy perennial; 18 
inches ; flowers yellow, in August; North America; 1825. C 
grandijlora (great-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; North America ; 1830. C. hirta (hairy) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1714. 

Cephalanthus. Button Bush. [Cinchonaceae.] A 
hardy ornamental shrub, native of our river banks, but suc- 
ceeding in upland, and valuable for blooming at a season 
when the shrubbery is bare of flowers. Propagated by 
cuttings and layers. Damp peaty soil, or rich loam. 

C Occideiitalis (Western) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, 
in August ; North America. C. brachypodus (short-stalked) ; 
hardy shrub ; flowers white, in August ; North America. 

Cephalotaxus. [Taxaceae.] A fine genus of yews from 
Japan. Hardy and ter}' ornamental. Propagated by cuttings. 

C. drupacea (berry-bearing); hardy evergreen ; 20 feet; Japan; 
1844. C. Fortimii (Fortune's) ; hardy evergreen ; 50 feet ; Japan; 
1848. C.pedunculata{^\.2Xk.^6)\ hardy evergreen ; Japan ; 1837. 

Cerastium. [Caryophyllaceae.] This is a large genus, 
of which many annuals afe of no cultural value ; but a few 
of the perennials are ornamental. All are low-growing 
plants, with whitish flowers, growing anywhere, and propa- 
gated by division. The best are C. Alpijtum, Bieberstebiii 
glaciate^ grandiflorum^ ianatum, Zedbourii, latifoliu7?i, purpu- 
rascens, Scaraiii, and tomentosum. 

Cerasus. Cherry. [Rosacese.] The ornamental part 
of this genus comprises early-flow^ering trees and shrubs, 
all free-growing plants in good garden soil. Propagated 
by seeds, by layers, or by budding. By some, these are all 
included under Prunus. 

Ornamental Trees, C. Padics, the Bird-cherry, a free- 



lOO GARDEN FLOWERS. 

growing, deciduous, small tree, in the early spring, about May, 
covered with long drooping racemes of white blossoms. C. 
sylvestris duracina fiore-pleno, the double French white. C. 
vulgaris Jlore-pleno^ a dwarfer double-flowered tree. C. se7nper- 
florus (ever-flowering) ; a remarkably handsome drooping free- 
flowering tree, when budded standard high. C Mahaleb (per- 
fumed cherry). 

All are pretty, and desirable for neat, clean foliage seldom 
attacked by insects, and for beauty of flowers. There are 
about seventy-five species and varieties, some with beauti- 
fully variegated foliage. 

Ceratiola. [Empetrace^e.] A small family of ever- 
green diminutive bushes, with heather-like foliage. Propa- 
gated by cuttings. 

C. ericoides (heath-hke) ; hardy shrub; i8 inches; flowers 
brown, in June ; North America ; 1826. 

Cercis. Judas-tree. [Leguminosa^.] Deciduous small 
trees, forming beautiful objects when in flower; the blossoms 
being produced before the leaves, and appearing about the 
same time as those of the laburnum, the guelder-rose, the 
hawthorn, and flowering dogwood, with which they contrast 
admirably. They prefer a rather rich loamy soil, and re- 
quire a sheltered situation. The seeds are sown in the 
spring, and produce plants which come to bloom in six or 
eight years. The young plants require protection. 

C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers pale 
red, in May ; North America ; 1730. C. siliquastrum (common) ; 
hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers pink or white, in May ; south of 
Europe ; 1596. 

Cerinthe. [Boraginacese.] Hardy annuals of coarse 
habit, requiring to be sown in May where they are to flower, 
and thinned out to three or four plants in a patch as soon as 
they grow large enough to become crowded. Common soil. 

C. j/iajor (greater) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 01 

July ; south of France ; 1596. C. minor (lesser) ; hardy annual ; 
2 feet ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; Austria ; 1570. 

The other species are C. Aipitta, aspera, maculata, and 
reiorta. 

Ch^nostoma. [Scrophulariaceae.] The C. polyantha 
is a very pretty plant for the decoration of the flower-garden 
during summer. It is half-hardy, requiring to be kept dur- 
ing winter in a greenhouse, or in a dry frame secure against 
frost ; and in summer it may be planted out in a warm sunny 
situation, in light, moderately rich soil. It is readily raised 
from seeds in spring, and may also be increased by cuttings 
during summer. The flowers are small but numerous. The 
other perennial species are to be treated similarly. The 
annuals must be raised in heat, in April, and planted out in 
June. 

C. cor data (cordate) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
red, in June ; Cape ; 1816. C.foetida (fetid) ; half-hardy annual ; 
18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1794. C. polyanthum 
(many-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers rosy- 
lilac, in June ; South Africa; 1844. C. viliosa {wWIoms) ; half- 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1783. 

Cham^cyparis. Bastard Cypress. [Pinaceae.] A small 
genus of evergreens, allied to Cypress, hardy, growing in 
sandy loam. Propagated by seeds. The species are C. 
JVootkanensis, obtusa, pisifera, sphceroides, sqtiarrosa, and thicri- 
fera. The last is tender. 

Cham^nerium. [Lythracese.] Hardy, ornamental, her- 
baceous perennials, of the easiest culture in the open 
ground; formerly called Epilobium. They increase with 
facility by division of the root. 

C. angustifoliiun (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers rose or white, in July ; England. C Halleri (Haller's) ; 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers rose-red, in June ; Switzerland ; 



102 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

1798. C. rosmarinifoliinn (rosemary-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 
18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in June ; Europe ; 1800. 

CHAMiERHODES. [Rosacese.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials. Sandy loam j dry, cold situation. Increased by seeds. 

C. grandijlortis (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in June ; Dahuria ; 1828. C. polygymis (many- 
pistilled) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; 
Siberia ; 1824. 

Cheiranthus. Wall-flower. [Cruciferae.] Half-hardy 
perennials, of somewhat shrubby habit. C. Cheiri, the 
well known common Wall-flower, has produced various hand- 
some double-flowered varieties, of which the best are the 
bright yellow, dark brown, and purple. The common single 
kind bears its yellow or brownish blossoms freely in June, 
on plants raised from seeds sown in May of the previous 
year. The seeds should be sown in a bed of light or rather 
sandy soil, and the plants pricked out, when large enough, 
into a frame, from whence they may be transplanted, with 
compact balls of earth about their roots, in the early part of 
the next May, into the places w^here they are to flower. 
When the plants live over to a second year, they are larger ; 
but, in general, the one-year-old plants are preferable. The 
double varieties are increased by cuttings, planted under a 
hand-glass in sandy earth about May or June ; and are best 
potted, and protected through the winter in cold frames, 
though sometimes established plants will survive the winter, 
if exposed. The other species furnish beautiful dwarf 
plants, suitable for rock-work, or small beds, or the front 
parts of borders. They are quite hardy, and are increased 
by cuttings. C. mutabilis is a tall, rather straggling shrub, 
which has changeable purplish single flowers, and requires 
the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse. 

C. Alplmis (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yel- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. IO3 

low, in May; Norway; 18 10. C. C//^z>/ (common) ; hardy sub- 
shrub ; 18 inches; flowers yellow or brown, in May; Europe. 
C. Marshallii (Marshall's) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 9 
inches ; flowers deep-orange, in June and August ; Scotch hy- 
brid. C. ntiitabilis (changeable) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; 
flowers purple, changeable, in March ; Madeira; 1777. C. och- 
roleiicus (pale-yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale- 
yellow, in May ; Switzerland ; 1822. 

Chelidonium. Celandine. [Papaveracese.] Harcly her- 
baceous well-known perennials, some of which are rather 
pretty, and desirable from their early flowering. Propagated 
by seeds and division. 

C. grandifloriun (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in May ; Dahuria ; 1820. C. lacmatum (jagged) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Eu- 
rope. C. 7najus fiore-pleno (large-double-flowered) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer ; Hybrid. 

Chelone. [Scrophulariaceae.] Beautiful herbaceous 
perennials, closely allied to Pentstemon, and requiring sim- 
ilar treatment. 

C barbata (bearded) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, 
in July; Mexico; 1794. ' Varieties carnea and major have flesh- 
colored and orange-striped flowers. C. glabra (smooth) ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 
1730. C. Lyoni (Lyon's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- 
ple, in August ; North America; 181 2. C. obliqna (oblique); 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in August ; North 
America; 1752. 

Chenopodium. [Chenopodiaceae.] A few plants of this 
family, which consists mainly of weeds, have of late been 
introduced into gardens for dark or elegant foliage. They 
are generally hardy annuals. C. album and atriplicis are 
good species. 

Cherry. See Cerasus. 



104 GARDEN FLOWERS, 

Chili-Pepper. See Capsicum. 

Chestnut. See Castanea. 

Chimaphila. [Pyrolaceas.] Hardy herbaceous ever- 
greens, of difficult culture. Soil, forest-loam and sand. C. 
maculata is one of our finest native foliaged plants. 

C. umbellata (umbelled) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers pinkish-white, in June; North America; 1752. C. macu- 
lata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in 
June ; North America ; 1752. 

Chimonanthus. [Calycanthaceae.] Half-hardy decidu- 
ous shrub, thriving in the Southern States, but tender in the 
Northern. The flowers of all the varieties are deliciously 
fragrant, and are produced on the leafless branches in 
winter. 

C. fragrans (fragrant) ; shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow and 
red, in December; Japan; 1766. Y2ir\tiy grand ifioms (large- 
flowered) ; flowers yellow ; 8 feet ; China. Variety parviflo- 
r//j (small-flowered) ; 8 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, Japan; 1818. 

China Aster. See Callistephus. 

Chinese Hollyhock. See Althaea. 

Chinese Pink. See Dianthus. 

Chionanthus. Fringe-tree. [Oleaceae.] Fine hardy de- 
ciduous small trees or shrubs. Soil, peat-earth in damp 
situations. Propagated by seeds or layers. 

C. maritima (marine) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, 
in May; North America; 1736. C. Virginica (Virginian); hardy 
tree ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1736. 

There is a narrow-leaved and broad-leaved variety. 

Chloris. [Gramineae.] A family of tropical ornamental 
grasses, thriving in common soil ; all half-hardy annuals. 
The species are C. barbata, polydactyla, Jimbriata, and ra- 
diata. 

Christmas Rose. See Helleborus. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. • IO5 

Chlora. [Gentianacese.] A family of hardy annuals, 
succeeding from seeds sown in May in the open border. 

C. imperfoliata J flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1823. C. 
perfoliata; flowers yellow, in June ; England. C serotina 
(late) ; flowers yellow, in September ; south of Europe ; 1832. 

Chrysanthemum. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals, per- 
ennials, and greenhouse shrubs. The annuals, though free- 
growing plants, have a strong chamomile smell, and are 
poor in their flowers, though often grown among collections 
of annuals. They should be sown in patches for planting 
out in the borders when large enough, about three in a 
clump, at equal distances. Sown in heat, and forwarded for 
planting out in May, the bloom is much earlier than when 
sown in the open air. Besides being abundant flowerers, 
these Chrysanthemums continue their bloom until the frost 
cuts the plant down, and are chiefly useful in large borders 
where variety is wanted. The greenhouse kinds are strag- 
gling shrubs, with deeply jagged leaves, and flowers a good 
deal resembling those of Ma3^weed. The annuals are in- 
creased by seeds ; but the shrubby kinds may be renewed by 
cuttings, which take root readily. A light loamy soil suits 
the latter, of which young vigorous plants should be con- 
stantly reared. Many of the Pompon varieties are very 
good ; but as new ones are constantly introduced, the flor- 
ists' latest catalogues will show the best. 

C. Arctiaim (Arctic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white 
and purple, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1801. C. argenteian (silvery 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Le- 
vant ; 1731. C. carinatiim (keeled) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; 
flowers white, yellow, and purple, in June ; Barbary ; 1796. C. 
coronariu7}i (garland) ; hardy annual ; i\ feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June ; Sicily ; 1629. C. coronopifolium (buck's-horn-leaved) ; 
greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Madeira ; 
1815. C. niontanu7n (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 



I06 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

ers white, in June ; France ; 1752. C. pinnatifidum (pinnati- 
fid) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; Ma- 
deira ; 1777. C. Ruthenicum (Russian); hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers pink, in June ; Russia ; 1827. 

Chryseis. See Eschscholtzia. 

Chyrsocoma. Goldy-locks. [Compositae.] A genus of 
hardy herbaceous and greenhouse evergreen species. The 
former grow in common soil, and are increased by division ; 
die latter prefer light sandy loam, and are increased by cut- 
tings. They are not very showy. 

C. bijlora (two-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
blue, in August ; Siberia; 1741. C. cernua (drooping); green- 
house sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, i;i July; Cape; 171 2. 
C. coinaurea (golden-hair) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July; Cape; 1731. C. virgata {X.\<i\gg^)\ hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in September ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1 82 1. 

Chrysogonum. [Compositae.] A hardy herbaceous plant, 
growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. 

C. Virginiaciim (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers yellow, in May ; North America. 

Chrysostemma. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials, with showy flowers. Common garden soil. In- 
creased by division. 

C. tripteris (three-winged) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in August ; North America ; 1837. 

Chrysurus. [Graminaceae.] A pretty annual ornamen- 
tal grass, doing well in the flower border. 

C. azireits (golden) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; Levant. 

CiNQUEFOIL. See POTENTILLA. 

CiMiciFUGA. [Ranunculaceas.] Hardy herbaceous plants, 
growing readily in the border, and increased by division. 
C. Americana (American) ; 2 feet ; flowers white and yellow, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 10/ 

in July; Carolina; 1824. C. cordifolia (heart-leaved); 3 feet; 
flowers white and yellow, in June; North America ; 1812. C. 
fcstida (fetid) ; 4 feet ; flowers light-yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 
1777. C /<2/?;2«/rt: (palmate) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and yellow, 
in July ; North America ; 181 2. 

CiRC^A. Enchanter's Nightshade. [Onagraceae.] Hardy 
herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by di- 
vision. 

C. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, 
in July ; Britain. C. Ltitetiana (Parisian) ; hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers pink, in July ; Britain. C. interniedia (interme- 
diate) ; I foot ; flowers red, in July ; Europe ; 1821. 

CiRSiUM. [Compositae.] Hardy thistle-like biennials and 
perennials : some of them showy. Common soil. In- 
creased by division ; or the biennials by seed, from which 
plants should be raised annually. Some few of the species, 
among which is C. Casabojiae, one of the most ornamental 
species, require protection. 

C. Casaboiia J half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in 
July; south of Europe ; 17 14. C. ttiberostini ip^^xoM'^)', hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; England. 

There are more than fifty other species, many of which 
are mere weeds. 

Cladanthus. [Compositae.] A small genus, containing 
one pretty, hardy annual, which should be sown in a frame 
in April, and transplanted to the border in May ; or in the 
open border in May. 

C. Arabicus (Arabian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; Barbary ; 1759. 

Clarkia. [Onagraceae.] Showy, free-flowering, well- 
known annuals, flourishing in common garden soil, not very 
rich, as then the plants run to leaves. Propagated by seed, 
which should be sown in a frame in April, and the plants 



I08 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

set in the border in May ; or sown in the border in May. 
The plants should not be allowed to become crowded. The 
double varieties are very pretty. 

C. elegans (elegant) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose, in 
June ; California ; 1822. Of this there is a double-flowered va- 
riety. C. pulchella i^VQ^iiy) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers 
rose or white, in June ; North America ; 1826. This latter spe- 
cies has produced the fine varieties integripetala, petals entire 
on the margin, rosy-purple, (a double variety has rich crimson 
flowers, and a sub-variety has the petals edged with white) ; p7il- 
cherrima^ petals three-lobed, bright crimson ; striata, petals 
three-lobed, white, flaked with rose ; jnarghiata, petals three- 
lobed, rosy-purple, tipped with white ; fiorepleno, very double, 
with large rosy-purple or crimson flowers. 

Claytonia. [Portulacaceae.] Hardy annuals and tuber- 
ous-rooted perennials, not very showy. Common soil. In- 
creased by seeds, or by division. 

C. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
pink, in May; North America; 1789. C. graiidiflo7-a (large- 
flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in May ; 
North America ; 1789. C /^r/i?//<2/« (perfoliate-leaved) ; hardy 
annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 
1794. C. Siberica (Siberian); hardy annual; i foot; flowers 
red, in June ; Siberia; 1768. C. Virgmza/ia {Virginmn) ; hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 
1740. 

There are ten other species. 

Clematis. Virgin' s-bower. [Ranunculaceae.] A large 
genus of climbing shmbs, some of which are very orna- 
mental. The hardy kinds are of the simplest culture. 
They are raised from seeds or layers, and grow freely in 
any moderately good ground. They are valuable for cover- 
ing walls, arbors, and trellis-work. The half-hardy kinds 
are useful for the pillars and rafters of greenhouses and 



GARDEN FLOWERS. IO9 

cool conservatories. The stove species are of little impor- 
tance. Sieboldii, ccendea^ graveolens, and Hejidersonii, are 
worthy of being grown on a large pot trellis, and are man- 
ageable in that form. The genus contains some hardy 
perennials, which are managed like other herbaceous per- 
ennials. 

C. aziirea grandiflora (large-flowered azure) ; hardy climber ; 
10 feet; flowers blue, in May, very large; China; 1852. C. 
ccBi'idea (sky-blue); hardy chmbing shrub; 10 feet; flowers 
bluish-lilac, in May; Japan; 1836. C. calycina (Minorca); 
half-hardy evergreen chmbing shrub ; 12 feet; flowers creamy, 
in March ; Minorca; 1783. C <:r2jr/^ (curled-flowered) ; hardy 
climbing shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pinkish, in August ; North 
America ; 1 726. C. erecta (upright) ; hardy perennial ; flowers 
white, in June ; Austria ; 1 597. A double variety of this spe- 
cies is said to be very fine. C. fianumda (sweet-scented) ; 
hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in July ; France ; 
1596. C.fiorida (flowering); half-hardy climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; 
flowers white, in June; Japan; 1776. C. florida fiore-pleno 
(double-flowering) ; half-hardy climbing shrub ; 1 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in June; Japan; 1776. C.fiorida Sieboldii {^\^ho\d^^)\ 
half-hardy climber; 12 feet ; flowers white and purple, in June ; 
Japan ; 1836. C ^^7/^^/^;/^- (heavy-smelling) ; half-hardy climb- 
ing shrub; 8 feet; flowers sulphur-color, in July; Tartary; 1845. 
C. Hendersoiui (Henderson's) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; 
flowers purple, in June ; gardens. C. indivisa lobata (lobed) ; 
greenhouse evergreen climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers creamy 
white, in May; New Zealand; 1847. C. integrifolia (entire- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Hun- 
gary ; 1596. C. lanuginosa (woolly-budded); half-hardy chmb- 
ing shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers very large, blue or gray, in June ; 
China; 1850. C. lathy rifolia (lathyrus-leaved) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; doubtful ; 1836. C. inon- 
tana (mountain) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers large 
white, in May; Nepaul ; 1831. C. ochroleuca (yellowish); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellowish-white, in June ; 



no GARDEN FLOWERS. 

North America ; 1 767. C. tiLbulosa (tubular) ; half-hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; North China ; 1845. ^• 
■z//(?r^^^ (traveller's joy); hardy climbing shrub; 12 feet; flow- 
ers purple, in August ; North America ; 1730. C. viticella 
(vine-bower) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers purple, 
in June ; Spain; 1569. 

C. Sophia^ with pale lilac and white, and Hekne, with 
creamy-white flowers, are fine varieties of C. patens, intro- 
duced from Japan in 1853, and hardy if laid down in winter. 
There are double-flowered varieties. C. regince is a hybrid 
between C. azurea graiidiflora and lafiuginosa. C. jfack- 
maiiii is a fine hybrid between C. viticella Hcndersonii and 
C. lanuginosa, producing large royal-purple flowers. C. 
rubroviolacea, a hybrid between C. viticella atroruheJis and 
C. lanuginosa, has rich velvety violet flowers five inches in 
diameter. C. Fortunei, a recent acquisition from Japan, has 
very large white fragrant double flowers ; and C. Jlorida 
Standishii, also just introduced, has deep violet-blue flowers. 
We cannot name a class of plants which will give more 
general satisfaction, or which is more worthy of cultivation. 

Cleome. [Capparidaceae.] This genus contains several 
curious and rather pretty annuals. They should be raised 
from seeds in spring, in a frame, with slight warmth, potted 
off singly, and hardened subsequently, so as to be planted 
out in May, when they should be strong, vigorous plants. 
They like a dry, warm situation. One or two species are 
stove, soft-wooded shrubs, and there are some stove annual 
species ; but they are not suitable for general cultivation. 

C. heptaphylla (seven-leaved) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; 
flowers white, in June; Jamaica; 17 19. C. Iberica (Iberian); 
hardy annual ; 6 inches; flowers white, in July; Iberia; 1820. 
C. littea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
North America ; 1840. C. speciosissima (most showy) ; half- 
hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple in June ; Mexico ; 1827. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. Ill 

C. violacea (violet) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 
July ; Portugal ; 1776. C. virgata (twiggy) ; hardy annual ; i 
foot ; flowers white, in July ; Persia ; 1820. 

Clethra. [Ericacese.] A genus of hardy and tender 
shrubs. The hardy species are natives of North America, 
and are ver}^ valuable summer-flowering shrubs. They are 
easily propagated by layers. 

C. aaiminata (acuminate); hardy shrub; 10 feet; flowers 
white, in August ; Carolina; 1806. C rt/;^//2?//<^ (alder-leaved) ; 
hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1 73 1. C. paiiiculata (panicled) ; hardy shrub; 4 feet; 
flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1770. C. tojnentosa 
(downy) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North 
America; 1731. 

Clintonia. [Lobeliaceae.] Very pretty hardy annuals. 
They are slender-growing dwarf plants, hanging over the 
edges of the pots, if gro\vn in pots, but forming ver}' beauti- 
ful objects on the ground, being so much covered wdth blos- 
soms as to hide the stems. Sow the seeds in pots in ]\Iarch ; 
put them in a frame, if with a little warmth, so much the 
better ; set them in feeders of water until germinated, then 
thin the plants so as to give them room, and keep them 
growing in frames till May, when those for the borders may be 
turned out. They w'ill very soon flower, and have a ver}' 
pretty appearance. To provide a succession, some should 
be sown in the borders about May : these will flower when 
those of the first sowing leave off. ]\Iany annuals may thus 
be managed, so as to keep up a succession of bloom during 
several months, by sowing at different seasons. C. pulchella^ 
the best of the two species, is a much more interesting ob- 
ject for pot-culture than nine-tenths of the plants grown in 
pots. Peaty soil, or a light mixture of leaf-mould, loam, 
and sand, is the proper soil for them. 

C. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers 



112 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

blue, in June; Colombia; 1827. C. pulchella {pretty) -, half- 
hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, white, and yellow, in 
June; Colombia; 1831. 

Cleiococca. [Linaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, allied to 
Linum. Propagated by seeds and division. Light loam 
and peat. 

C. tenuifolia (slender-leaved) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in 
July; Australia; 1837. 

Clover. See Trifolium. 

Clove-Pink. See Dianthus. 

CoBiEA. [Polemoniaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy 
rapid-growing climbers, covering a large space during the 
summer season with their herbaceous stems, which, in a 
greenhouse or conservatory, retain their foliage, and continue 
to blossom through the winter. They are very useful as'well 
as ornamental out doors during the summer season ; but in 
such situations are killed by the first frost. When grown in 
a greenhouse, they generally ripen plenty of seeds, by which 
they are best propagated ; though they may be increased by 
cuttings. They require a rich loamy soil. 

C. macrostemma (long-stamened) ; greenhouse climbing per- 
ennial ; 20 feet ; flowers yellowish-green, in September ; Guaya- 
quil ; 1839. ^' scandens (climbing); greenhouse cHmbing per- 
ennial ; 20 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1792. C. sti- 
piilaris (stipuled) ; greenhouse climbing perennial ; 20 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in August ; Mexico ; 1839. 

Cockscomb. See Celosia. 

CocKSPUR Thorn. See Crataegus. 

Cgelestina. [Compositae.] A small family, of which 
C, ageratoides, formerly Agerahi??i coelcstimim, is the best. 
They require a greenhouse or frame in winter, and bloom 
well in the border in summer. The species are C. agera- 
toides and coenilea. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. II3 

Coix. [Gramineae.] Perennial grasses, doing well in 
the open border in summer. 

C. arundinacea (reedy) ; 2 feet ; apetalous, July* Mexico ; 
1818. C. lachryma (tears) ; 2 feet ; apetalous, July ; East In- 
dies ; 1596. 

CoLCHicuM. [Melanthace^e.] Hardy bulbs, with crocus- 
like flowers in October, commonly called Autumn Crocuses. 
The leaf appears and the plant ripens its seed the following 
spring. Increased by offsets or seeds, which should be 
sown as soon as they are ripe. Replanting, which is not 
often necessary, should be done in July, when the bulbs are 
at rest. They succeed in any garden soil. 

C.Alpimun (Alpine) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in July; Apen- 
nine ; 1820. C. arenariiun (sand) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in 
September; Hungary; 18 16. C. atttiimnale (autumnal; com- 
mon meadow saifron) ; i foot ; flowers purple, in September ; 
Britain. C autui7inale alburn (white-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in September ; Britain. C. aututnnale atro-ptirpu- 
re7im (dark-purple) ; 3 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in Septem- 
ber ; Britain. C. aiitiunnale folHs'variegatis (variegated-leaved); 
3 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Britain. C. aiitiunnale 
Jlore-pleno (double-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in Sep- 
tember ; Britain. C. autumiiale pui^picreo-striahon (purple- 
striped) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple-striped, in September ; Brit- 
ain. C. aiitiunnale striatiini-pleno (double-striped) ; 3 inches ; 
flowers lilac-striped, m September; Britain. C. Byza7iti7m7}i 
(Byzantine) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Levant ; 
1629. C. Chione7ise (Chio) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in No- 
vember ; Chio. C. crociflo7'tU7i (crocus-flowered); 18 inches; 
flowers purple, in August; south of Europe. C. 77i07ita7i2uji 
(mountain) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1819. C. tessellatui7i (checkered) ; 3 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1600. C. 2i77ib7'osii77i (shaded) ; 
3 inches ; flowers pink, in September; Guinea; 1819. C. varie- 
8 



114 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

gatiini (variegated-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in Sep- 
tember ; Greece; 1629, 

CoLEUS. [Labiatae.] A genus of which some species are 
used for summer bedding as foliaged plants. The species 
are properly stove shrubs, but do well in a sunny exposure. 
More commonly known as Plectranthus. Propagated by 
cuttings. 

C Verschafeldtiij a very dark foliaged plant, and fine for 
massing ; flowers inconspicuous ; the foliage is rich glowing 
crimson ; Java ; 1 860. C. Bhmieii is of no value as a bedding 
plant. 

Colic Root. See Aletris. 

CoLLiNSiA. [Scrophularineae.] Pretty dwarf annuals. 
C. hicolor is a very showy plant, in clumps. The culture is 
simple : in ordinary cases the seeds may be sown in patches 
in the borders in May ; eight or ten plants will be sufficient 
to form a patch. When they are to form a mass of flowers, 
they ought to be not more than three inches apart ; for this 
it is best to sow thinly where they are to flower, and, when 
they are up, thin the plants so that they may be from two to 
three inches from each other. This gives the appearance 
of a complete mass of flowers when the spikes of bloom 
rise. Sowdng in pots should be begun in April, and eight 
or ten plants are enough for a pot. These should be placed 
in a greenhouse, and, as they grow, if any two should be 
too close together, remove one. Where patches of this 
flower are to be at certain distances round borders, the balls 
may be turned out from the pots as soon as the weather 
becomes warm. If this cannot be clone, they must be sown 
on a reserve bed, and transplanted when large enough, or 
else raised and kept in pots till they are wanted ; for either 
of which purposes they should be sown in April on a very 
gentle hot-bed. C. grandiflora is a dwarfish variety, equally 



GARDEN FLOWERS. II5 

pretty, though differing from bicolor. It grows six inches 
highj spreading on the ground instead of growing erect; 
flowers rose-purple and bright-lilac, in June. There are 
several other pretty kinds, but differing only in their colors ; 
and every year will add to the number of varieties, which 
will, in time, perhaps become, like larkspurs, most interest- 
ing in mixtures. 

C. bartscefolia (bartsia-leaved) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; 
flowers white and red, in June; Cahfornia ; 1850. C. bicolor 
(two-colored) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac and white, in 
June; California ; 1833. C ^/'«;2^^<7r^ (large-flowered) ; hardy 
annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue and purple, in June ; North-west 
America; 1826. C. heterophylla (various-leaved); hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Colombia ; 1838. C. multi- 
color (many-colored) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white 
and red-spotted, in June ; California ; 1 850. C. tinctoria (dyer's) ; 
hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pinkish-Hlac, in June ; Califor- 
nia ; 1848. C. verna (spring); hardy annual; i foot; flowers 
purple and blue, in June ; North America ; 1826. 

CoLLiNSONiA. [Labiatae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
increased by division, and growing in moist garden soil. 

C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
lilac-yellow, in September ; North America; 1734. C. cordata 
(heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac-yellow, in 
September; North America ; 1735. 

CoLLOMiA. [Polemoniacese.] Hardy free-growing an- 
nuals, allied to Gilia, growing in common garden soil. The 
seeds should be sown in the open borders in May, and the 
plants not allowed to become crowded. 

C. coccinea (scarlet); hardy annual; i foot; flowers scarlet, 
in June; ChiH ; 1832. C. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 
6 inches; flowers pink, in June; North America; 1827. C. 
grandiflora (large-flowered; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers 
pinkish-buff", in July ; North America; 1826. C. linearis (nar- 



Il6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

row); hardy annual; i foot; flowers red, in June; 1826. C. 
heterophyUa, gilioides, and ghitinosa are other species. 

Coltsfoot. See Tussilago. 

Columbine. See. Aquilegia. 

CoLURiA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, 
allied to Geum, growing in good loam. Propagated by 
division. 

C. pote7ttilloides ([\\iQ potentilla) ; hardy perennial; i foot; 
flowers orange, in June ; Siberia ; 1780. 

CoLUTEA. Bladder-Se?ina. [Leguminosae.] Hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs, growing in common soil, and increased by 
seeds and layers. 

C. arbor escens (tree-like) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, all summer ; France ; 1 548, C. Haleppica (Aleppic) ; hardy 
shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant ; 1752. C. cru- 
enta (bloody) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; 
Levant; 17 10. S. Nepaulensis (Nepaul) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet; 
flowers yellow, in August ; Nepaul ; 1822. 

COMMELiNA. A very pretty group of plants, comprising 
hardy annuals and half-hardy perennials and stove ever- 
greens. Increased respectively by seeds, division, and cut- 
tings. All the herbaceous species, whether from tropical 
regions or New Holland, if the seeds are sown in a hot-bed 
early in spring, pricked off, and potted and planted out 
towards the end of May, will flourish in the flower-garden, 
and constitute a pleasing feature until the end of autumn. 
Before frost, the tuberous kincls should be taken up and 
kept like Dahlias, but not over dry, started a little in spring 
in heat, and then transplanted at the end of May. Thus 
treated, they will bloom stronger than the seedlings. The 
soil should be light and rich, using either rotten dung or 
leaf-mould, with sandy loam. Summer temperature for stove 
species, 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 11/ 

C. ccelestis (sky-blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
blue or white, in July ; Mexico 51813. C. conwumis (common); 
hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue-purple, in June ; North 
America; 1732. C. ciiciillata (hooded); gieenhouse annual; 
2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Brazil; 1825. C. fasciaUata 
(fascicled); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; 
Lima ; 1817. C. orchidioides (orchis-hke) ; half-hardy perennial ; 
2 feet; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1837. C. tiiberosa {i\x- 
berous); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; 
Mexico; 1732. 

CoNVALLARiA. Lily of the Valley. [Liliace;^.] This uni- 
versally admired plant is a dwarf herbaceous perennial ; and 
its spikes of drooping, white, deliciously fragrant flowers, 
and broad green leaves, form one of the loveliest of Nature's 
contrast's in coloring, — rich green and pure white. There 
are varieties, in one of which the flowers are pinkish, and in 
the other double white ; but the simple form is the most 
attractive. They grow in common garden soil, and flourish 
in shady places. The plants are increased by dividing the 
roots. Planted in pots, they are beautiful subjects for for- 
cing into early bloom. 

C. majalis (May) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, 
in May ; England. 

Convolvulus. Bindweed. [Convolvulace^.] Orna- 
mental plants, with trumpet-shaped flowers, which are great 
favorites in gardens. The most common are known as the 
Convolvulus major and the Convolvulus minor of gardens ; 
the former of which belongs to another family, called Phar- 
BiTis (which see) ; and the hardy annual species, of which 
C. tricolor., and its white and dark-blue varieties are the best, 
should be sown in pots in April for early bloom, and again 
in May, in the open borders, for a succession. C. tricolor is 
a fine border plant, and, where the beds are large, it is a 
good flower for masses ; for, though a little straggling, it is 



Il8 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

not more so than can be controlled. C. Scamjnonia, among 
the hardy perennial kinds, is a very pretty twiner, and, like 
the rest, is best increased by seeds, and need only be planted 
in a dr}^, well-drained situation, in good lightish garden soil. 
The half-hardy kinds chiefly need protection at the root 
against wet during winter. There are some stove and 
greenhouse shrubby and climbing species which require an 
open compost of turfy peat and loam, and are increased by 
cuttings, as the other perennial kinds may also be. The 
annuals are in all cases perpetuated by seeds. 

C. aWicEoides (althasa-like) ; half-hardy trailing perennial ; i 
foot; flowers pink, in June; Levant; 1759. C. Bojiariensis 
(Buenos- Ayrean) ; half-hardy twiner ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
July; Chili ; 1817. C. cneorum (silver-leaved); greenhouse ever- 
green shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in June ; Levant ; 1640, C. 
farinosiis (mealy) ; greenhouse evergreen twiner ; 6 feet ; flowers 
pink, in May ; Madeira ; 1777. C. Italiais (Italian); half-hardy 
twiner ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-colored, in May ; south of Europe ; 
1844. C. lineatiis (lined); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers 
purplish, in June; south of Europe; 1770. C. Scainmonia 
(scammony) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers creamy- 
white, in July ; Levant ; 1726. C. tricolor (three-colored) ; hardy 
annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, white, and yellow, in June ; south 
of Europe ; 1629. 

There are numerous other half-hardy greenhouse and 
stove species. 

Coral-Tree. See Erythrina. 

CoPTis. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, 
commonly called Gold-thread from the color of the roots. 
In moist peaty soil, it will carpet the ground with glossy 
foliage enlivened with starry white flowers. Propagated by 
seeds and division. . 

C. trifolia (three -leaved) ; hardy evergreen perennial ; 4 
inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1782. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 19 

CoRBULARiA. Hoop PctHcoat Nai'cissus. [Amaryllidaceas.] 
Hardy bulbs, separated from Narcissus. Garden soil. In- 
creased by offsetts. 

C. bulbocodmm : hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
May ; south of Europe ; 1629. C. conspicua (showy) ; hardy 
bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May. C. lobiilata (lobed) ; 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May. C. tenuifolia 
(slender-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; 
Spain ; 1760. 

Coreopsis. [Compositae.] A genus of showy perennials 
(for the annuals see Calliopsis), propagated by division, and 
thriving in garden soil. All the species we describe have 
yellow flowers in July and August. 

C. angiistifolia (narrow-leaved) ; 2 feet ; North America ; 
1778. C. arguta (sharp); 2 feet; Carohna ; 1786. C. aiirea 
(golden) ; 3 feet ; North America ; 1785. C.grandijlora (large- 
flowered) ; 3 feet ; North America ; 1826. C laiiceolata (lance- 
leaved) ; 3 feet; Carohna ;.I724. C. /^;«/{/<?//^ (slender-leaved) ; 
2 feet; North America; 1780. C. /r/^/^rzj- (three-winged) ; 5 
feet; North America; 1737. C. veriicillata (whorl-leaved); 3 
feet; North America; 1759. 

There are many other species. 

Corn-Flag. See Gladiolus. 

Cornelian Cherry. See Cornus. 

Cornus. [Cornaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, 
and perennials. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers, and 
division of the root. C.florida is a very beautiful ornamen- 
tal tree. C. mascula is the Cornelian cherry. All require a 
rich loamy soil. 

C. alba (white-berried) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in July; Si- 
beria ; 1 741. C. alba Rossica (Russian) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in 
July ; Siberia ; 1820. C. alba Siberica (Siberian) ; 10 feet ; flowers 
white, in August; Siberia; 1824. C. alternifolia (alternate- 
leaved) ; 15 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1760. 



120 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers white, in June; Canada ; 1774. C. circinata (round-leaved) ; 
6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1784. C.florida 
(flowery); 15 feet; flowers white, in May; North America; 
1 73 1. C. inacrophylla (large-leaved); flowers white, in July; 
Nepaul ; 1827. C. masctda (male cornel) ; 15 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in April ; Austria ; 1 596. C. viascula variegata (variegated); 
8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Austria ; 1596. There are other 
varieties of C. 7nascula, which differ only in the color of the 
fruit. C. oblonga (oblong) ; 1 5 feet ; flowers purple ; Nepaul ; 
1818. C. paniailata (panicled) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in June ; 
North America ; 1758. C j-<a;;/^///;z^^ (bloody) ; 8 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; Britain. C. sangidnea variegata (variegated) ; 
8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. C. sanguinea foliis 
variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; 
Britain. C sericea (silky); 5 feet; flowers white, in August; 
North America; 1683. C. sericea asperifolia (rough -leaved) ; 
8 feet ; flowers white ; Carolina. C. sericea oblongifolia (oblong- 
leaved) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in August. C. Sibirica (Sibe- 
rian) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1824. C. stricta 
(erect) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1758. 
C. stricta asperifolia (rough-leaved); 10 feet; flowers white. 
C stricta sempervlre?is (sub-evergreen) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, 
in June. C. stricta variegata (variegated) ; 10 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America; 1758. C. Sneclca (Swedish) ; 
herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. 

CoRONiLLA. {Leguminoseas.] Shrubs and herbaceous 
perennials, of easy culture. Propagated by seed and divis- 
ion. There are many greenhouse species. 

C. Cappadoclca (Cappadocian) ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 
Cappadocia ; 1800. C. eineriis (scorpion-senna) ; shrub ; 3 
feet ; flowers yellow and red, in May; France ; 1596. C. varla 
(various); i foot; flowers pink, in July ; Europe; 1597. C.glo- 
bosa, Iberlca and sq2iamata are other species. 

CoRTUSA. Bear^s-ear Sanick. [Primulacese.] A pretty 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 121 

dwarf herbaceous perennial, suitable to be grown on rock- 
work, or among alpine plants. Loam and peat. Propa- 
gated by division. Should have frame protection in winter. 
C. MattJiiola (Matthioli's) ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in May ; 
Austria ; 1596. 

CoRYDALis. [Fumariaces.] Pretty, hardy plants, of easy 
culture, in common soil. The annuals and biennials, which 
are the least important, may be sown in the borders in April 
and June. The perennials are increased by division. 

C. aurea (golden) ; hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers golden- 
yellow, in May ; North America. C. bulbosa (bulbous) ; hardy 
tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purplish, in May ; Eng- 
land. C.flavula (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in June; Russia; 1838. C. longz^ora (long-Rowered) ; 
hardy tuberous perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale rose, in May ; 
Altai ; 1832. C. hitea (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in May ; England. C. Marshalliana (Marshall's) ; hardy 
tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Tauria ; 
1824. C. iiobilis (noble); hardy tuberous perennial; i foot; 
flowers pale yellow, in May; Siberia; 1783. C. pceonifolia 
(peony-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 
May ; Siberia ; 1820. C. Siberica (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 18 10. 

CoRYLUS. [Corylace^e.] The Hazel-nuts, or Filberts, 
are mostly cultivated for fruit, and seldom for ornament, 
except the purple foliaged variety. They are all of easy 
culture in garden soil. Propagated by seeds, division, and 
layers. 

CosMANTHUS. [Hydropliyllaceas.] Pretty hardy an- 
nuals. Rich garden soil. Increased by seeds. 

C. JiDibriatiis (fringed) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white 
and lilac, in June ; North America ; 1838. 

CosMEA. [Compositae.] Pretty half-hardy annuals and 
perennials. Rich garden soil. The annuals increased by 



122 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

seeds, which should be sown in gentle heat in spring, and 
the young plant turned out in May ; the perennials, by root 
division. Also called Cosmos. 

C. bipinnata (bi-pinnate) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1799. C. diversifolia (various-leaved) ; 
half-hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in Septem- 
ber ; Mexico; 1835. C. /?//^^ (yellow) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 
feet; flowers yellow, in September; Mexico; 181 1. C. scabio- 
soides (scabious-like) ; half-hardy tuberous perennial ; 4 feet ; 
flowers scarlet, in September; Mexico; 1836. C. sidplmrea 
(sulphur) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Mexico; 1799. C. tejuiifolia (slender-leaved); half-hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in September ; Mexico ; 1836. 

CoTONEASTER. [Pomaceae.] Hardy trees and shrubs of 
an ornamental character. Common soil. Increased by 
layers and seeds. Most of the species require protection in 
the Northern States. The evergreens are very ornamental 
in leaf and berry. 

C. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; 
Nepaul ; 1820. C. affinis (similar); 4 feet; flowers pink, in 
May; Nepaul; 1820. C. baciilaris {rod); Nepaul; 1841. C. 
buxifolia (box-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul ; 
1824. C. buxifolia margi7iata (white-margined) ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in May ; Sahrunpore ; 1838. C dentictilata (fine-toothed- 
leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white ; Mexico ; 1826. C. emargitiata 
(bordered) ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul. C. frigida (cold) ; 
10 feet; flowers white and green, in May ; Nepaul ; 1824. C. 
laxijlora (loose-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; 1826. 
C. laxijlora unifiora (one-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
May ; Nepaul. C. microphylla (small-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white, in May ; Nepaul ; 1825. C. midtijlora (many-flowered) ; 
4 feet; flowers white, in May; Altai; 1837. C. immmularia 
(moneywort-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers white and green, in May ; 
Nepaul; 1824. C r(?/z^/z^//^'//<^ (round-leaved) ; 3 feet; flowers 
white, in May ; Nepaul ; 1820. C. Roy lei (Dr. Royle's) ; flowers 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 123 

white ; North India ; 1845. ^- toinentosa (woolly) ; 4 feet ; flow- 
ers pink, in May ; 1759. ^- "vulgaris (common) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
pink, in May ; Europe ; 1656. C. vulgaris depressa (depressed) ; 
flowers white, in May ; Europe. C. vulgaris erythrocarpa (red- 
fruited) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Europe. C vulgaris 
melaiiocarpa (black-fruited) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in May ; 
Europe. 

Cotton Grass. See Eriophorum. 

CousiNEA. [Compositae.] A family of not very orna- 
mental hardy plants. The annuals increased by seed, the 
perennials by division. Common soil. The species are 
C. cardiiifo7'mis^ cj?iaroides, Hohenakeri, hystrix, macrocephala^ 
tmella, and Volgensis. 

Cow Parsnip. See Heracleum. 

Cowslip. See Primula. 

Crane's Bill. See Geranium. 

Crataegus. Hawthorn. [Pomaceae.] The most orna- 
mental genus of the smaller trees. It is a very extensive 
family. The majorit}^ grow from twelve to twenty feet high, 
forming small trees of considerable diversity of habit. The 
flowers are for the most part white, in bunches, so familiar 
in the common Hawthorn ; but there are some with pink 
blossoms. The trees are, however, no less valuable on 
account of their flowers than their fruit, which is ver}^ orna- 
mental in the autumn ; the flowers being developed in the 
spring, or between May and June. The thorns all grow 
freely in good garden soil, preferring that of a loamy tex- 
ture. They are, in ordinary cases, better known as small 
standards, or trees, than as bushes. It is usual to graft all 
the kinds upon stocks of the common Hawthorn : an upright 
leading shoot is then trained up to a sufficient height for the 
stem, which may be four or six feet high, when they are 
pruned to form the head. The common kind for stocks, or 
for the purpose of forming hedges, — for which it is one of 



124 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

the best of deciduous subjects, — is raised from the seeds or 
haws, sown broadcast in beds, and transplanted when a 
year old into nursery-beds. Fences are best planted with 
two-year-old plants. The stocks for grafting should be four 
years old ; and, if they are not placed where the trees are to 
remain, they should have been transplanted annually previ- 
ously to grafting them. 

The species are all desirable ; but the following are se- 
lected in regard to their different qualities and properties : — 

For Flowers. — C. cordataj flowers white, in large corymbs. 
C. Mexicana; flowers white, succeeded by large yellowish apple- 
like fruit. C. Oxyacantha fiore-pleno J with double white flowers. 
C Oxyacantha prcecox ; the Glastonbury thorn ; white, the ear- 
liest of all, blooming in early May. C. Oxyacantha pnnicea; 
with crimson flowers. C. Oxyacantha rosea Jlore-pleno j with 
double crimson flowers. 

For Fruit. — C. Aronia; fruit yellow. C. Azarolus ; fruit 
scarlet. C. coccineaj fruit scarlet. C. Douglasii; fruit dark 
purple. C. Mexicajtiis J fruit pale yellowish-green. C. Orien- 
talisj fruit coral-colored. C. Oxyacantha melanocarpaj fruit 
black. C. tanacetifolia Leeanaj fruit yellow. * 

For Habit of Growth. — C. Crusgallij spreading. C.glan- 
dulosa; compact. C. Oxycatitha pendiilaj drooping. C. pur- 
pureaj upright, rigid. C. Oxyacantha strictaj fastigiate. 

C. Crusgalli pyracanthifolia is a remarkable grotesque 
little tree, like a miniature cedar of Lebanon. C. pyracan- 
tha is an evergreen trailing species, with bunches of fiery 
berries in winter. It is one of the best of plants for train- 
ing against a wall or building. 

Crawfordia. [Gentianaceas.] Beautiful half-hardy per- 
ennial twiner, thriving in loamy peat. Increased by cut- 
tings or division. 

C. fasciculata (fascicled) ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; 
Himalaya; 1855. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 125 

Crepis. See Tolpis. 

Cristaria. [Malvaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, 
thriving in peat, and increased by division. 

C. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers scar- 
let, in August ; Missouri; 1811. 

Crocus. Beautiful dwarf hardy bulbs, with grassy leaves 
and showy flowers, of easiest culture in common garden 
soil. The bulbs should be planted in October or Novem- 
ber, about two inches deep, in clumps, or rows. They 
should not be planted singly, as they are far more effective 
if put in groups of six, twelve, or even more, the groups 
being proportionately distant. There is another race of Cro- 
cuses, the autumn-bloomers, comprising some very splendid 
species, which bloom in the end of October and through 
November, and are equally useful, as ornaments, with the 
spring Crocuses, in consequence of blooming when other 
flowers are out of bloom. Many of these, however, are very 
scarce. They should be planted in June and July, and in 
other respects require precisely the same treatment as the 
others. 

C. argentetis (silvery) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers white 
and brown, in April; Pisa; 1842. C. Asturicits (Asturian) ; 
hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers purple, in October ; Asturia ; 
1842. C. aureus (golden) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in April ; Greece. C. biflonis (two-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 
inches ; flowers white and purple, in spring ; Crimea ; 1629. C. 
Boryanus (Bory's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
autumn; Greek Islands; 1842. C. Cartwrightiaims (Cart- 
wright's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and purple, in 
autumn ; Crete ; 1842. C. Caucasims (Caucasian) ; hardy bulb ; 
4 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Caucasus. C. chrysan- 
thus (golden-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers golden, in 
April. C. hnperatoriiis (Imperato's) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; 
flowers hlac, in April ; Naples ; 1830. C. hiteus (common yel- 
low) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Turkey ; 



126 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

1629. C. AfcBsiacus (Mxsmn) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
orange or saffron, in spring ; Greece ; 1629. C. inediiis (inter- 
mediate) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers violet, in autumn ; 
Liguria ; 1842. C. nivalis (snowy); hardy bulb; 4 inches; 
flowers white, in May ; Morea. C. odortis (sweet-scented) ; 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers lilac and gold, in autumn ; Na- 
ples ; 1830. C. Pallasianus (Pallas') ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; 
flowers lilac, in October ; Crimea ; 1821. C.pulchellus (neat) ; 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-bluish, pearl-colored, in au- 
tumn ; Mount Atlas ; 1843. C /'_yr^;/(2'?^j- (Pyrenaean) ; hardy 
bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; England. C. 
sativus (saftron) ; hardy bulb; 4 inches ; flowers violet, in Sep- 
tember ; England. C. serotinus (late) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; 
flowers violet, in October ; south of Europe ; 1629, C. speciosics 
(showy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in autumn ; Eng- 
land. C. Siisianus (Susian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
deep yellow, in spring ; Turkey, 1605. C. Thomasiafttcs 
(Thomas's) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers bJue, in September ; 
Naples; 1830. C. vallecola (valley); hardy bulb; 4 inches; 
flowers white, in October ; Trebizond Alps ; 1842. C. versicolor 
(many-colored) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and blue, 
in spring; south of Europe ; 1629. 

There are numerous other species and varieties, all plants 
of much beauty and interest. The following are good 
named varieties. White. — Caroline Chisholm, Ecossais, 
Grootvo7'st, Countess de Momy, Queen Victoria. Blue. — Al- 
bion, Argus, David Rizzio, Grande Vidette, Gra?id Lilas, 
Lilacais, Vulcan, Walter Scott. Yellow. — Gratide Jaime, 
Drap d'or, Scotch. 

Crosswort. See Crucianella. 

Crowfoot. See Ranunculus. 

Crucianella. [Galiaceae.] Hardy annuals and peren- 
nials, with a few stove species. The annuals are of no 
floricultural importance. C stylosa is a pretty trailing spe- 
cies, desirable for rock-work, growing in garden soil, and 
propagated by cuttings or division. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 12/ 

C. stylosa (long-styled) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, 
in July ; Persia ; 1836. C. stmveolens {s\Ne.et) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1838. 

Cryptomeria. Japan Cedar. [Pinaceae.] A very orna- 
mental evergreen tree, thriving best in pure and rather sandy 
loam, but not hardy in the Northern States, though occasion- 
ally surviving the winter. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. 

C. Japonica Qapan) ; half-hardy evergreen ; 100 feet ; Japan; 
1844. There is a dwarf variety. 

CucuMis. Cucumber, [Cucurbitacese.] Half-hardy trail- 
ing annuals, requiring a warm exposure and rich soil. A 
few species are grown for their ornamental fruit. 

C. flexnosiis (snake) ; flowers yellow ; fruit in autumn ; East 
Indies; 1597. Some of the other species are C. dipsaceus, 
melochito, dindi peremiis. 

CucuRBiTA. Gourds. [Cucurbitaceae.] Half-hardy trail- 
ing annuals, requiring the same treatment as Cucumis. C. 
digifata, leiica?ttha, Angora^ melopeto variegata, maxima, sipho, 
are desirable. 

CuNiLA. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. 
Peat and loam. Propagated by division. 

C. coccinea (scarlet); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers 
scarlet, in September ; North America ; 1823. C. Mariana 
(Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in Septem- 
ber ; North America ; 1759. 

CuPHEA. [Lythraceae.] Pretty shrubby or herbaceous 
perennials and procumbent annuals, comprising both ten- 
der and hardy species. The hardy annual kinds should be 
sown along with the annuals in April on a slight hot-bed, or 
in frames, for the earliest bloom, and again in May in the 
open borders. They prefer a rich light soil. The green- 
house and tender species grow in a mixture of two parts 
leaf-mould to one of loam, with a sixth of sand added ; and 



128 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

are increased by cuttings in sand, in a brisk hot-bed, during 
the spring or summer. C. ignea, better known ^iS platy centra, 
an almost ever-blooming shrubby species, with. bright scarlet 
tubes, just tipped with a ring of black and white, is well 
suited for the flower-garden during summer. It scarcely 
grows more than a foot high in the course of a season : but 
the larger the plants, the better they look ; so that the 
old plants should be preserved. 

C. ignea (fiery) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; i8 inches ; flowers 
scarlet and black, all the year ; Mexico ; 1845. C- Melvillii 
(Melville's) ; stove sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet and 
green, in July ; Guinea; 1823. C. ininiata (vermilion); green- 
house sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet and purple, in 
June ; South America ; 1845. C. proctimbcns (procumbent) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 
18.16. C. sileiioides (silene-like) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; 
flowers lilac-edged purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1836. C. strigil- 
losa (coarse-haired) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 1 8 inches ; flowers 
red and yellow, in June ; Mexico ; 1844. C viscosissima (clam- 
miest) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pale-purple, in July ; 
America ; 1 776. 

C. emineiis is of no value as a bedding plant. 

CuPRESSUS. Cypress. [Pinaces.] Handsome evergreen 
shrub-like trees, mostly of pyramidal growth. They are 
mostly large trees when full grown, but, being erect-growing, 
may be kept for many years in a moderate space. Good 
loamy soil is best for them ; and they are best increased by 
seeds, but sometimes by cuttings and by grafting. 

Ornamental Evergreens. — C. sempervirens (common ev- 
ergreen) ; C. Ltisitaiiica (cedar of Goa) ; C. torulosa (Bhotan 
cypress) ; C. thiirifcra (frankincense-bearing) ; C. fiinebris (fu- 
nebral) ; C. Goveniana (Gowen's) ; C. macrocarpa (large- 
fruited) ; C. Udheana (Udhe's). 

Most of the species are tender in the Northern States. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



129 



Currant. See Ribes. 

Cyananthus. [Polemoniaceas.] Pretty little hardy her- 
baceous plants, requiring sandy soil. Increased by division 
and cuttings, which must be rooted under a bell-glass. 

C. lobatiis (lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 10 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple or blue, in August ; Chinese Tartary ; 1844. 

Cydonia. Quince. [Pomaceae.] A genus of trees and 
shrubs, including C. ^aponica, once known as Fyms Japoji- 
ica, which is one of the most brilliant of deciduous flowering 
shrubs, blooming in early spring. The large scarlet flow^ers 
grow in clusters on the branches, and are very conspicuous. 
It is a free-growing plant, and does well trained against a 
wall as a shrub, or as a hedge-plant. There are varieties, 
with pink, citron-yellow, cream-colored, dark-red, and semi- 
double flowers, some of which are very fine. The fruit is 
veiy fragrant. Propagated by root-cutting, seeds, division, 
and layers. 

C. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers scarlet, in 
May; Japan; 181 5. C. sineiisis (Chinese); hardy tree; 15 
feet ; flowers pink, in May ; China ; 18 16. 

Cynanchum. [Asclepiadaceae.] Mostly hardy herba- 
ceous perennials, not very showy, growing in common soil, 
and propagated by division. The species are C. acutum, 
cirrhosum^ excelsiim, lutciun^ medium, uielantJms, 7iigrum, ro- 
setijn, villosu7n, and others. 

Cynara. Artichoke. [Compositse.] Large plants with 
ornamental foliage, suitable for large borders. Common soil. 
Increased by division. 

C. cardunculus (cardoon) ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; 
Candia; 1658. C./^r^-r (fierce) ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in July; 
Italy; 1820. C. glomerata (clustered); half-hardy; 3 inches; 
flowers blue, in August ; Cape of Good Hope; 1824. C. hor- 
rida (horrid) ; greenhouse ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; 
9 



130 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Madeira; 1768. C. zntegrifolia {yNholt-lQTiv&d) ', 4 feet ; flowers 
blue, in July ; Spain. C. pygincEa (pigmy) ; i foot ; flowers pur- 
ple, in July ; Spain ; 1820. C. Scolymus (common); Artichoke; 
8 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1548. C 
spinosissivia (most spiny) ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Sicily ; 
1826. 

Cynoglossum. HoimcTs Tongue. [Boraginacese.] A large 
genus of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, generally 
coarse-growing, and not desirable. C. canescens^ diffusiim, 
hirsutum^ and lanceolatum^ are annuals ; C. amplexicaule^ an- 
chusoides^ Australe, grandiflorum^ longifiorum^ Magellense^ to- 
ijientosum^ and Virginicum^ are perennials; and there are 
about twenty biennial species. 

Cypress. See Cupressus. 

Cypress Vine. See Quamoclit. 

Cypripedium. Ladfs-Slipper. [Orchidaceae.] Beautiful 
herbaceous perennials, comprising about a dozen hardy and 
some two dozen stove species. The latter are easily culti- 
vated in a moist heated atmosphere, such as the Orchid- 
eous family generally require, and may be potted in rough 
turfy peat. They must not be over-watered at the root, nor 
should cold water be poured about their roots or hearts at 
any time. They increase by division. The hardy ones are 
more difficult to cultivate, and can only be well managed in 
a cold, shady situation, in a bed of peat earth. They may be 
kept in pots of peat soil, and set into a frame. Whether 
grown in pots, or planted out, they do not at all like to be 
disturbed, and should therefore be replanted or repotted as 
seldom as possible. It is a remarkable as well as beautiful 
family, and is worth any trouble to secure its successful cul- 
tivation. 

C. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
May ; North America ; 1800. C. arietinutn (ram's-head) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and green, in May ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. I3I 

North America; 1808. C. barbatiun (bearded); stove peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers purple and green, in July ; Mount Ophir ; 
1838. C. calceohis (common slipper) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers yellow and brown, in May ; England. C. candiduin 
(white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; North 
America; 1826. C. giittatiun (spotted); hardy perennial; 2 
feet ; flowers white and rose, in May; Siberia ; 1829. C. humile 
or acaule (humble) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple 
and white, in June; North America; 1786. C. insigne {%\x\k.- 
ing) ; stove perennial ; i foot ; flowers green, white, and purple, 
in July; Nepaul ; 1819. C Irapearmm (Irapean) ; stove per- 
ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Mexico ; 1844. 
C. Lowii {Lo\n''s); stove perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple 
and green, in May; Borneo; 1847. C. ptibescens (pubescent); 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow and purple, in May ; 
North America ; 1790. C. spectabile (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 
18 inches ; flowers purple and white, in June ; North America ; 
1 73 1. C. ventricostim (belHed); hardy perennial; 9 inches; 
flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1828. C. vemistum (^\2.x^^- 
some) ; stove perennial ; i foot ; flowers green and red, in July ; 
Nepaul ; 18 16. 

Cytisus. [Leguminosae.] Elegant, and, for the most 
part, showy shrubs, and small trees. C. Laburnum and Al- 
pimis are well-known free-fliowering trees, and, though the 
most familiar and common, are the most beautiful of the 
whole family. They may be raised from seeds, which need 
only be sown on the common open ground and raked in, 
where they may be thinned to proper distances, two or three 
inches apart, and remain the first season ; the next, they 
may be planted out in rows, a foot from plant to plant, and 
two feet from row to row. As all these trees are wanted 
as standards, whether for their own sakes or for stocks on 
which to graft or bud other varieties, the side-shoots, except 
the top two or three, should be rubbed off while merely 
buds. When they are tall enough, their heads may be 



132 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

allowed to grow and bloom, because those with the largest 
and handsomest racemes of flowers may be saved for Labur- 
nums, and the others may be worked with the different 
species of Cytisus, some of which are white, others yellow, 
and many are of different forms and habits ; but all make 
good standards. Some of them have small racemes of 
flowers, others bloom all the way along the branches ; some 
are pendulous, others shrubby and upright; but all very 
pretty, and worth growing in collection among ornamental 
shrubs. Most of the hardy kinds may be grown as dwarf 
shrubs in any common soil, and are readily increased either 
by seeds or by layers. The greenhouse species are hand- 
some shrubs, growing freely in peat and loam, and increased 
by seeds, by grafting, or by cuttings. 

Ornamental Trees. — C. Labicrinun (common Laburnum) ; 
C. Alpimcs (Scotch Laburnum) ; C. Adami (purple Laburnum). 

Ornamental Shrubs. — C. purpiireus (purple) ; C. albus 
(Portugal Broom) ; C. nigricans (black) ; C sessilifolius (sessile- 
leaved) ; C. patens (spreading) ; C. scoparius (broom), and its 
varieties ; C. nanus (dwarf) ; C. mnltijloriis (many leaved) ; C. 
spinosiis (spiny). 

There are some thirty other species. 

CzACKiA. See Anthericum liliastrum. 





Tr\AHLIA. [Compositae.] The florists' varieties of this 
-L^ flower require good rich soil, and a moist, open situation. 
In this country, the plant is falling out of favor, and is by no 
means as extensively grown as formerly ; the attention of 
florists being directed to Hollyhocks and Gladiolus. The 
flower, though showy, has a set, rosette- appearance, and is a 
rank-smelling thing ; and in a small garden a hundred flow- 
ers can be found any one of which will well fill its place. 
For ordinary gardens, where no great increase is required, 
the tubers may be placed in any warm situation — a hot-bed 
for instance, or a warm kitchen or other apartment — about 
the month of April, and in a few days the eyes, or incipient 
shoot-buds, will appear; then separate the tubers into as 
many pieces as are wanted, with at least a sound eye and 
tuber to each piece. These pieces may be potted, and placed 
in the greenhouse or dwelling-house, or in a common frame, 
or any place from which frost can be excluded, and they 
will begin growing. In potting, the tubers may be freely 
cut to lessen their size for the convenience of using moder- 
ate sized pots. Those who want to increase their stock 
considerably may pot the whole tubers, and put them in a 
hot-bed, and as fast as any shoots come and have grown two 
inches long, cut them off at the base, pot them singly in the 
smallest sized pots, and put them in the hot-bed to strike. 
Plants reared in either of these ways maybe put in the open 
ground about the middle of May, in the places where they 
are to flower. The plants should be six feet apart, and they 

133 



134 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

must be tied up as they grow, or the wind will break them 
down. Seeds may be sown in April in a hot-bed, and the 
young plants potted and kept growing till the middle of May ; 
they may then be planted in rows, two feet apart in the row, 
and three from row to row. The florists' varieties have been 
obtained by years of crossing and seed-saving, from D. 
variabilis^ and are now almost endless in variety of colour, 
and vary in height from three to six feet. The other kinds 
of Dahlias are small tuberous-rooted perennials, requiring to 
be protected in winter, and planted out in summer in good 
garden soil. 

D. BarkericB (Miss Barker's) ; half-hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers blush, in August ; Mexico; 1838. D. fncstranea (barren- 
rayed) ; half-hardy tuber ; 6 feet ; flowers scarlet or orange, in 
September; Mexico; 1802. D. glabrata (smooth); half-hardy 
tuber ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Mexico ; 1838. D. scapigera 
(scape-bearing) ; half-hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; 
Mexico; 1837. D. variabilis (variable); half-hardy perennial; 
3 to 6 feet ; flowers various, in September; Mexico ; 1789. 

The florists' varieties are very numerous, and a selection 
can be readily made from any florist's catalogue. The 
pompon varieties are rather pretty if well pegged down in 
a bed. 

Daffodil. See Narcissus. 

Daisy. See Bellis. 

Dalibarda. [Rosaceae.] A pretty, low-growing family 
of plants, suitable for rock-work. Increased by seed and 
division. 

D. repcns (creeping) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, all summer. North America. 

Daphne. [Thymelae^e.] A genus of well-known plants, 
of which only two, D. meorum and mezereon, are hardy in the 
Northern States. They thrive in any good garden soil^ and 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 35 

are propagated by division, layers, or seeds. The latter re- 
quire two years to vegetate. 

D. /^,9r///;^/ (Fortune's) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in 
April; China, 1844. D. uiezereon (hardy shrub) ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers pink, in April ; England. Variety album has white flow- 
ers ; riibrtun has red flowers ; a2tttt7nnale has red flowers, in 
August. D. cneoriun (garland flower) ; hardy evergreen ; i foot ; 
flowers pink, in May. A variety has variegated foliage. 

Datura. [Solanaceae.] The greenhouse species, usually 
known as Brugmansias, do well planted in a rich, moist, 
sunny border, in summer, and often flower profusely. The 
annuals are rank-growing plants, but have showy flowers. 
They are easily raised from seed, which should be sown in 
May in the border, or in a frame in April, and transplanted. 

D.bicolor {\.\NO-Q.Q\oxt^\ greenhouse shrub; 10 feet; flowers 
orange and red, in August; Peru; 1833. D. candidal {^\{\\.e)\ 
greenhouse shrub; 10 feet; flowers white, in August; Peru, 
1813. D. ceratocaiilon (horn-stemmed); half-hardy annual; 2 
feet ; flowers white, in July ; South America ; 1805. D. cornigera 
(horn-bearing); greenhouse shrub; 10 feet; flowers white, in 
July; Brazil; 1846. D. fastiiosa (purple); half-hardy annual; 
2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Egypt ; 1629. D. Gardneri 
(Gardners) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in July; 
South America; 1733. D. Knig/ilii (Knight's) ; greenhouse 
shrub ; 10 feet; flowers white, in August ; gardens. D. lutea 
(yellow) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellowish, in 
August. D. Metel (downy) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in July; Asia; 1596. D. Strainoiihim (Stramonium^) ; 
hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; England. D. 
siiaveolens (sweet-scented) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers 
white, in August ; Peru ; 1733. D. Tatida (blue) ; half-hardy 
annual ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 1629. 

Day Lily. See Hemerocallis, 

Delphinium. Larkspur. [Ranunculacece.] An exten- 



136 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

sive genus of hardy plants, chiefly perennials, but containing 
some annuals and biennials. Mostly plants of considerable 
beauty, and favorites in gardens. The perennials are in- 
creased by dividing the roots in spring, and need not be 
disturbed oftener than once in three years, to part the roots. 
The double variety of D. grandiflorum has beautiful flow- 
ers of an intense blue color. The best of the annuals, 
D. cotisolida and AJacis, should be sown where they are 
to bloom, and thinned to three or four inches apart. They 
ought to be grown in every garden, and require only good 
garden soil. The branching Larkspur is often hardy enough 
to stand the winter if sown in autumn. 

D. aconiti (aconite-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pur- 
plish, in June; Levant; 1801. D. Ajacis (rocket); hardy 
annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, blue, or white, in June ; 
Switzerland, 1573. D. amcsnum (pleasing); hardy perennial; 
3 feet ; flowers light-blue, in July ; Siberia; 1818. D.azureum 
(azure) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers light-blue, in July ; 
CaroHna ; 1805. D. Barlowi (Barlow's); hardy perennial; 3 
feet ; flowers deep-blue, double, in June ; gardens. D. cheilan- 
thum (lip-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-blue, 
in June ; Siberia; 1819. D. Chin ens e {Z\\vcv^'s>€) \ hardy peren- 
nial; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, in July; Tartary ; 18 18. D. 
consolida (branching) ; hardy annual ; i\ feet ; flowers blue, 
pink, or white, in June ; England. D. divaricatum (stragghng) ; 
hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Asia ; 1836. 
D. grandijioriun (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers deep-blue, in July; Siberia; 1816. D. grandiflorum 
flord-pleno J hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, double, 
in July ; gardens. D. speciosiuu (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 4 
feet; flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 18 16. 

There are numerous other showy species, among which 
D. HeiidersoJti and fonnoswn^ garden varieties, are conspicu- 
ous. For common cultivation, we should select as the best, 
D. formosiim^ sinense (white, light, and deep blue), sinmse 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 37 

plenum, Hendersoni, elatum, varieties C(2lestimcm, grandiflorimi, 
bicolor plenum, azureum grandiflorum, bicolor 2in& plenu?n. 

Desert Rod. See Eremostachys. 

Dentaria. [Cruciferae.] A family of hardy herbaceous 
plants, comprising some dozen species, easily propagated by 
seeds and division. They are of little horticultural impor- 
tance. 

Deutzia. [Philadelphaceae.] Handsome hardy decid- 
uous shrubs, very ornamental in both garden and shrubbery. 
Propagated by suckers and layers. The smaller species, 
especially D. gracilis, are valuable for forcing in the green- 
house. 

D. corymbosa (corymbed) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, 
in June ; Himalayas ; 1838. D. gracilis (graceful) ; hardy shrub ; 
2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1850. D. scabra (rough) ; 
hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers w^hite, in June ; Japan ; 1 833. D. 
sta77iiitea (broad-stamened) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
in June ; Himalayas ; 1831. The double-flowered species are 
desirable. D. crenata flore-pleno is a fine species, introduced 
from Japan in 1863 

Devil in a Bush. See Nigella. 

DiANTHOiDis, See Fenzlia. 

DiANTHUS. Pink. [Caiyophyllaceae.] The majority of 
the Pinks are highly ornamental hardy perennials, particu- 
larly suited for rock-work, and almost all the species are 
alike desirable in such situations. All the hardy perennials 
prefer a light, dryish soil, and are increased by cuttings or 
pipings, and also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as 
ripe. There are a few half-hardy, sub-shrubby kinds, which 
may be kept in a dry frame or greenhouse, and should be 
potted in sandy loam and peat : they propagate by cuttings. 
The Indian pink ( D. Chinetisis) is a richly colored hardy 
biennial, and does well treated as an annual. 



138 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Pi7ik (Dia?it/iiis plumarius, vars.). — The fancy or florist's 
race of pinks is extensive : they require every year to be 
struck from pipings, which are the shoots that spring out 
round the base of the stem ; these are taken off at blooming 
time, or rather later, and each shoot is cut across just be- 
low the third joint ; the lov/er pair of leaves from the heart 
being cut clean away. A bed is made of rich sandy loam 
and dung, and the surface is made quite soft with water, in 
which state pipings or shoots are inserted all over it not 
more than an inch apart. After drying for an hour or two, it 
is covered with a hand-glass, which is not disturbed for some 
days, and then only to water the pipings if they require it. 
A good deal can be done towards moistening them by 
watering outside the glass. In three weeks they will have 
struck root, and the glass may then be tilted a little to admit 
some air, and in a few days more may be taken away, that 
they may have full benefit of the air. After a few days, they 
may be taken up, and planted out in four-feet beds : six 
inches apart every way will be the proper distance for the 
plants. The soil in which they grow should be the loam 
from rotted turfs ; or, if ordinary garden soil be used of 
necessity, a good dressing of dung should be forked in be- 
fore the pinks are planted. In May, when they send up 
their bloom-stalks, remove all but the best from each plant, 
and, as these advance, take off all but two or three buds from 
each stalk ; and when these have swelled almost to burst- 
ing, but not quite, tie them fast round the middle with a 
piece of bass-matting, and tear the bud-cover down to the 
tie at its five natural divisions. After the bloom is over, the 
grass, as it is called, — that is, the young shoots, — will be 
ready to strike for the next year. The best double Pmks do 
not seed freely, but they do occasionally ; and such seed 
should be prized as a means towards obtaining new vari- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 139 

eties of merit. The seed should be sown in wide-mouthed 
pots or seed-pans, not too thick, and placed in a cold 
frame : if not too much crowded when they come up, the 
plants may remain there till they are large enough to plant 
out, in like manner with the pipings or cuttings, and the 
treatment is the same throughout. As they bloom, throv/ 
away instantly every one that is semi-double or single, and 
all that are not as good or better than the varieties already 
in cultivation. A very few of the seedlings may be worth 
trying again, and of these a few cuttings should be reared. 
The flowers of seedlings should be examined daily, almost 
hourly, in order to destroy at once those that are good for 
nothing ; for single and semi-double kinds can only spoil the 
seed of the better sorts. It is not to be expected, with every 
care and advantage in seed-saving, to get one improved 
variety out of fifty, or even a larger number of seedlings. 
For list of the best varieties see the latest trade catalogues. 

Carnation and Picotee ( Dianthus Caryophyllus, vars.J. — 
These superb and highly scented flowers are precisely sim- 
ilar as to the requirements of their cultivation. They are 
propagated chiefly by layering. The shoots at the bottom of 
the stems, being longer than those of the pink, can be pegged 
under the surface to strike root, which they do when half 
divided from the parent ; for by cutting them ' half-way 
through, and pegging the cut part firmly under the surface, 
the supply of nourishment from the parent plant being di- 
minished, they endeavor to compensate for their loss by 
forming roots. The shoots in this case do not droop, be- 
cause the connection with the old plant is not cut off, as in 
the removal of a piping ; consequently, there is not so much 
risk of losing any of them. In cutting these stems, the knife 
should go in slanting just under a joint (about the third joint 
from the top) ; and, when nearly half through, they should 



140 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

be split up half an inch above the joint, the sloping piece 
below the joint being cut off even. The half-joint thus sep- 
arated, will, when pegged down, send forth roots. These 
layers, as they are called, may be all cut off in September, 
and potted in four-inch pots, two in a pot, with nothing but 
clean good loam from rotted turfs, no dung. In February, 
prepare rich mould to bloom them in, — half loam from 
rotted turfs, a fourth decomposed dung, and the other 
fourth turfy peat and silver, or other very clean sand, mixed 
well and left in a heap. In the beginning of April, get 
twelve-inch pots ; fill one-third with sherds of broken pots, 
then a third of the proper soil, then turn out the ball of earth 
with the pair of plants in it ; and, having placed it in the 
middle at the proper depth, fill up all round, press the soil 
to the ball of earth, and after adjusting it properly, and fill- 
ing up to within half-an-inch of the top edge, place the pot 
on a dry hard flooring, the object being twofold, — to pre- 
vent worms entering at the bottom hole and disarranging 
the soil, and to keep this hole, which is essential for drain- 
age, from getting filled up, or in any way stopped, to prevent 
the egress of whatever superfluous water may reach the soil. 
Go through the whole in this way, and then water freely, 
taking all possible precaution to prevent vermin from get- 
ting to the pots : one plan is to raise shelves, with their 
supports standing in pans of water. When the stems rise 
for bloom, treat them in the same way as Pinks, in every 
respect, even to the flowering. The Carnation differs from 
the Picotee only in the disposition of the coloring ; the Car- 
nation is striped or ribboned outwards, the Picotee is edged 
or feathered inwards. It is a prevalent practice to put cards 
on the buds of the flowers, that the petals may be displayed 
on them as they open. For a list of the best varieties of 
these flowers, see the latest trade-lists. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. I4I 

Sweetwilliam (D. harhatus). — This hardy perennial is 
best treated as a biennial, and raised annually from seeds, 
except in the case of distinct and particularly handsome va- 
rieties, which can only be increased by propagating from the 
shoots produced from the root, and which may be either 
treated as cuttings or layers. The seeds should be sown in 
June in a bed of light open soil ; and, when the seedlings 
have formed a pair or two of leaves, they may be pricked 
out three inches apart on a bed of Hght rich earth, in which 
they may grow till autumn, and will gain strength for flower- 
ing. In September or early in October, remove them with 
good balls of earth to the borders or beds where they are 
to flower. For beds, this should be done annually j the old 
roots being either destroyed after seed is secured, or trans- 
planted to the borders, or, in the case of new and striking 
varieties, removed and carefully propagated. In borders, 
the old roots, if vigorous enough, may be left to bloom 
again. Young plants reared from cuttings or layers may be 
treated exactly like seedlings. The best soil for the bloom- 
ing plants is a sandy loam well manured with decayed leaf- 
mould and stable-dung. The varieties of different colors of 
Svveetwilliam are now numerous : but they are hardly ad- 
vanced enough for selection by name. 

D. arboreus (tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers pink, in July; Greece; 1820. D. ai'hisaila (small 
tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, 
in July; China; 1824. D. barbatiis (Sweetwilliam) ; hardy 
perennial; 18 inches; flowers various, in July; Germany; 
1573. D. caryophyllus (clove-pink); hardy perennial; 2 feet ; 
flowers flesh-color, in June ; England D. Chinensis (Indian 
pink) ; half-hardy biennial ; i foot : flowers various, in July ; 
China; 17 13. D. Heddewigii'is a gigantic form of D. Chmen- 
sis, introduced from Japan in 1859. D. fruticosus (shrubby) ; 
half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; 



142 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Greece; 1815. D. Heiidersoiiianus (Henderson's); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; gardens. D. phuna- 
rius (garden pink) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white 
and purple, in June ; England. D. suffmticosus (half-shrubby); 
half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub; 18 inches; flowers pink, in 
August; Siberia; 1804. 

There are about one hundred hardy perennial kinds, 
varying in height from 6 to 18 inches, and with flowers 
usually white, pink, or flesh-colored. All of these are more 
or less ornamental. D. deltoides is a fine plant for rock- 
work : D. cruentus has brilliant red flow^ers ; D. Verscha- 
feldtii and Veitchii are very showy species if carefully grown. 

DiAPENSiA. [Polemoneaceas.] A dwarf Alpine ever- 
green, of diflicult culture. 

D. Lappoiiica (Lapland) ; hardy shrub ; 4 inches ; flowers 
white, in July ; Lapland ; North America ; 1801. 

DiCTAMNUS. Fraxinella. [Rutaceae.] Showy hardy per- 
ennials, with leaves something like those of an ash-tree; 
hence the nAVCiO. fraxinella, or little Fraxinus, the latter being 
the name of the Ash. They grow in common garden soil, 
preferring loam. Propagated slowly by dividing the roots ; 
or more readily by seeds, which should be sown as soon as 
ripe, in open beds. 

D. albus (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
in June; Germany; 1596. D. angtistifpliiis (narrow-leaved); 
hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers lilac, in June; Altai; 1821. 
D. fraxinella (fraxinella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in June ; Germany ; 1596. 

Dmiscus. [Umbelliferae.] A very pretty half-hardy an- 
nual. Sow in April in a hot-bed, and plant out in the 
border in May. Rich light soil. Propagated by seed. 

D. ccencleus (sky-blue) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
pale-blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 1827. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 43 

DiELYTRA. [Fumariacese.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials, with showy flowers, formerly called " Fumaria." Rich 
garden soil. Increased by division. D. spectabilis the most 
showy of all, is propagated readily by cuttings of the young 
shoots in spring, managed as dahlia cuttings, or by dividing 
its tuberous roots. 

D. bracteosa (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in June; North America; 1823. D. Canadensis (Can- 
adian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; North 
America; 18 19. D. cucidlaria (hooded); hardy perennial; 9 
inches; flowers whitish, in May; North America; 1731. D. 
eximia (choice) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; 
North America; 18 12. D.forinosa (handsome); hardy peren- 
nial ; I foot; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1796. D. 
speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, 
in June ; 18 10. D. spectabilis (!^^2^^!(\iv^)•, hardy tuberous per- 
ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; north of China ; 1846. 
D. temiifolia (slender-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
pink, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1820. 

There is a white variety of D. spectabilis. 

DiERViLLA. [Caprifoliacese.] A hardy native shrub, 
growing freely anywhere, and increasing rapidly by suckers. 

D. lutea (yellow) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June; North America ; 1739. 

Digitalis. Foxglove. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy peren- 
nials, with a few biennial species, mostly showy or pretty 
plants for the borders. The common Foxglove ( D. pur- 
pw-ea) is much esteemed as a garden flower, and is a very 
handsome plant. They are all increased readily by seeds. 
Sow in August if the seeds are ripe j if not, in April, on 
moderately good ground, and rather thinly ; thin the plants 
to six inches apart ; those taken up, if required, may be 
planted elsewhere six inches apart ; but those not removed 
will be the strongest. The autumn-sown ones may be re- 



144 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

moved in spring, with good balls of earth, to the places 
where they are to flower : the summer-sown crop are better 
transplanted early in autmnn. If the object is to improve 
the common or any other sorts, sow in beds, and thin out 
the plants as before, but leave the rest to bloom : when 
they come into flower, pull up and destroy every thing com- 
mon-place and mark the best for seed. 

D. ambigua (ambiguous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
light-yellow, in July; Switzerland; 1596. D. aurea (golden); 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Greece ; 18 16. 
D. eriostachya (woolly-spiked) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
brown and yellow, in July; Russia; 1827. D. femiginea 
(rusty); hardy biennial; 4 feet; flowers red-brown, in July; 
Italy; 1597. D. fiicescens (tawny); hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers red, in July ; Hungary ; 1823. D. laciniata (cut- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; 
Spain; 1827. D. lanata (woolly); hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers white and brown, in June ; Hungary; 1789. D. ochro- 
lenca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers light-yel- 
low, in July ; Europe ; 1816. D. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy 
perennial; 2 feet; flowers white, in June; Levant; 1820. D. 
purpurea (common) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-pur- 
ple or white, in June ; England. D. Thapsi (mullein) ; hardy 
perennial; 2 feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1752. D. 
tomentosa (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in 
July; Portugal; 18 18. 

DiNETUS. [Convolvulace^.] A pretty little convolvu- 
lus-like twiner, thriving in light rich soil in summer. Pro- 
pagated by seeds. 

D. race2?tosa (branched); annual climber; 12 feet; flowers 
white, in August ; Nepaul ; 1823. 

D. paiiicidata is a greenhouse evergreen climber. 

DioscoREA. [Dioscoriacese.] Tuberous-rooted peren- 
nials, mostly stove plants, but including two hardy species. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 45 

D. batatas (the Chinese Yam) is a very ornamental climber 
with cinnamon-scented flowers and neat glossy foliage. 
Propagated by offsets from root and bulblets produced on 
branches. 

D. batatas (Chinese Yam); hardy perennial herbaceous 
climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in July ; China. 
D. villosa (wild Yam) ; hardy perennial herbaceous climber ; 
6 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in July ; North America. 

DiosPYROS. [Ebenaceae.] The Persimmon of the Middle 
and Southern States, useful as an ornamental tree, and of 
some value for fruit. The trees differ much in the quality 
of the fruit, and this tree offers much opportunity for im- 
provement to the culturist ; and the time may come when ' 
the Persimmon will be a market-fruit. Rich deep soil. In- 
creased by seed. 

D. Virgmia7za{Y\rgmi2i) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers green- 
ish-yellow, in June. 

The family is dioecious. There are many tender species. 

DiPHYLLEiA. [Berberidaceae] A pretty hardy herba- 
ceous perennial, allied to Jeffersonia. Soil, sandy peat. 
Increased by division. Requires a shady situation., 

D. cymosa (cyme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in May ; North America ; 18 12. 

DiPLACUs. [Scrophulariaces.] Greenhouse or half-hardy 
showy shrubs, related to Mimulus, and blooming tolerably 
well in the borders during summer if well established, or 
if old plants are employed. Cuttings root readily in sandy 
soil, put in a frame or hand-glass, and the striking is 
hastened by a little warmth. They may be potted in com- 
post of loam, lightened with turfy soil, or leaf-mould and 
sand. Like other free-growing subjects, the young plants 
must be shifted on, and frequently topped to keep them 
bushy, until they get to a blooming size, or as large as may 
10 



146 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

be required. If good plants are required, strong young 
plants should be prepared through one summer for bloom- 
ing the following spring. Smaller plants, to bloom the same 
year, may be raised in spring. 

D. ghitmostts (clammy) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 
feet; flowers orange-yellow, in summer ; California; 1794. D. 
pimiceiLs (scarlet) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; 
flowers deep crimson, in summer; California ; 1837. 

DiPLOPAPPUs. [Compositse.] Hardy or half-hardy per- 
ennials, some of them sub-shrubby, related to Aster. Com- 
mon loamy soil. Increased by cuttings or by division. 

DiRCA. [Thymelacese.] A hardy deciduous shrub, com- 
monly called Leatherwood, valuable for its early blooming. 
Common damp soil. Increased by layers. 

D. pahistris (marsh) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
early spring ; North America ; 1750. 

DisPORUM. [Melanthaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, re- 
quiring winter protection. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated 
by division and seed. 

D. fulviini (tawny) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers 
brown, in autumn; China; 1801. D. parvijlonun (small-flow- 
ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Nepaul; 1820. 

Dittany. See Origanum. 

DoDECATHEON. Ainericaii Cowslip. [Primulaceae.] Very 
pretty, early flowering, dwarf, perennial, herbaceous plants, 
quite hardy ; preferring to be planted in a soil where there 
is a good proportion of loam and peat earth, and requiring 
a cool situation. The flowers are in shape like a half- 
opened inverted parasol. They are increased without diffi- 
culty by dividing the roots. Seeds are also produced, from 
which young plants may be raised by the same process as 
in raising seedlings of the Auricula, except that, when large 



GARDEN FL0V7ERS. 147 

enough, these may be planted out in the open ground. 
There are several varieties of the Common or Mead's Vir- 
ginian Cowslip, differing in the size and color of their flowers. 

D. integrifoliiim (entire-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers pale-purple, in May; North America; 1829. D. Media 
(Mead's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers rose-lilac, in May ; 
Virginia; 1744. 

Dog's-Bane. See Apocynum. 

Dog's -Tooth Violet. See Erythronium. 

DoRONicuM. Leopard' s-B am. [Compositae.] Showy 
hardy herbaceous plants, with large yellow flowers. They 
are propagated easily by dividing the roots in autumn or 
spring, and grow in any ordinary garden soil. Except for 
the variation of the blooming season, there is scarcely dif- 
ference enough in their appearance to render it necessary to 
cultivate more than one species. 

D. Altaicuin (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in June ; Siberia ; 1783. D. Austriacum (Austrian) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow in May ; Austria ; 1816. D. Caii- 
casicum (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, 
in June ; Caucasus ; 1815. D. cordifoliiuit (heart-leaved); hardy 
perennial; 1 foot; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1838. D. 
niacrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in July; Caucasus; 1828. D. PardaliancJies (great); 
hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers yellow, in May; England. D. 
plantagineitjji (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in May; south of Europe ; 1570. 

DoRYCNiUM. [Leguminosas.] Hardy and half-hardy per- 
ennial and sub-shrubby plants, of little beauty. Soil, com- 
mon loam. Propagated by seeds. 

D. herbaceiim (herbaceous) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1802. D. hirsiUiun (hairy) ; 
hardy evergreen sub- shrub ; 3 feet; flowers red and white, in 
July; south of Europe; 1682. D. siiffnUicosuj?i (sub-shrubby); 



148 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

half-hardy sub-shrub ; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; south 
of Europe ; 1640. D. tojueiitosiwi (woolly) ; hardy evergreen 
sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red and white, in July ; south of 
Europe ; 18 17. 

Draba. [Cruciferos.] Hardy perennials, of low growth 
and easy culture, well suited for rock-work. Increased by 
division. There are about forty perennial species, all dwarf, 
mostly with white flowers. 

Dracocephalum. Dragon' s-Head. [Labiatae.] The 
hardy perennial species of this genus are pretty border flow- 
ers, not particular as to soil. They are propagated by di- 
vision of the root. The hardy annual species may be sown 
in the open border in May. 

D. Altaicnse (Altaian); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers 
purple, in July; Georgia; 1787. D. Argimense (Fischer's); hardy 
perennial; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1822. D. 
Atistriaciim (Austrian); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers blue, 
July; Austria; 1547. D. canescens (hoary); hardy annual; 2 
feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 171 1. D. grandifloriiDi 
(large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; 
Siberia; 1759. ^- Mexicanuni (Mexican); hardy perennial ; 2 
feet; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1832. D. Moldavicum 
(Moldavian Balm) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, 
in July ; Moldavia ; 1596. D. peregrimim (foreign) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia; 1759. D.pi7i- 
natiwi (pinnate-leaved) ; hardy perennial, prostrate ; flowers blue, 
in June; Siberia; 1822. D. Ruyschianum (Ruysch's) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; north of Europe ; 1699. 

Dracopis. [Compositae.] A hardy annual, allied to Rud- 
beckia. Propagated by seeds sown in May in good garden 
soil. 

D, a7nplexicai{lis (stem-clasping) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July ; Louisiana ; 1793. 

Dracunculus. [Araceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 49 

nials, with a very curious-looking inflorescence. Loamy 
soil. Propagated by division of the roots. 

D. crinituin (hairy) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
brownish-purple, in April; Minorca; 1777. D. vulgare (com- 
mon Dragon ; hardy perennial) ; 2 feet ; flowers brownish-pur- 
ple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1548. 

Dragon's-Head. See Dracocephalum. 

Drosera. Sundew. [Droseraceae.] Curious little her- 
baceous plants, seldom seen in cultivation. There are four 
native species, and numerous others inhabiting various parts 
of the world. They should be planted in chopped sphag- 
num moss mixed with a third part of sandy peat soil, and 
should always be kept wet. Propagated by seeds. 

Drummondia. [Saxifragaceae.] A hardy herbaceous 
perennial, suitable for rock-work. Soil, dryish sandy loam. 
Increased by division of the plant. 

D. 7)iitelloides (mitella-like) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 6 
inches ; flowers yellowish, in July; Rocky Mountains ; 1827. 

Also called Metellopsis. 

Dryas. [Rosaceae.] Small hardy or half-hardy sub-her- 
baceous plants, with white flowers. Peat soil, with slight 
protection in winter. Propagated by cuttings under a hand- 
glass, by division, or by seeds. 





ECHINACEA. [Compositae.] Large-growing, half-hardy 
perennials, of the habit of Rudbeckia, and requiring 
similar treatment. Common garden soil. Propagated by 
division. 

E. Dicksoni (Dickson's); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers 
hlac, in August; Mexico; 1836. E. heterophylla (various- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in October ; 
Mexico ; 1829. E. intermedia (intermediate) ; hardy perennial ; 
3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1826. E. purpu- 
rea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in Septem- 
ber ; North America, 1699. 

EccREMOCARPUS. See Calampelis. 

EcHiNOPS. Globe Thistle. [Composite.] Coarse hardy 
perennials or biennials, remarkable for their spheroidal this- 
tle-like flower-heads. Common soil. The perennials in- 
creased by division ; the biennials by seeds. 

E. Barmaticus albus (Hungarian white) ; hardy biennial ; 4 
feet; flowers white, in August; Hungary; 1832. E. exaltatus 
(tall) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Austria ; 
1817. E. Persicus (Persian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in August; Persia; 1821. E. Ritro (small); hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1570. E. Ru- 
theuicus (Russian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; 
Russia; 18 16. E. spinosus (spiny); hardy perennial; 4 feet; 
flowers white, in July; Egypt; 1597. E. tenuifolius (slender- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Rus- 
sia ; 1820. 

There are many other species. 
150 



GARDEN FLOWERS 

1 hardly j.iu\uals, bjciujiuib. aiv ai^, aud <..;' 

ouse evergreen slirubs: The ; .:ts ,$,'rr,v > 

•mmon garden soil, and are all best propagated b 

i he greenhouse species require sandy loam and pcai, and 

arf increased by seeds or cutdngs, and require to he ^.e:^' 

atmosphere during winter. Some 

,. .v-tv 11. .;,;>(.; r.iiuS are Sh-^"" '' ' ■ ■ ' ' 'j; 

the hardv kinds are of lit 



GARDEN FLOWERS. I5I 

EcHiUM. Vipet^s Bugloss. [Boraginaceae.] A large ge- 
nus of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, and of 
greenhouse evergreen shrubs. The hardy sorts grow in 
common garden soil, and are all best propagated by seeds. 
The greenhouse species require sandy loam and peat, and 
are increased by seeds or cuttings, and require to be kept 
in a rather dry atmosphere during winter. Some of the 
greenhouse kinds are showy, though not of good habit ; but 
the hardy kinds are of little value for ornamental purposes. 

Hardy Annuals. — E. angiistifolimn (narrow-leaved) ; flow- 
ers blush, in July ; Spain; 1826. E. arenarium (sand-inhabit- 
ing); flowers purple, in July; Calabria; 1826. E. calycimwi 
(large-calyxed) ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1829. E. inacranthiun (large-flowered); i foot; flowers 
violet, in July; Barbary ; 1818. E. Siinsii (Sims'); flowers red 
and blue, in August ; south of Europe ; 18 16. 

Hardy Biennials. — E. amcenum (agreeable); flowers blue, 
in July ; Caucasus ; 1826. E. asperrimiun (very rough) ; flowers 
blue, in July; Caucasus; 1826. E. Dahitric2iin (Dahurian) ; 
flowers blue, in July; Dahuria; 1827. E. Italicum (Italian); 
4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Jersey. E. Sibthorpii (Sib- 
thorp's) ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; Europe ; 1824. E. tenue 
(slender) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Sicily ; 1824. E. tiiber- 
adatiun (pimpled) ; i foot ; flowers violet, in August ; Spain ; 
1820. E.violaccum (violet-flowered); 3 feet; flowers blue, in 
June; Austria; 1658. E. 'vulgare flore-albo (common white- 
flowered) ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Britain. 

Egg-Plant. See Solanum. 

Eglantine. See Rosa. 

El^agnus. Oleaster. [Elseagnacese.] A genus of shrubs 
with silvery foHage, consisting chiefly of hardy deciduous 
species, with a few greenhouse evergreens. For the former, 
which are useful in shrubberies, the common garden soil 
will suffice ; and they are increased by seeds, cuttings, or 
layers. The latter should have loam, with a third peat or 



152 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

leaf-mould, and a portion of sand, and are increased by 
cuttings. 

E. argentetis (silvery) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; North Ameri- 
ca; 1813. 

Elder. See Sambucus. 

Elecampane. See Inula. 

Elm. See Ulmus. 

Enchanter's Nightshade. See Circ^a. 

Epig^a. [Ericaceae.] A lovely little procumbent ever- 
green shrub. The plant has a creeping stem, which spreads 
by degrees over the ground, rooting as it extends. It re- 
quires a bed of peat soil, and a cool, shady, somewhat moist 
situation. If planted between Rhododendrons, in situations 
where these thrive, if they do not too far shade the surface, 
the Epigaea would flourish. 

E. repe7is (creeping) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in April; North America ; 1736. The variety 7-ubi- 
cunda has flowers of a beautiful rose-red, and blooms in April. 

Epilobium. See Chamcenerium. 

Epimedium. Barrenwort. [Berberidaceae.] Dwarf hardy 
perennials, suitable for rock-work or for pot culture. They 
like a soil of mellow loam and peat, in equal proportions, 
mixed with an eighth of sand. On rock-work, they should 
be planted in similar soil. They are quite hardy. Division 
of the root is the most ready means of propagating them, 
and this should be attended to soon after they have done 
flowering, that the plants may get well established before 
winter. 

E. Aipimcm (Alpine) ; hardy perennial, 9 inches ; flowers red 
and yellow, in May ; England. E. diphyllum (two-leaved) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Japan ; 1830. 
E. hexandrwn (six-anthered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flow- 
ers lilac, in May; North America; 1827. E. macra?tthum 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 53 

(large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers whitish, in 
May; Japan; 1835. E. Musschiaimm (Mussch's) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1838. E. piruta- 
tiim (pinnate) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Persia; 1848. E. violaceimi (violet); hardy perennial; 
9 inches ; flowers violet-color, in May ; Japan ; 1835. 

Equisetum. Horsetail. [Equisetaceae.] Hardy herba- 
ceous perennials of singular appearance, associating well 
with Ferns and Lycopodiums about damp, shady rock-work. 
They mostly prefer peaty soil and a damp situation, and are 
increased by division of the root. 

Eragrostis. [Graminaces.] A family of ornamental 
grasses, succeeding in common garden soil. E. elegans^ 
Namaqueiisis, cylmdrifolia^ and megastachya are the species. 

Eranthis. Winter Acoiiite. [Ranunculacese.] The 
Winter Aconite is one of those simple flowers which please 
more on account of the season of their appearance than 
their beauty. It begins to bloom in earliest spring, often 
amidst frost and snow, and for a long time continues to 
decorate the garden and shrubbery. It is altogether not 
more than three inches high, the flowers being seated one 
on each pair of flat-lobed leaves, which terminate the stalk. 
They look like little yellow cups with their bases surrounded 
by green frills. It is tuberous, and only requires to be 
planted in the soil and left to itself. Planted just within 
the margin of a flower-bed, it interferes with nothing ; and, 
if placed thick enough, makes a conspicuous edging for 
some time. It is also very well placed in patches among 
shrubs, or in any other wilderness scenery, which it serves 
to enliven at a dreary season. 

E. hiemalis (winter) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in April; England. E. Siberica (Siberian); 
hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; 
Siberia; 1826. 



154 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Eremostachys. Desert Rod. [Labiatse.] Hardy her- 
baceous perennial, requiring protection from wet in winter, 
and a sandy loamy soil. It is best to preserve some plants 
in pots in a dry frame during winter. Increased only by 
seeds. 

E. laciniata (jagged) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers sul- 
phur-yellow and orange-brown, in July ; Caucasus ; 1731. 

Erigeron. [Compositae.] Hardy plants, comprising 
annuals, biennials, and perennials. Some of the latter may 
be grown in borders or on rock-work, but they are not very 
important. All grow freely in common garden soil. The 
perennials are increased by division, the annuals and bien- 
nials by seeds. 

E. anno'icefolmm (thrift-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers purple, in June ; Dahuria ; 1829. E. aspcnun (rough); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1828. E. Chinensis (Chinese) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers white, in July; China; 181 8. E. glabelhtni (smoothish) ; 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers bluish, in July ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1825. E. humile (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- 
ers flesh-color, in August ; North America; 1828. E. LeJwianni 
(Lehmann's); hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers hlac, in July; Egypt; 
1828. E. pubescens (downy); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers 
white, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. E. Villarsii (Attic) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Attica ; 18 16. 

Erinosma. [Amaryllidaceae.] A beautiful little hardy 
bulb. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by offsets. More com- 
monly called Leucojum. 

E. verna (spring) ;. hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 
February; Germany; 1596. There are two varieties, called 
Carpatica and multiplex. 

Erinus. [Scrophulariacege.] This genus contains some 
dwarf hardy perennials, which form beautiful objects for 
pot-culture among alpine plants, as well as for rock-work. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 155 

They prefer light and rather sandy 'soil. When grown in 
pots, they should have the protection usually given to al- 
pines, which consists mainly in plunging the pots to prevent 
frosts from acting on the roots, and in shielding off heavy 
rains, which saturate the soil, and sometimes, if the drainage 
gets deranged, become conducive to the decay of the plants 
by rotting the roots and root-stocks. They are increased by 
division, which should be done about July or August, or 
by seeds sown as soon as they ripen. The greenhouse sub- 
shrubby species are referred to Nycterinia. 

E.Alpimis (smooth); hardy perennial; 3 inches; flowers rose- 
purple, in April ; Pyrenees ; 1739. ^- Hispanicus (hairy) ; hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in March ; Spain ; 1739. 

These plants are half-hardy in the Northern States. 

Eriogonum. [Polygonaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous 
perennials, increased by division and seed. Soil, peat}' 
loam. 

E. composition (compound) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers yellowish-white, in May ; North America. E. longi- 
foliiwi (long-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June; North America; 1824. E. sericeiim (silky); hardy 
perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; Missouri; 181 1. 
E. to?nentosuin (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in May ; Carolina ; 1 8 1 1 . 

Eriophorum. Cotton-grass. [Cyperaceae.] Very pretty 
hardy herbaceous perennials, producing heads of silvery 
white plumes, which might be effective planted in low 
ground. Increased by division and seed. Soil, wet loamy 
peat. 

Erophila. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, allied to Draba, 
growing from seed, in. garden soil. Flowers white. The 
species are E. Americana^, precox, and vulgaris. 

Eryngium. [Umbelliferse.] A curious genus of peren- 



156 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

nials, generally hardy, remarkable for the colored bracts of 
the involucre, which constitute the showy part of their in- 
florescence. They are desirable among hardy herbaceous 
subjects, the prevailing color being blue. They belong, in 
truth, to the umbelliferous order, without having any ex- 
ternal resemblance to that class of forms so familiar in the 
Parsley, the Celery, the Carrot, and the Fennel. They are 
raised from seeds, which, like those of other perennials, may 
be sown in May either in pots or in a bed. ' The young 
plants, if nursed into strength, will bloom the following year ; 
but, usually, the old plants are the best if they are kept in 
vigor. They are not very particular as to soil ; but a deep 
sandy loam is best. 

E. Alpiimm (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads 
blue, in July ; Switzerland ; 1597. E. aviethysthuim (ame- 
thystine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; 
Styria ; 1648. E. Bourgati (Bourgati's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 
feet; flower-heads blue, in July; south of France; 1731. E. 
c(Bruleu7n (sky-blue) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads 
blue, in July; Caspian; 18 16. E. giganteiwi (giant); hardy 
perennial ; 4 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1820. 
E. plaimin (flat-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads 
blue, in July ; Europe; 1596. 

There are numerous other hardy perennial species. 

Erysimum. Hedge Mustard. [Cruciferae.] Hardy plants, 
chiefly biennial, those which are cultivated being treated as 
annuals : the majority are uninteresting objects. E. Peroff- 
skianuin is, however, a very brilliant-flowered plant, well 
adapted for beds in gardens : indeed, there is hardly any 
other plant which furnishes the color, — an intense orange. 
It is perfectly hardy, and, if sown in the spring, will bloom 
in June and July. It will bloom much earlier if sown in 
pots like a half-hardy annual, and turned out in May ; for it 
will then begin flowering in the pots in May. The plant is 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



157 



too small for planting out, but should be sown where it is to 
flower. If it comes up too thick, let it be properly thinned ; 
but, unless it is tolerably close, it makes no show, and would 
fail as a bed plant. It looks well in patches round a bor- 
der, and in pots among other dwarf blooming plants, be- 
cause its color is uncommon : indeed, but for its color, it 
would not be cultivated ; for its habit is weed-like. 

E. Peroffskiamwi (Peroffski's) ; hardy annual; i8 inches; 
flowers orange, in May; Palestine; 1838. 

Erythrina. Coral-tree. [Leguminosae.] These showy 
stove shrubs will bloom well if planted in a rich sunny bor- 
der in spring. On the approach of frosty weather, place the 
plants in the cellar, or under a greenhouse stage. 

E. Bidivillii (Bidwill's) ; greenhouse or stove perennial ; 3 
feet ; flowers crimson, in June ; Sydney ; 1840. E. crista- 
^^/// (cock's-comb) ; stove shrub; 10 feet; flowers crimson, in 
June; Brazil; 1771. jE". /z<?r^^^^^ (herbaceous) ; half-hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in July; Carolina; 1824. E. 
laurifolia (laurel-leaved) ; stove sub-shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in July ; South America ; 1800. 

E. Maria Belanger is a fine hybrid species, with dazzling 
scarlet flowers. E. Belangeri^ floribunda^ and ruberrima are 
new hybrids. 

Erythrol^na. [Compositae.] The prettiest of all the 
Thistles. Sow the seeds in April. It should be treated as a 
biennial, or not allowed to seed. The young plants should 
be kept over the winter in frames, and planted out in May in 
beds, where they will rise with numerous branches crowned 
with scarlet thistle-looking flowers. 

E. conspicua (conspicuous) ; 8 feet ; flowers scarlet and or- 
ange, in September ; Mexico; 1825. 

ErythroniUxM. Dog's-tooth Violet. [Liliaceae.] Pretty 
dwarf, hardy, spring-flowering herbaceous perennials, with 



158 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

tuberous roots. They grow in good garden soil, preferring 
a good proportion of peat earth. Increased readily by offsets. 
E. albidui7i (whitish) ; hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flowers white, 
in April ; North America ; 1824. E. Ai7iericami7ii (American) ; 
hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1665. E. Dens-canis (Dog's-tooth) ; hardy tuber ; 3 
inches; flowers purphsh or whitish, in March; Europe; 1596. 
E. gra7idifloru7n (large-flowered) ; hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in April ; North America ; 1826. 

EscHSCHOLTziA. [Papaveraceae.] Hardy perennials, which 
may be cultivated as annuals. The plants are procumbent, 
and form a low dense branching mass, abundantly furnished 
with large poppy-like flowers, much more showy than neat. 
It is one of those flowers which always look untid}^, and owes 
its place in the garden to its bright color and large blos- 
soms. The seed may be sown in early spring where it is to 
grow, and, when the plants come up too close together, they 
must be thinned out. The plant has a tap-root like a small 
carrot. There may be two complete seasons of bloom ; for, 
if the seed be sown in autumn, it will come up, and, unless 
the frost be very severe, stand through the winter, and bloom 
early. If the plants are allowed to shed their seed, the 
place will be overrun as with a weed ; and, where it has once 
been sown or planted, it will afterwards require only to be 
thinned ; for hundreds of plants will come up. It makes a 
very brilliant appearance in fine weather, and especially 
when contrasted with the blue of the Convolvulus or Lark- 
spur, and the scarlets and purples of other flowers. The 
genus has been called Chryseis. 

E. Calif 0}'7iica (Cahfornia) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; 
flowers yellow and orange, or white, in June ; California; 1826. 
A white-flowered variety of this is in cultivation ; and it is in- 
deed probable that the plants called E. crocea and co77ipacta are 
new varieties of E. Califoniica. E. co77ipacta (compact) ; hardy 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 59 

perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1833. 
E. crocea (saffron- colored) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flow- 
ers orange, in June ; California ; 1833. E. temiifolia (slender) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot; flowers yellow, in July ; California; 1853. 

EucHARiDiUM. [Onagraceae.J Hardy annuals, allied to 
Clarkia, and requiring the same treatment. Sow in the 
open border in May. 

E. C07icimt2cm (neat) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rosy, in 
June; North America; 1836. E. graiidiflorum (large-flow- 
ered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose-colored, in June ; 
garden variety. 

EucNiDE. [Loasaceae.] A pretty half-hardy annual, suc- 
ceeding well in garden soil. Sow in May, or in a frame, and 
transplant. 

E. bartonoides (bartonia-like) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers yellow, in August ; Mexico. 

EuoNYMUS. Spindle-tree. [Celastraceae.] A genus of 
hardy shrubs, of which E. yaponicus^ and a striped variety, 
are fine evergreens with ornamental foliage, but are not 
hardy in the Northern States. They grow in common gar- 
den soil, and increase by layers or cuttings planted under 
hand-glasses. The deciduous kinds are proper for shrub- 
beries : they are not remarkable for beauty in the flowers, 
but are ornamental in autumn, from the profusion of three- 
cornered scarlet fruit which they produce. 

Ornamental Evergreens. — E. Chinoisisj E. grandijlo- 
riis; E. Japoiiiciis^ and its varieties maciilatiis and variegatus. 

Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs.—^. Amei-icanus ; E. 
atropiirpttreus J E. Europceus j E. HamiltoitiajiiLs j E. latifo- 
lius J E. verrucosus. 

Eupatorium. [ Compositae. ] A family of stove and 
hardy herbaceous plants. The hardy species do well in any 
rich garden soil, and are propagated by division. 



l6o GARDEN FLOWTERS. 

E, ageratoides (ageratum-like) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in Au- 
gust ; North America ; 1640. E. altissimuin (tallest) ; 5 feet ; 
flowers pink, in September; North America; 1699. E. aro- 
maticuiJi (aromatic); 4 feet; flowers white, in July; North Amer- 
ica ; 1739. ^- cannabimim (hemp-like,) (Agrimony); 4 feet ; 
flowers pink, in July ; Britain. E. coronopifoliiun (coronopus- 
leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina ; 1824. E. 

fcEniculacetujz (fennel-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale yellow, 
in August; North America; 1807, E. Eraser i {¥x2.'s>q.x's)', 18 
inches; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1820. E.hyssopi- 

folunii (hyssop-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in August ; 

•North America; 1699. E. laiiceolatiun (spear-head-leaved); 
3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1819. E. niac- 
ulatuin (spotted-stalked) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North 
America ; 1656. E. perfoliatmn (pierced-leaved) ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in July; North America; 1699. E. pubescens 
(downy) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 19. 
E. purpiireum (purple-stalked) ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in August; 
North America; 16 10. E. rotiuidifolium (round-leaved); i 
foot ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1699. E.sessili- 

folium (stalkless-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in September ; 
North America ; 1777. E. Syriacum (Syrian); 4 feet ; flowers 
purple, in August ; Syria ; 1807. E trifoliatum (three-leaved) ; 
6 feet ; flowers purple, in August; North America; 1768. E 
truncation (cut-off); 18 inches; flowers white, in September; 
North America ; 1800. E.verticillatum{vj\\0Y\-\Q2XQdi) ; 5 feet; 
flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 181 1. 

Euphorbia. [Euphorbiaceae.] A very large family, in- 
cluding some hardy herbaceous perennials, and a few hardy 
annuals. They thrive in common garden soil, and are in- 
creased by seed or division, but are not very desirable. E. 
varkgata is a showy annual. 

Euphrasia. Eye Bright. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy 
annuals, thriving in the border, from seeds sown in May. 

E. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. l6l 

July ; Europe ; 1827. E. linifolia (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 
9 inches ; flowers purple, in August; France; 1826. E. lutea 
(yellow) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; 
south of Europe ; 1818. 

EusTOMA. [Gentianacese.] A genus comprising a green- 
house herbaceous plant, a border half-hardy biennial, and an 
annual ; growing in loamy soil, and propagated by division 
and seeds. 

E. exaltatttmj greenhouse herbaceous plant. E. Rtisselleamwi 
(Russell's) ; half-hardy biennial ; flowers purple, in August ; 
Texas ; 1835. ^- silenefolia (catchfly-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 
I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Isle of Providence ; 1804. 

EuTOCA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annual plants, of 
easy culture. Sow in April on a slight hot-bed, for trans- 
planting, and in May in the open borders. 

E. divaricata (straggling) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
bluish-lilac, in June; California; 1834. E. Afenziesu (Men- 
zies') ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in May ; North 
America; 1826. E. viscida (clammy); hardy annual; 2 feet; 
flowers blue, in June ; California ; 1834. E. Wrangeliaiia 
(Wrangel's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers dark bluish-lilac, in 
June ; California ; 1835. 

Evening Primrose. See CEnothera. 

Everlasting Flower. See Gnaphalium and Heli- 

CHRYSUM. 

Everlasting Pea. See Lathyrus. 

ExACUM. [Gentian acese.] A family of hardy annuals, 
allied to Chironia, flourishing in peat}' moist soil, and pro- 
pagated by seed sown in May. The species are E. macran- 
t/iu7n, piilcheilum, tetragomim^ and bicolor. 

ExOGONiUM. [Convolvulace^.] A division of the old 

family Ipomoea. E. purga^ a very handsome slender 

climber, bearing rosy-purplish blossoms through the autumn 

months, is the source of the drug Jalap. The plant has a 

II 



1 62 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



fleshy root, which is very liable to decay in winter, if kept too 
damp. The best place to keep the root is in a cool part of 
the greenhouse, in the soil, which should be nearly, but not 
quite, 'dry. In the spring, the crown may be excited slowly 
in a greenhouse, or close frame ; but, as the summer draws 
on, the plant will grow freely enough in the open air, where 
it should have a branchy stake, or a trellis six or eight feet 
high. It may be kept in a pot trained around stakes, cylin- 
der-fashion, and may be increased by cuttings. The flowers 
of this kind are less funnel-shaped than is usual among the 
plants of this order. 

uE'._/f/{/27r;;^^ (thread-shaped) ; stove twining perennial, lo feet ; 
flowers purple, in October; West Indies; 1823. E. purga 
(purgative) ; jalap ; tuberous twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers 
rose-color, in September ; Mexico ; 1838. E. repandum (wavy- 
edged) ; stove twining perennial ; flowers red, in August ; West 
Indies; 1793. 





TRAGUS. Beech. [Corylaceae.] A family of well-known 
-■- ornamental trees, propagated by seed, and the varieties 
by grafting. They thrive in any good soil. The species and 
varieties are — 

Evergreens. — F. betuloides (birch-like) ; hardy ; 50 feet ; 
Magellan ; 1830. F. C2nmmgha7nu {Cunnmghdim.' s) ; half-hardy; 
New Zealand ; 1843. 

Hardy Deciduous. — F. aiitarctica (antarctic); 50 feet; Ma- 
gellan; 1830. F. castancEfolia (chestnut-leaved); flowers in 
June ; North America ; F. comptoiiiasfolia (comptonia-leaved) ; 
flowers in May. F. ferruginea (American rusty) ; 30 feet ; 
flowers in June ; North America ; 1766. F. ferruginea Caroli- 
niana (Carolina) ; Carolina. F. purpurea (purple) ; flowers in 
April ; Germany. F. sylvatica (common wood) ; 70 feet ; flowers 
in June ; Britain. F. sylvatica A7ner'icana (American) ; 100 
feet ; flowers in May ; North America. F. sylvatica atrorubens 
(dark-red-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica cristata 
(crested-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica cuprea 
(copper-colored-leaved) ; 70 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica 
foliis argeiiteis (silver-leaved) ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica 
foliis aureis (golden-leaved) ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica 
heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April and May. 
F. sylvatica incis a {zMi-\t2iN^6.) ; 10 feet; flowers in June. F. 
sylvatica pejtdula (pendulous) ; flowers in May ; gardens. 

Feather-Grass. See Stipa. 

Fedia. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, 
allied to Centranthus, which are rather pretty garden plants. 
Sown in pots about April, and planted out subsequently, the 

163 



164 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

plants bloom in June ; but if sown in the open ground, in 
May, they bloom in July : in either case continuing in flower 
for some time. Planted moderately thick, they form good 
bedding-plants. Light, rich garden soil. 

F. graciliflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers pinkish, in June ; Algiers ; 1845. F. cormicopice (cornu- 
copia) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of 
Europe ; 1 796. 

Felicia. [Compositae.] A small genus, containing a 
neat dwarf half-hardy annual. Soil, rich light garden mould. 
Increased by seeds. Sow in April, in pots, in a frame, and 
in May in the borders. It is known as Aster tenellus. 

F. tenella (slender) ; half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers 
bluish-hlac, in June ; Cape ; 1769. 

Fennel-Flower. See Nigella. 

Fenzlia. [Polemoniaceae.] A pretty hardy annual from 
California, sometimes called Dianthoidis. Soil, sandy loam. 
The plants may be sown in a hot-bed in April, and trans- 
planted to the border, or in the open border in May. Pro- 
pagated by seed. 

F. dianthijlora (pink-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 4 inches ; 
flowers purple and yellow, in June ; California ; 1833. 

Ferula. Giant Femiel. [Umbelliferae.] Large-growing 
hardy perennials, not often seen in cultivation, but, on account 
of their noble appearance, well adapted for conspicuous 
positions in mixed borders, or even as specimen jDlants on a 
lawn. The foliage of several of the kinds is very large, and 
is made up of an immense number of little parts, varying in 
width and shape in different kinds. The flower-stems rise 
from a large tuft of these leaves to the height of six to eight 
feet, and bear numerous umbels of yellow flowers. The 
species especially alluded to as deserving of cultivation are 
F. Tingita?ia, Ferulago, and glauca, the former having the 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 65 

divisions of the leaf small but egg-shaped, with notched mar- 
gins, and a shining surface ; the two latter, smaller and nar- 
rower. They like a dryish deep soil, the roots being large, 
fleshy, and penetrating deeply, and abounding moreover in 
a gum-resinous matter, which, in several of the species, is 
employed medicinally. 

F. Feritlago (Ferulago) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; south of Europe. F. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy 
perennial; 8 feet; flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1596. F. 
Tingitana (Tangiers) ; hardy perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June ; Barbary ; 1680. 

There are some twenty other species. 

Feverfew. See Pyrethrum. 

FiCARiA. [Ranunculaceae.] A genus of pretty little 
early-flowering plants, allied to Ranunculus. Easily propa- 
gated by division of the tuberous roots in spring. A moist 
shady situation is best adapted for them. 

F. vema (spring) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yeHow 
in May ; England. F. vema pallida (pale-flowered) ; has pale 
yellow flowers. F. vema plena (double-flowered) ; has double 
flowers. 

Filbert. See Corylus. 
Fir. See Abies, Pinus, Picea. 

Fitzroya. [Coniferae.] Fine hardy evergreen trees. 
Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds or cuttings. 

F. Patagonica (Patagonian) ; hardy evergreen tree ; Patagonia; 
1849. 

Flax. See Linum. 
Flos Adonis. See Adonis. 
Flower (Fleur) de Luce. See Iris. 
Flowering Fern. See Osmunda. 
Flowering Rush. See Butomus. 
Forget-me-not. See Myosotis. 



l66 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

FoRSYTHiA. [Oleaceae.] Beautiful hardy deciduous 
shrubs. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by layers or cut- 
tings. F. viridissima is a valuable shrub for early forcing ; 
but, from its early blooming habit, it requires to be in a shel- 
tered position, or its blossoms become disfigured. 

F. viridissi}fia (very green) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 6 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in May; north of China; 1845. F. suspensa 
(pendulous) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; grafted high, it is pretty ; 
flowers yellow, in May ; Japan ; 1858. 

FoTHERGiLLA. [HamamclidaceaE.] Pretty little hardy 
shrubs, with white flowers. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated 
by seeds and layers. All are natives of North America. 

F. alnifolia (alder-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers in 
May; 1765. The varieties actita, inajor^ abtiisa, and seroima, 
differ only in foliage and season of flowering. 

Foxglove. See Digitalis. 

Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. 

Fraxinus. Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, 
of which many of the varieties are desirable. Those with 
cut or variegated foliage, or of weeping habit, are ornamen- 
tal on the lawn or in the shrubbery. 

F. aaiminata (pointed ; green) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; 
North America ; 1723. F. alba (white) ; 30 feet ; flowers green, 
in May; North America ; 1823. F. amarissima (bitterest); 20 
feet ; flowers in May. F. Americana (American-white) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers in May ; North America ; 1723. F. Americaita latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. aiigustifolia (nar- 
row-leaved) ; flowers in May; Spain; 1825. F. append! c a {z.-^- 
pendaged) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. appendicidata (appen- 
diculate) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. argentea (silvery); 15 feet ; 
flowers in June ; Corsica; 1825. F. atro-virens (dark -green) ; 
4 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. atro-virens aurca (golden); 
flowers in April. F. Caroliniana (CaroHna) ; 30 feet ; flowers 
in June; North America; 1783. F. cinerea (gray); 30 feet; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 6/ 

flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. elliptica (oval); 
30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1825. F. epiptera 
(dotted stalked) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 
1823. F. excelsior {{.■aWtr ; common Ash) ; 80 feet; flowers in 
May ; Britain. F. excelsior argentea (silver-barked) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior aurea (golden-barked) ; 
20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior a2irea pendiila 
(yellow-pendulous) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior 
erosa (gnawed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior 
fungosa ; 26 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior Jior- 
izontalis (horizontal) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. ex- 
celsior jaspidea (jasper-like ; yellow-barked) ; 30 feet ; flowers 
in May. F. excelsior KincairnicE (Kincairney) ; 40 feet ; flowers 
in May ; Kincairney. F. excelsior lutea (yellow-edged) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers in May; Britain. F. exxelsior nana (dwarf); 10 feet; 
flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior pendula (pendulous) ; 20 
feet ; flowers in May. F. excelsior striata (streaked) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers in May; Britain. F. excelsior verrucosa (warted-barked); 
60 feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. excelsior verrucosa pen- 
dula (pendulous-warted) ; flowers in May ; England. F. excel- 
sior verticillaris (whorled) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. 
F. expansa (expanded) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1824. F. fusca (dark-brown); 30 feet; flowers in May; 
North America; 1823. F. heterophylla (various-leaved); 30 
feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. heterophylla variegata (va- 
rieagated-leaved) ; 12 feet; flowers in May; Ireland; 1836. F. 
jicglandi folia (walnut-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America ; 1783. F. juglattdifolia s^ibintegerrima (nearly entire); 
40 feet ; flowers in May. F. lacitiiata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers 
in May ; North America. F. lancea (lance-leaved) ; 30 feet ; 
flowers in May; North America; 1820. F. lentiscifolia (lentis- 
cus-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; Aleppo ; 1710. F. letisci- 
folia pendula (pendulous) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Germany; 
1833. F. longifolia (long-leaved); 30 feet; flowers in May; 
North America; 1824. F. hccida (shining); 20 feet; flowers 
in May. F. macrophylla (large-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in 
May; 1823. F. mixta (mixed); 30 feet; flowers in May; 



1 68 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

North America; 1824. F. 7nonstrosa (monstrous); flowers in 
July ; Britain. F. nana (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers in June. F. 
nigra (black-branched) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1825. F. ovata (egg-shaped); 30 feet; flowers in May; 
North America. F. oxycarpa (sharp-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers 
in May ; Caucasus ; 1815. F. oxycarpa oxyphylla (sharp-leaved); 
20 feet; south of Europe; 1821. F. pallida (pale); 30 feet; 
flowers in May ; North America. F. pannosa (cloth-leaved) ; 
30 feet ; flowers in May ; Carolina ; 1820. F. parvi folia (small- 
leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers in May; Levant; 1822. F. platycarpa 
(broad-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1820. 
F. poleino7tifolia (great-valerian-leaved) ; flowers in April ; North 
America ; 1 8 1 2. F. pubesce}i5 (downy); 20 feet ; flowers in April ; 
North America; 181 1. F. pitbesceiis latifolia (broad-leaved); 
20 feet ; flowers in May. F. piibescens longifolia (long-leaved) ; 
20 feet ; flowers in May. F. pulvendenta (powdery) ; 30 feet ; 
flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. qiiadrangiilata 
(four-angled, blue) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 
1822. F. quadrangiUata nervosa (nerved); 30 feet ; flowers in 
May. F. rubiamda (ruddy-veined) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; 
North America; 1824. F. riifa (rusty); 30 feet; flowers in 
May; North America; 1822. F. sainhicifolia (elder-leaved); 
30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1800. F. sanibuci- 
folia crispa (curled); 30 feet; flowers in May. F. versicolor 
(many-colored) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. virens (green) ; 
20 feet ; flowers in May. F. virens variegata (variegated) ; 
20 feet ; flowers in May. F. viridis (green) ; 30 feet ; flowers 
in May; North America; 1824. 

All of the above species are seldom found in any collec- 
tion ; but all the larger species are fine trees for street- 
planting. 

French Marigold. See Tagetis. 
Fringe-Tree. See Chionanthus. 

Fritillaria. Fritillary. [Liliaceae.] A genus of hardy 
bulbs, of easy culture, propagated without difficulty by 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 69 

means of offsets. The bulbs should be planted in sandy, 
loamy soil ; when taken up for transplanting, it should be 
about August. All the species propagate by offsets, and 
grow freely in the open ground, without protection. They 
mostly flower in May, and are thus very useful in gardens as 
spring flowers. The most stately species is the Crown Im- 
perial, which bears a whorl of drooping flowers, surmounted 
by a tuft, or crown, of leaves. The smaller species bear one 
or two drooping cup-shaped flowers. The bulbs of the 
Fritillarias are scaly, and of a soft texture, Hke those of 
lilies, consequently they must not be dried by being left 
long exposed at the period of replanting. 

F. alba (white) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 
May ; North America. F. ctiprea (coppery) ; half-hardy bulb ; 
18 inches ; flowers copper-colored, in July ; Mexico; 1834. F. 
imperialis (Crown-imperial) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow 
or red, in May; Persia; 1596. F. lanceolata (spear-leaved); 
hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; Kamts- 
chatka ; 1759. ^. '^^^?/'^/z^ (broad-leaved) ; hardy bulb; i foot ; 
flowers reddish -purple, in May ; Caucasus; 1604. F. leucantha 
(white-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; 
Siberia; 1822. F. hitea (yellow); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in May; Caucasus; 181 2. F. jneleagris (guinea-fowl- 
hke) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple- checkered or white, 
in May ; England. F. minor (small) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; 
flowers dark-purple, in April ; Altai ; 1830. F. nervosa (nerved- 
leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; 
Caucasus ; 1826. F. obliqiia (oblique-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; i 
foot; flowers brown-purple, in April; Caucasus; 1596. F. 
Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers brown-purple, 
in May; Persia; 1596. F. prcecox (early); hardy bulb; i 
foot ; flowers white, in May ; Europe . F. piidica (chaste) ; 
hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1824. F. Pyretiaica (Pyrenaean) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; 
flowers dark-purple, in June ; Spain ; 1605. F. Ruthcnica 



I/O GARDEN FLOWERS. 

(Russian) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Cau- 
casus ; 1826. F. tenella (slender); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flow- 
ers purple, in May ; Caucasus ; 1826. F. verticillata (whorled) ; 
hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea ; 1823. 

FuMARiA. See Dielytra. 

FuNKiA. [Liliaceae.] Very pretty hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials. They grow freely in any light common soil, and 
require no particular culture ; but they must have a warm 
and rather dry situation to induce them to bloom freely. 
Increased by division of the roots. 

F. albo-inarginata (white-margined) ; hardy perennial ; 18 
inches ; flowers lilac, in July ; Japan ; 1837. F. lancifolia (lance- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in July ; Japan ; 
1824. F. ovata (ovate-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers bluish-lilac, in June ; Japan ; 1790. F. Sieboldiana 
(Siebold's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in June ; 
Japan; 1830. F. sub-cordata (sub-cordate-leaved); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot r flowers white, in August; Japan; 1790. F. 
7indulata (wavy-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
lilac, in August ; Japan ; 1834. 





GAGEA. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs, closely related to 
Ornithogalum. Light sandy soil. Increased by offsets. 

G. Bohemica (Bohemian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- 
low, in April ; Bohemia ; 1825. G. bracteolaris (bracteolate) ; 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Europe ; 18 17. 
G. chlorantha (yeUow-flowered) ;. hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in April; Siberia; 1819. G. glauca (glaucous); hardy 
bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in March ; Switzerland ; 1825. 
G. Liotardi (Liotard's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in May; south of Europe; 1825. G. hitea (yellow); hardy 
bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. G. 7nini7Jia 
(least) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Switzer- 
land ; 1826. G. Podalica (Podahan) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow,, in May; Podalia ; 1827. G. pusilla (small); 
hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Bohemia ; 
1825. G. spathacea (sheathed);- hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in May; Germany; 1759. G. uiiiflora (one-flowered); 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1781. 
G. villosa (shaggy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
April ; Caucasus ; 1825. 

Gaillardia. [Compositae. J Showy hardy and half-hardy 
perennials. Soil, sandy loam,' or light garden soil. In- 
creased by division. G. pida, a soft-stemmed plant, used 
for flower-garden decoration, requires protection from frost 
in a dry frame during winter, and is raised from seeds or 
cuttings in autumn, for planting out in the following May. 

G. aristata (awned) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep- 
yellow, in July; North America; 1,8 L2'. G. bicolor (two-col- 

171 



1/2 GARDEN FLOWERS.* 

oired) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-yellow, in August ; 
North America; 1787. G. picta (painted); half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow and red, in July; Louisiana; 
1833. G. Richardsoni (Richardson's); hardy perennial; 18 
inches; flowers deep-yellow, in July; North America; 1827. 
G. grandijlora is a garden hybrid ; flowers rich red, with yellow 
border, very large ; 1855. 

Galanthus. Snowdrop. [Amaryllidaceas.] Well-known 
hardy bulbs, dwarf, pretty, and very general favorites, partly 
perhaps from the season at which they appear, as the her- 
alds of spring. G. plicatus is the finest species, but is rare. 
The bulbs require planting in October, in common soil,, and 
should be left undisturbed for several years ; they then form 
thick patches, and are more showy when in flower. They 
should be planted in patches, instead of single rows along 
the edging of borders. 

G. nivalis (common) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers white 
and green, in March ; England. G. plicatus (plaited) ; hardy 
bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; Crimea ; 
18 1 8. G. refiex'us (reflexed) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches; flowers 
white and green, in Mar-ch ; Mount Gargarus ; 1844. 

Galax. [Pyrolaceae.] Hardy perennials. Soil, peat, 
kept rather damp. Increased by division. 

G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in July ; North America ; 1786. 

Galega. Goafs-Rue. [Leguminosae.] Large growing 
hardy or half-hardy perennials. Common soil. Increased 
by division or by seeds. 

G. biloba (two-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, 
in July; native country uncertain ; 1823. G. officinalis {of^cx- 
nal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; 
Spain; 1568. G. Orientalis (Eastern); hardy perennial; 3 
feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1801. G. Persica {Vqv- 
sian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Persia ; 
1826. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/3 

Galium. [Galiaceae.] A genus of coarse, not very 
showy plants, thriving in any soil, and propagated by di- 
vision. G. suavolens is an annual : the rest of those we 
mention are herbaceous perennials, generally hardy. 

G. campamdaticm (bell-flowered) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
June ; south of Europe ; 1821. G. capillipes (hairy-stalked) ; 
I foot; flowers white, in October; Russia; 1838. G. Grcecuin 
(Grecian); 6 inches; flowers purple, in July; Candia ; 1798. 
G. Persiawi {^^xsv3iVL)\ flowers yellow, in July ; Persia; 1837. 
G. pitrpureum (^Mxy^\€)\ i foot; flowers purple, in July; Swit- 
zerland; 1 83 1. G. 7'iibni?n (red); i foot; flowers purple, in 
July; Italy; 1597. 6^. j'?/^'Z/6'/^;/j' (sweet-scented) ; i foot ; flow- 
ers white, in July ; north of Europe ; 1821, G. Taiiricitm {^2i\x- 
rian) ; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Tauria ; 1818. G. 
Vaillantii (Vaillant's) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in May ; England. 

Gaultheria. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf, procumbent, 
hardy evergreens, growing in moist peaty soil, and increased 
by layers and seeds. 

G. prociunbens (procumbent) ; hardy trailing evergreen shrub ; 
flowers white, in July; North America; 1762. G. Shalloft 
(Shallon) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
May; North America ; 1826. ' 

There are evergreen greenhouse species. 

Gaura. [Onagraceae.] Showy plants, mostly biennials. 
Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. G. Lind/ize?nenana 
is a very elegantly branched free-blooming plant, and, 
though perennial, is perhaps best treated as a biennial : it 
blooms freely, however, the first year from the seed, if sown 
in May with the half-hardy annuals. The species are not 
hardy in the Northern States. 

G. biennis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white 
and red, in September; North America; 1762. G. coccinea 
(scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in August ; 
Louisiana; 181 1. G. Lindhiemeriana (Lindheimer's) ; half- 



174 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

hardy perennial ^ 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in July ; 
Texas; 1851. G. inutabilis (changeable); half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1795. 
G. miothercBfolia (oenothera-leaved) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers purple, in July ; South America ; 18 16. 

Gazania. [Corapositae.] Greenhouse herbaceous plants, 
producing large and very showy yellow or orange-colored 
composite flowers. Soil, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. In- 
creased by division or by cuttings. They require little care 
beyond ordinary routine greenhouse management, and to be 
occasionally repotted as they become thickly rooted. G. 
uniflora is of a different habit from the rest, producing nu- 
merous branching stems, and forms a good bedding-out 
plant for the flower-garden in summer if planted in a dry- 
ish situation. Cuttings struck about August in one season, 
form good blooming plants for the next summer : they 
should be frequently stopped while young. 

G. pavonia (peacock) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot j flowers 
orange and black, in June; Cape; 1804. G. rigens (stiff); 
greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange and black, in 
June; Cape; 1735. G. splendeiis (showy); greenhouse peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers orange wdth black centre, in August. This 
species is a flne bedding plant, and is a hybrid between G. 21m- 
flora a.nd rigens ; gardens ; i860. G. iiniflora (one-flowered) ; 
greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yeflow, in June ; 
Cape; 1816. 

Genista. Broom. [Leguminoseae.] A large genus, of 
which some are hardy. They do well in common soil, and 
are very conspicuous for their bright yellow flowers in June. 
Propagated by seeds. 

' G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in 
July; Siberia; 1800. G. diffusa (spreading); hardy shrub ; 3 
feet; flowers yellow, in June; Hungary; 18 16. G. Siberica 
(Siberian) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Si- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/5 

beria; 1785. G.tinctoria (dyer's); hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; England. 

There are double-flowered varieties. 

Gentiana. [Gentianaceae.] Beautiful hardy herbaceous 
plants. They should be planted in good rich soil, and most 
of them prefer a considerable proportion of peat earth. They 
are propagated readily by dividing the plant in autumn or 
spring. The hardy annual and biennial species are of much 
less horticultural importance. 

G. acaulis (Gentianella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers 
blue, in May ; Wales. G. algida (cold) ; hardy perennial ; 6 
inches; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1808. G. Altaica 
(Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Si- 
beria ; 1824. G. asclepiadea (asclepias-like) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Austria ; 1629. G. 
aiirea (golden) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
August; Norway; 1823. G. Bavarica (Bavarian); hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 inches; flowers blue, in July; Germany; 1775. G. 
Catesbcri {C^iitsby^s) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, 
in June; North America; 1803. G. ciliata (hair-fringed); 
hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 
1759. G. crinita (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; flowers sky-blue, 
in October; North America; 1804. G. cruciata (crossed); 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1 596. 
G.fimbriata (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 
in August; Caucasus; 1818. G. Fortiuii (Fortune's); hardy 
perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep-blue, spotted with white, in 
July; north of China; 1852. G.frigida (frigid); hardy peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Carpathian Mountains ; 
1 817. G. glacialis (icy); hardy biennial ; i foot; flowers blue, 
in August; north of Europe; 1819. G. lutea (yellow); hardy 
perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yello^c, in July ; Alps ; 1 596. G. 
macrophylla (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1796. G. Paimonica (Pannonian); hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Alps. G. piieumo- 



lyS GARDEN FLOWERS. 

najithe (Calathian-violet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue 
or white, in August ; England. G. piunila (dwarf) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1817. G. 
punctata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
July; Alps; 1795. G. saponaria (soapwort-leaved) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; North 
America; 1796. G. septeinfida (seven-cleft); hardy perennial ; 
9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Persia ; 1804. G. verna 
(vernal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; 
England. 

There are many other showy species. 

Geranium. Crane's-bill. [ Geraniaceae. ] Ornamental 
herbaceous plants. Common garden soil. Increased readily 
by division or by seeds. 

G. aconitifolumi (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. G. cristatum 
(crested) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers veined with red, 
in July ; Iberia ; 1820. G. DaJniricum (Dahurian) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot; flowers purple, in June; Dahuria; 1820. G. 
Iberiaun {\h^x\7m) \ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, 
in July; Levant; 1802. G. Lancastriense (Lancaster); hardy 
perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers striped, in June ; Britain. G. 
Mexkamwi (Mexican) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale 
purple,^ in August; Mexico; 1832. G. p7'atense (meadow); 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, or blue and 
white striped, single or double, in June ; Britain. G. riibifoliimt 
(bramble-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in 
July; Himalayas; 1839. G. sanguineum (bloody); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; Britain. 

There are many other species. 

Gerardia. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of annuals, 
biennials, and perennials, mostly natives of North America, 
and of difficult culture. Soil, leaf-mould and sand. 

G.fiava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in August ; North America; 1796. G. quercifolia (oak-leaved); 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 7/ 

hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North 
America; 1812. G. purpurea (purple); hardy annual ; flowers 
purple, in August ; North America ; 1772. 

Geum. Avms. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, some of 
which are ornamental. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by 
division or by seeds. 

G. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
July; North America; 1730. G. Canadeiise {Q2Xi2i6X2iVi)\ hardy 
perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 18 10. 
G. Chilense (Chili) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers copper- 
color, in July ; Chili; 1826. The v?Lx\^ty atro-sanguineum has 
the flowers dark blood-colored ; variety grandiflorum, scarlet. 
G. inacrophylhim (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July; Kamtschatka ; 1804. G. Pyrenaicu?n (Py- 
^en^an) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Pyrenees ; 1804. G. Virginianujn (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 
18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1730. 

Giant-Fennel. See Ferula. 

GiLiA. [ Polemoniacae. ] Favorite hardy annuals, with 
small cup-like, but very pretty simple flowers. There are 
several varieties, and but little to distinguish them from each 
other save the different shades of color. G. tricolor is the 
best for general purposes ; it is neat, dwarf, and free flower- 
ing. Being as hardy as most of the annuals, it may be sown 
in May where it is to bloom, and should not be too much 
crowded. It will bloom from June onwards in succession. 

G. achillecE folia (milfoil-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
purple-blue, in June ; Cahfornia ; 1833. G. capitata (round- 
headed) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers gray-blue or white, in 
June; Columbia; 1826. G. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 
6 inches; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. 
tenuiflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
rose and violet, in July ; California. G. tricolor (three-colored); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac, yellow, and black, in June ; 
California; 1833. Of this there are the varieties ^^zT/^/Zi-, white, 
12 



1 78 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

with yellow throat ; albiflora, white, with yellow and black ; and 
splendens^ pink, with yellow and black. 

GiLLENiA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. 
Peaty soil, rather moist. Propagated by division. 

G. stipulacea (large-stipuled) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers white and red, in July; North America ; 1803. G. trifoliata 
(three-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, 
in July; North America ; 1713. 

Gladiolus. [Iridaceas.] A large family of show}^ bulbs, 
mostly tender. The hybrids of G. Ga7idavensis have of late 
attracted much attention. Though less delicate, they are 
not excelled in beauty by any of the rarer species. They 
will often endure the winter in the open air as far north as 
Massachusetts ; but the safest and best way is take up the 
bulbs after the leaves are killed by the frost, dry them rapidly 
in the sun, and preserve them in a dry, cool, frost-proof cel- 
lar until spring. Seeds ripen freely, but produce new varie- 
ties, the older being propagated by division of the bulbs and 
by bulblets. Seedlings bloom the second year. 

For a list of varieties consult the florists' newest catalo- 
gues. Some of the best, however, are : Light — El Dorado, 
Penelope, Madame Leseble, Junon, Madame Binder, Ceres, 
Vesta, Calypso, Queen Victoria, Canari, Samuel Walker, 
Rebecca, and Imperatrice. Da?'k — Pluton, Napoleon III., 
Mars, Brenchleyensis, Anatole Levanneur, Premice de Mont- 
Rouge, Vulcain, Mrs. Basseville, La Poussin, Count de 
Morny. 

G. communis and Byzanthiiim are hardy bulbs, requiring to 
be treated like crocuses. 

Glaucium. [Papavaracese.] A family of annuals and 
biennials, grown from seed sown in the open borders in 
May. The chief species are G. Arabicuni, Persicu?n^ Phoeni- 
ciu?n, rubrum, and tricolor, all annuals ; and G. Jlavum and 
fulvum biennials. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/9 

Gleditschia. [Leguminoseae.] Hardy ornamental de- 
ciduous trees. Common soil. Propagated by seed. 

G. Jiorridaj hardy tree; lo feet; flowers green, in July; 
China; 1774. G.sineiisisj hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green, 
in June ; China ; 18 12. The varieties are inermis, major, nana, 
and pejidula. G. tricanthos (three-thorned) ; Honey Locust ; 
hardy tree; 30 feet; flowers green, in July; 1700. Variety 
inennis differs in having no thorns. 

Globe-Amaranth. See Gomphrena. 

Globe-Flower. See Trollius. 

Globe-Thistle. See Echinops. 

Globularia. [Selaginaceae.] Dwarf herbaceous plants, 
nearly or quite hardy, except in the Northern States. Soil, 
sandy loam and peat. Increased by cuttings of the young 
shoots under a hand-glass in summer. 

G. Alypiun (three-toothed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers pale-red, in August ; south of Europe ; 1640. G. bellidifolia 
(daisy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; 
Italy; 1825. G. co?'difolia (heart-leaved); hardy perennial ; 6 
inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 1683. G. vulgaris 
(common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; 
Europe; 1640. 

Glossocomia. [Campanulaceas.] Half-hardy herbaceous 
perennials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or division. 

G. lurida (lurid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green 
and purple, in May; North India; 1838. G. ovata (ovate); 
half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North 
India; 1839. 

Gnaphalium. [Compositae.] A pretty family of plants 
commonly known as Everlastings, comprising greenhouse 
perennials and hardy annuals and biennials. Soil, sandy 
loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by seeds. The annual 
species are G. obtusifolium and undulatum. 

Goat's Beard. See Spirea aruncus. 



l80 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Goat's Rue. See Galega. 

GoDETiA. [Onagraceae.] Showy hardy annuals, nearly 
related to CEnothera. Sow in the open beds or borders in 
May, to flower in June, July, and August. As soon as the 
plants come up, they should be thinned ; for, if crowded, 
they grow weakly, and do not flower so well. Six or eight 
plants may be left in a patch. If they are required early, 
they may be sown in pots in April, to be forwarded in 
frames, and turned out in May. In this case, the pots must 
be kept near the light, and beyond the reach of frost, which, 
while the plants are young and tender, will injure them. 
Several of the species are too much alike. When vigorous, 
the plants remain some time in bloom. 

G. albescens (whitish); hardy annual; 1 8 inches ; flowers 
pinkish-purple, in June; Columbia; 1841. G. grandijtora 
(large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, 
in July; Columbia; 1841. G. lepida (pretty); hardy annual; 
18 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; California; 1835. ^- Lmd- 
leyana (Lindley's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pale-rose 
and crimson, in June; North America; 1826. G. qiiadriv2il- 
nera (four-spotted) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in 
July; North America; 1826. G. Romajizovii {^om-AHzows); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-purple, in June ; North 
America; 181 7. G. rosea-alba (red and white) ; hardy annual ; 
18 inches ; flowers red and and white, in June ; Nepaul ; 1827. 
G. I'ubicimda (ruddy) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rosy-lilac, 
in June ; California; 1834. 6^. /^«^//« (slender) ; hardy annual ; 
6 inches ; flowers purple, in May; Chili; 1822. G. tentti folia 
(fine-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pinkish, in June ; 
Chili; 1828. G, viminea (twiggy); hardy annual; 2^ feet; 
flowers purple, in June; California; 1826. G. vinosa (wine- 
stained) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers bluish, in June ; 
Cahfornia ; 1835. 

Golden Flower. See Chrysanthemum. 
Golden-Rod. See Solidago. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. l8l 

GoLDYLOCKS. See Chrysocoma. 

GoMPHRENA. Globe Amaranth. [Amaranthaceae.] Pretty 
plants, usually grown as annuals. The chief kind is G. glo- 
bosa commonly called Globe Amaranth. The seeds should 
be thinly sown in a hot-bed in April. As soon as the young 
plants are large enough to be handled, they should be trans- 
planted to a frame, and set four inches apart, or into pots, 
where they may grow until all danger of frost is over, when 
they may be transplanted to the garden. They seed freely ; 
and the flowers continue beautiful a long time after they are 
gathered and dried, the petals being chaffy, or scaly, like 
those of Everlasting flowers. G. pulchella^ another pretty 
annual kind, though not as yet very commonly grown, de- 
serves to be so. 

G. globosa (globe); stove annual; i8 inches; flowers purple 
or white, in July; India; 1714. G. pulchella (pretty); stove 
annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in July ; Brazil ; 1843. 

There are varieties with white, pink, and orange flowers. 

GooDYERA. [Orchidaceas.] A genus of pretty terres- 
trial orchids, with pretty variegated foliage. They need a 
sandy peat or leaf-mould, and a shady situation. Propa- 
gated by offsets. 

G. piibescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in July; North America; 1802. G. repens (creeping); 
hardy perennial ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North 
America. 

Gourd Ornamental. See Cucurbita. 

Grape Hyacinth. See Muscarl 

Grammanthes. [Crassulaceae.] Pretty annual plants 
with starry flowers, flourishing in warm sunny situations. 
Propagated by seed sown in sandy loam, and transplanted 
to garden. 

G. chlorceflora (yellow-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inch- 



l82 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

es ; flowers yellow and red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1774. 
G. gentianoides (gentian-like) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; 
flowers pinkish-red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1848. 

Other varieties are reflexa^ dmiabarma, lUacina, and lutea. 

Greek Valerian. See Polemonium. 

Gratiola. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of low-growing 
plants of but little beauty, but useful in rich moist soil. 
Propagated by division. The best species are G. aiirea, 
megalocm'pa, officinalis, pilosa, quadridentata, and Virginica. 

Gromwell. See Lithospermum. 

Groundsel. See Senicio. 

Ground Ivy. See Nepeta. 

Guelder-Rose. See Viburnum. 

GuizoTiA. [Compositae.] Hardy annual. Cultivated in 
southern Europe as an oil plant. Soil, light rich loam. 
Increased by seeds. 

G. oleifera (oil-yielding) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; Abyssinia ; 1775. 

Gymnocladus. [Leguminoseae.] A fine hardy orna- 
mental tree, very conspicuous in summer for its plumes of 
foliage. It thrives in any good soil, but in deep mellow 
loam it grows with great rapidity. Propagated by seeds and 
cuttings of the root. 

G. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America. 

Gymnodiscus. [Composite.] A hardy annual, growing 
in common garden soil, and propagated by seeds sown in 
the open border in May. 

G. capillaris (hair-like) ; hardy annual ; flowers yellow, in 
June; Cape of Good Hope ; 1822. 

Gynandropsis. [Capparidaceae.] Hardy and stove an- 
nuals and biennials, allied to Cleome. The hardy species 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 83 

should be sown in a gentle hot-bed in April, and transplanted 
to the border in May. 

G. candelabrufn (chandelier) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
red, in July; South America; 1824. G. sessiliflora (sessile- 
flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; West 
Indies; 1820. G. triphylla (three-leaved); hardy annual ; i 
foot ; flowers white in July ; West Indies ; 18 16. 

Gynerium. Pampas Grass. [ Graminese. ] A noble 
plant from the Pampas of South America. The plumes of 
nodding feathers are very ornamental. The plant is half- 
hardy, needing a cold frame or cellar protection during win- 
ter, but thrives well planted out in summer. Soil, rich loam. 
Propagated by division and seed. 

G. argenteum (silvery) ; half-hardy perennial ; 1 5 feet ; flowers 
apetalous, in August ; South America ; 1852. 

Gypsocallis. [Ericaceae. ] Beautiful little evergreen 
half-hardy shrubs, formerly known as Ericas. They recLuire 
to be planted in a bed of peat earth, with Rhododendrons, 
Ledums, and like plants, and should occupy the outer parts. 
If the situation is rather moist, it is preferable ; otherwise 
they require to be abundantly watered in spring, while 
making their new growth. Increased by layers. 

G. carnea (flesh-colored) ; evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ;, flowers 
pinkish, in January; Germany; 1763. G. Mediterrattea {Mtdi- 
terranean) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in April ; 
Portugal ; 1648. G. multiflora (many-flowered) ; evergreen 
shrub ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June; France ; 1731. G, 
vagans (wandering) ; evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flo /ers red or 
pink, or white, in July. Britain. 

These plants are tender in the Northern States. 

Gypsophila. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials, with one or two exceptions. Some of them are 
pretty, producing a number of small flowers, usually while, 



184 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

on much-branched stems. All the smaller species of the 
genus, which is rather extensive, are well adapted for rock- 
work. They like a dryish soil, especially if intermixed with 
calcareous matter, or old lime or brigk rubbish. They must 
be propagated by seeds or cuttings, their tap-rooted habit not 
generally admitting of safe increase by division. 

G. acutifolia (sharp-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in July ; Siberia ; 1820. G. collina (hill) ; hardy perennial; 
18 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Odessa ; 1821. G. elegatis 
(elegant) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Crimea; 
1828. G. fastigiata (fastigiate) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; Germany; 1759. G grammea {'^^xdissy); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Morea ; 1810. 
G. grajidiflora (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in July ; 1800. G. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1834. G. paniculata 
(panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Si- 
beria ; 1759. ^- prostrata (prostrate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers pink, in August ; Siberia ; 1759. G. pubescens (downy) ; 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1829. 
G. repeiis (creeping) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, 
in July ; Siberia ; 1774. G. saligna (willow) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot; flowers pink, in June; Europe; 1837. G. saxifraga 
(saxifrage) ; hardy trailing perennial ; flowers pink, in July ; 
Germany ; 1 774. G. teniiifolia (fine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot; flowers rose, in July; Caucasus; 1824. 




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HABEN ARIA. [Orchidaceae.] A genus of herbaceous 
perennials, containing one or two hardy species. Soil, 
moist peat. Propagated by division. 

H. procera (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in 
August; North America ; 1822. 

There are many stove and tender species. 

Hacquetia. [Umbelliferae.] A small hardy herbaceous 
perennial. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by 
division. 

H. epipactisj hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
April; Alps ; 1823. 

Halesia. Snowdrop-Tree. [Styracaceae.] Hardy decid- 
uous shrubs, ornamental in flower and foliage, thriving best 
in deep, rich, rather moist loam. Propagated by layers, 
seeds, and cuttings. H. diptera is not hardy north of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

H. tetraptera (four- winged) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers 
white, in June; North America ; 1756. H. parviflora (small- 
flowered); hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white ; North America ; 
1827. H. diptera (two-winged); hardy shrub; 8 feet; flowers 
white, in May; North America ; 1758. 

Halimodendron. [ Leguminosae. ] Hardy deciduous 
shrubs, usually grafted as standards on Laburnum, thus form- 
ing a graceful drooping tree. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated 
by seeds, cuttings, and layers. 

185 



1 86 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

H. argentewn (silvery) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, 
in June ; Siberia ; 1779. 

The varieties brachysema and subvirescens, both with pink 
flowers, are desirable. 

Hamamelis. Witch-Hazel. [Hamamelidacese.] Hardy 
deciduous shrubs, very showy from the abundance of yellow^ 
flowers produced in November after the leaves have fallen, 
and imparting a gay appearance to the shrubbery at that 
dreary season. Propagated by root cuttings, layers, and 
seeds, the latter requiring two years to vegetate. Soil, moist 
loam. The female flowers are the more showy. 

H. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in November; North America; 1812. 

Harebell. See Campanula. 

Hare's Ear. See Bupleurum. 

Hawthorn. See Crataegus. 

Hawkweed. See Tolpis. 

Hazel-Nut. See Corylus. 

Heather. See Calluna. 

Heart's Ease. See Pansy, Viola. 

Hedeoma. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annuals, growmg readily 
from seed sown in spring in common garden soil. 

H. puligioides (pennyroyal-like) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue, in July ; North America, H. thymoides (thyme- 
like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; France. 

Hedera. Ivy. [Araliaceae.] A well-known hardy ever- 
green climber, of which there are several varieties. The 
tender Ivies are of little interest. Common garden soil suits 
the Ivy, but it grows quicker if it be rich and deep. In- 
creased by cuttings in autumn, in a moist sandy soil. The 
best of the varieties for general purposes are the Irish and 
H. RcBgneriana, the latter with large heart-shaped leaves. 

H. Helix (common). The principal varieties are, arbores- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 8/ 

cens (tree-like); Caiiariensis (Irish) ; chrysocarpa (yellow-berried); 
digitata (finger-leaved) ; foliis argenteis (silver-striped) ; foliis 
aiireis (gold-striped) ; Ragneriana (Raegner's). 

Hedge-Hyssop. See Gratiola. 

Hedge-Mustard. See Erysimum. 

Hedge-Nettle. See Stachys. 

Hedysarum. [Leguminosse.] Hardy or half-hardy her- 
baceous plants, including annuals, biennials, and perennials. 
Common garden soil. Increased by seeds or division. 

H. Altaiciun (Altaic); hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers 
purple, in July; Siberia; 1818. H. Caucasicum (Caucasian); 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Caucasus ; 
1820. H. coronari2i7n (French honeysuckle); hardy biennial; 
3 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; Italy; 1596. H. grandifiorum 
(large-flowered); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, 
in June ; Tauria ; 1821. H. Ibericum (Iberian); hardy perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Iberia ; 1818. H. lasiocarpuift 
(woolly-podded) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 
July; Siberia; 1816. H. rosetim (rosy); hardy perennial; 6 
inches ; flowers pink, in August ; Caucasus ; 1803. H. spleiidens 
(shining) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers cream-color, in 
July; Siberia; 18 19. H. varium (variable); hardy perennial; 
I foot; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1820. H. 
vetmstum (lovely) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, 
in June; Attica; 1828. 

Helenium. [Compositae.] Hardy, herbaceous, yellow- 
flowered perennials, growing in common soil, and increased 
by division. 

H. aiitiumiale (autumnal) ; 3 feet ; flowers in September ; 
North America ; 1729. H.atropurptireum {^^xV-'^mx^X^); hardy 
annual ; i foot ; flowers, orange, black, and yellow, in August ; 
Texas; 1845. H. cariiculatum (channelled); 3 feet; flowers in 
August ; North America ; 1800. H. pubesccns (downy) ; 3 feet ; 
flowers in August ; North America ; 1776. H. pumilum (dwarf); 
I foot; flowers in August; 18 18. 



1/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

iianthe (Calathian-violet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue 
or white, in August ; England. G. pumila (dwarf) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1817. G. 
punctata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
July; Alps; 1795. G. saponaria (soapwort-leaved) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; North 
America; 1796. G. septemfida (seven-cleft); hardy perennial ; 
9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Persia ; 1804. G. veriia 
(vernal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; 
England. 

There are many other showy species. 

Geranium. Crane's-bill. [ Geraniaceae. ] Ornamental 
herbaceous plants. Common garden soil. Increased readily 
by division or by seeds. 

G. aconitifolhmi (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; 
flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. G. cristatmn 
(crested) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers veined with red, 
in July ; Iberia; 1820. G. Dalmricinn (DdhuYidin); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot; flowers purple, in June; Dahuria; 1820. G. 
Ibericiijn {IhenTin) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, 
in July; Levant; 1802. G. Lancastriense (Lancaster); hardy 
perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers striped, in June ; Britain. G. 
Mexicamnn (Mexican) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale 
purple," in August; Mexico; 1832. G. pratense (meadow); 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, or blue and 
white striped, single or double, in June ; Britain. G. rubifolium 
(bramble-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in 
July; Himalayas; 1839. ^- sanguiiieum (bloody); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; Britain. 

There are many other species. 

Gerardia. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of annuals, 
biennials, and perennials, mostly natives of North America, 
and of difficult culture. Soil, leaf-mould and sand. 

G.fiava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in August ; North America ; 1796. G. qitercifoUa {o2k-\Q2.\Q^); 



GARDEN FLOWERS. I// 

hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North 
America; 1812. G. purpurea (purple); hardy annual ; flowers 
purple, in August ; North America ; 1772. 

Geum. Avens. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, some of 
which are ornamental. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by 
division or by seeds, 

G. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
July; North America ; 1730. G. Canadoise {Q2iT\.2id\2iVL)\ hardy 
perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 18 10. 
G. Chilense (Chili) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers copper- 
color, in July ; Chili ; 1826. The variety atro-sanguineuin has 
the flowers dark blood-colored ; variety grandiflorujn, scarlet. 
G. 7nacrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July; Kamtschatka ; 1804. G. Pyrenaiciwi (Py- 
ren^an) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Pyrenees ; 1804. G. Virginianum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 
18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1730. 

Giant-Fennel. See Ferula. 

GiLiA. [ Polemoniacae. ] Favorite hardy annuals, with 
small cup-like, but very pretty simple flowers. There are 
several varieties, and but little to distinguish them from each 
other save the different shades of color. G. tricolor is the 
best for general purposes ; it is neat, dwarf, and free flower- 
ing. Being as hardy as most of the annuals, it may be sown 
in May where it is to bloom, and should not be too much 
crowded. It will bloom from June onwards in succession. 

G. achillecEfolia (milfoil-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
purple-blue, in June; California; 1833. G. capitata (round- 
headed) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers gray-blue or white, in 
June; Columbia; 1826. G. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 
6 inches; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. 
ienuijiora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
rose and violet, in July ; California. G. tricolor (three-colored); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac, yellow, and black, in June ; 
California ; 1833. Of this there are the varieties nivalis^ white, 
12 



IQO GARDEN FLOWERS. 

blue, in June ; Cape ; 1 768. H. pilosa (hairy) ; hardy annual ; 
I foot; flowers blue, in July; Cape ; 1768. H. stricta (erect); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Cape ; 1823. H. 
trifida (three-cleft) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
June ; Cape ; 1819. 

Heliotrope. See Heliotropium. 

Heliotropium. Heliotrope. [Boragineae.] A genus 
comprising stove and hardy annuals, and stove and green- 
house shrubs, of little importance, except the Peruvian 
Heliotrope ( H. Periivia?iiim), which is a great favorite in 
flower-gardens, and bears very fragrant blossoms, prized 
chiefly for their perfume. This species is, strictly speaking, 
a greenhouse low shrub. The young shoots will strike freely 
in light sandy soil during summer, under a frame or hand- 
glass, but more readily with slight warmth. When well 
rooted, they may be potted into small pots, and placed in a 
frame or in the greenhouse, where they may grow till their 
roots show through the bottom of the pots, and then be 
changed into those of the next larger size. Top the leading 
shoots to produce laterals. They must be wintered in a 
dryish part of the greenhouse. If intended for beds and 
borders, they must be hardened in cold frames in the spring, 
and planted out in May after danger from frost is over. It 
is sometimes preferred to keep an old plant or two through 
the winter, and to put them into a hot-bed or warm house 
about February, when they will produce plenty of young 
shoots, the tops of which are quickly struck in a hot-bed ; 
and, if potted and gradually hardened, make good plants for 
turning out in May. Where there are no such conveniences, 
the plants may be kept in a warm part of the greenhouse in 
spring, and the young shoots taken off as soon as they grow, 
planted in sandy soil, and covered by a glass. When 
rooted, they may be potted, or at once planted out, according 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



191 



to the season. There are now several varieties of the Peru- 
vian Heliotrope ; the principal variations consisting in the 
larger size of the blossoms, and the deepening of the color, 
which, in the variety Voltaireanum, is of a deep purple. H. 
corymboswn, and many other varieties, are worth growing. 
Both for flower-beds and for bouquets, the Heliotrope may 
be considered indispensable. Seed of the annual kinds 
may be sown in March, in a frame or greenhouse; the 
plants, when large enough, may be pricked out three or four 
in a pot, and, as they advance, potted singly, or planted out 
where they are to remain. 

H. corymbositin (corymbose) ; greenhouse shrub ; 4 feet ; 
flowers lilac, in July; Peru; 1800. H. Peruvianu7?t (Peru- 
vian); greenhouse shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac or purple, 
in July ; Peru ; 1757. 

Hellebore. See Helleborus. 

Helleborus. Hellebore. [Ranunculacese.] Showy hardy 
perennials, of easy culture, growing in good garden soil, and 
a rather shady situation, and increasing by dividing the 
roots in the dormant season. It is a desirable family. H. 
niger, called the Christmas Rose, is a favorite dwarf species, 
which flowers all through the winter. H. Olympicus, and 
some others of the Oriental species, are the better for slight 
protection ; their early blossoms being otherwise disfigured. 
These, and H. atrorubens, with purple flowers, are the most 
desirable. 

H. atrorub-ns (dark-red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
purple, in May; Hungary; 1820. H, fcetidus (bear's-foot) ; 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers green, in May; England. 
H. lividics (livid) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purplish, in 
May; Corsica; 1710. H.niger (Christmas Rose); hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot; flowers white, in January; Austria; 1596. H, 
<7^tfr2<f J (sweet-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers 
green, in May; Hungary; 1817. H. Olympicus (Olympian); 



192 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pinkish-white, in May; India ; 
1840. H. Oriejttalis {Y.2iS\i&rn) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flow- 
ers purplish, in May; India; 1839. H. purpiirascens {^mx- 
pHsh); hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers purpHsh, in May ; 
Hungary; 18 17. H. vernalis (spring); hardy perennial; 6 
inches ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1596. 

Helonias. [Melanthacege.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials. Soil, peat, and a damp shady situation. Increased 
by division. 

H. angustifolia (narow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in May; North America; 1823. H. bullata 
(bossed) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in April ; 
North America; 1758. H. ejythrospenna {v&d-?>Qtdiedi) ; hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 
1770. 

Hemerocallis. Day-lily. [Liliacece.] Hardy, coarse- 
looking, but gay, herbaceous perennials, producing showy 
flowers that last but one day; hence the common name. 
They are of the simplest culture, growing readily in ordi- 
nary garden soil, and are propagated by dividing the plants. 
The flowers are pretty, and freely produced from June to 
August. 

H. disticha (two-rowed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers orange, in May ; China ; 1 798. H. flava (yellow) ; hardy 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer. 

Hemlock. See Abies. 

Hemp. See Cannabis. 

Henbane. See Hyoscyamus. 

Hepatica. [Ranunculaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy herba- 
ceous perennials. The common Hepatica ( H. trilola) is 
one of the earliestof the spring flowers. These plants require 
a well-drained border, — sandy loam with one-third peat is 
preferable, — and never succeed well in soil where there is 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 93 

Stagnant moistifre. They deserve a place in every choice 
garden for their dwarf habit, bright colors, and early flowers. 
The plants increase by side-shoots, which spread into a 
moderate-sized tuft in a season or two if undisturbed ; they 
are increased in number by separating these tufts, so that 
each heart, or side-shoot, with roots attached, may become a 
plant. This is done in spring, the roots being separated into 
pieces not too small ; for, although the smallest bit would 
in time spread, they would be two or three seasons before 
they were fit to plant in the borders : these should be 
planted in nursery-beds, about six inches apart, and, after 
one season's growth, they will be large enough to plant out 
where they are to remain. The beds must be kept clear 
from M'eeds. These plants are rather impatient of extreme 
drought. The double varieties are superior to the single, 
and therefore are mostly cultivated ; but the double white is 
very scarce, if not altogether lost, and therefore the single 
white is grown. 

The single varieties are natives of our woods, and are 
among the first flowers of spring. The double varieties 
must be imported from England or Germany. H. acutiloba 
is only a variety of H. triloba. 

H. acutiloba (acute-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers blue, in March; North America; 1818. H. triloba (three- 
lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, white, or pink, 
single or double, in April ; Europe ; 1573. H. angulosa is a fine 
species from Hungary, with blue flowers twice as large as the 
common species, on tall footstalks, in May ; 1864. 

Heracleum. Cow Parsfiip. [Umbelliferse.] Large 
coarse-growing hardy perennials and biennials, bearing large 
umbels of white flowers. The larger sorts are admirable 
plants for rough borders, rock-work on a large scale, wilder- 
ness scener)^, or wherever a bold, . striking, picturesque effect 
13 



194 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

is required. Soil, deep rich loam. Incre^ed abundantly 
by seeds. H. giganteum and Fersiawi are some of the best 
for these purposes. 

Hesperis. Rocket. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy 
plants, annual, biennial, and perennial. Some of the vari- 
eties of the common Rocket (H. matronalis), especially the 
double white and double purple, are very great favorites in 
the flower-gardens. They are rather difficult to manage, es- 
pecially in old gardens or in confined situations ; for they 
love fresh soil and an open situation. A light rich loam is 
the best for them ; but if an artificial compost has to be 
made up, as it should be if they are required in perfection, 
a third part of sandy peat mixed with two-thirds of mellow 
loam will grow them very well. Next to soil, the great se- 
cret of success is, not to let them stand too long in a place, 
for under such circumstances they are sure to dwindle. They 
ought to be taken up and divided every second year, soon 
after they have done flowering, — that is, early in autumn, — 
and replanted in fresh soil. To have a display of healthy 
plants every year, they should be divided into two sets : 
those plants respectively which have bloomed in their sec- 
ond year, if taken up in each successive autumn and di- 
vided, will furnish a constant supply of young plants, the 
flowering of which should be prevented in the following 
summer, and they will then bloom vigorously in the second 
year from their transplantation. One reason why this con- 
stant transplantation is necessary is, that the plant, in its 
original state, is naturally a biennial, perishing after it has 
produced flowers. The other species, most of which are 
also biennials, are unimportant compared with the varieties 
above alluded to. 

H. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers white and purple, in July ; native country not known; 1820. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 95 

H. matronalis (matronly) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white or purple, single or double, in June; Europe; 1597. H. 
speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-pur- 
ple, in April ; Siberia; 1829. 

Heuchera. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials, with simple-looking flowers. Common soil. Increased 
by division. The species are H. Americana, cylmdracea, 
glabra, hispida^ Menziesii, pubescens, Richardsonii, and villosa. 

Hibiscus. [Malvaceae.] A very large genus, comprising 
hardy and stove annuals, hardy herbaceous perennials, and 
hardy greenhouse and stove shrubs. The hardy annuals 
may be sown in the border in May. They do well in any 
garden soil, and only require to be thinned properly after 
they are up. The plants taken up to thin the others may 
be planted out carefully in other places. The hardy shrubs 
are splendid objects toward the end of summer when planted 
in dryish soil. They are increased by layers. The hardy 
perennials requre peaty soil and a moist, sheltered situation. 

H. Africamis (African) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers cream- 
color and black, in June ; Africa ; 1826. H. graiidifioriis (large- 
flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers flame-color, in 
July; Georgia; 18 16. H. mcamis (hoary); half-hardy peren- 
nial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in September; CaroHna ; 1806. 
H. 7noschatus (mallow-rose) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers 
white and pink, in August ; North America ; 1759. H. pahistris 
(marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in July ; North 
America; 1759. H. roseus (rosy); hardy perennial; 4 feet; 
flowers pink, in July; France; 1827. H, speciosus (showy); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1804. H. Syriaciis (Syrian); hardy deciduous shrub; 8 
feet ; flowers white or purple spotted, single or double, in Au- 
gust ; Syria; 1596. H. Triomwi (bladder ketmia) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-color and black, in July ; Italy ; 
1596. H. Virginicus (Virginian); hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1798. 



196 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Hickory. See Carya. 

HiERACEUM. [Compositae.] A large genus of yellow- 
flowered composite plants, none of which are of much hor- 
ticultural importance. Common soil. Increased by divis- 
ion or by seeds. 

HiPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn. [Elaeagnaceae.] Hardy 
shrubs, allied to Shepherdia, doing well in sandy soil, and 
propagated by layers and suckers. The species is H. rhani- 
noides^ with the varieties angustifolia and Siberica. 

Holly. See Ilex. 

Hollyhock. See Alth^a. 

Hologymne. See Lasthenia. 

Honesty. See Lunaria. 

Honey-Locust. See Gleditschia. 

Honeysuckle. See Lonicera and Caprifolium. 

Honeywort. See Cerinthe. 

Hoop-Petticoat. See Corbularia. 

Hop. See Humulus. 

HoRMiNUM. [Labiatse.] A showy dwarf hardy herba- 
ceous perennial, requiring a dry situation and a sandy soil, 
or else to be kept in a dry cool frame in winter. Increased 
by seeds or division. Not hardy in the Northern States. 

H. Pyrenaicitm (Pyrenean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
blue-purple, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1820. 

Hornbeam. See Carpinus. 

Horn-Poppy. See Glaucium. 

Horse-chestnut. See tEsculus. 

Horse-Tail. See Equisetum. 

HoTEiA. [Saxifragaceae.] A very kandsome hardy per- 
ennial, formerly called Spircza Japonica. Soil, sandy loam 
and peat. Increased by division. 

H. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
in May; Japan ; 1835. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. IQ7 

Hound's -Tongue. See Cynoglossum. 

House-Leek. See Sempervivum. 

HousTONiA. [Cinchonaceae.] Pretty little tufted peren- 
nial herbs. Soil, a sandy mixture of three parts peat to one 
of loam. Increased by division. 

H. caridea (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers bluish- 
lilac, in May; North America; 1785. H. purpurea (purple); 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1800. H. serpyllifolia (thyme-leaved); tender perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers white, in May; North America; 1826. 

These plants are now called Oldenlandia, and are rather 
insignificant singly, but in the mass are showy. H. c(£rulea 
is the species which in spring almost whitens the pastures. 
H. serpyllifolia, a Southern species, is tender and of little 
value. 

Hagelia. [Polemoniaceas.] Dwarf hardy annuals, allied 
to Gilea, and thriving under the same treatment. Sow in 
light border soil in May. 

H. densiflora (dense-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers blue, in July ; California ; 1833. H. eloiigata (lengthened) ; 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; California ; 
1833. H. laiiata (woolly) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lio-ht- 
blue, in July; California; 1847. H. hi tea (yellow); hardy an- 
nual; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1833. H. 
virgata (twiggy) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in 
July; Cahfornia ; 1933. 

Humea. [Compositae.] A greenhouse biennial of sin- 
gular grace and beauty. The seeds should be sown in May, 
and for a year potted from smaller to larger pots, win- 
tered in a cold frame, and in May turned into the border in 
a sheltered situation. They will grow from eight to ten feet 
high. Others may be potted in twelve-inch pots, with loam 
and dung in equal parts for the compost. Those in pots 
must be regularly supplied with water, because they will 



iqS garden flowers. 

grow fast, and take a good deal : indeed, if weak manure- 
water is given twice a week, when they have nearly reached 
their full growth, they will be benefited. The plant looks 
richer when not overgrown. 

H. elegans (elegant) ; greenhouse biennial ; 8 feet ; flowers 
reddish-brown, in June ; New South Wales ; 1800. 

HuMULUS. Hop. [Cannabinace^e.] Hardy perennial 
twiner, stem herbaceous ; a useful plant for covering unsight- 
ly objects, as it grows very rapidly, and in fruit is ornamen- 
tal. Propagated by divisions of the root. Soil deep loam. 

H. hipidus; 15 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in July. A va- 
riety has foliage striped. 

HuNNEMANiA. [Papavcraccae.] A half-hardy herbaceous 
perennial, with the habit and appearance of Eschscholtzia. 
Soil, rich sandy loam. Increased by seeds. 

H. fiunaricBfolia (fumitory-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. 

Hyacinthus. Hyacinth. [Liliacese.] Beautiful and 
well-known bulbs. H. amethystinus is a charming little 
hardy species, which should be planted in sandy loam. The 
cultivated varieties of Hyacinth are the progeny of H. Ori- 
entalis. Immense numbers of the bulbs of these odoriferous 
and showy plants are annually imported from Holland, and, 
after having been once bloomed, are thrown by, or planted 
in common borders to degenerate from neglect. To grow 
the Hyacinth properly, the soil should be composed of one- 
half turfy loam of mellow texture, one-fourth old cow-dung, 
or cow-dung mixed with leaf-mould, and one-fourth clean but 
coarse sand. For beds, loam, sand, and dung, rotted to 
mould, in equal quantities, may be used. In soil such as 
this, the offsets of the Hyacinth will grow, till, in two or three 
seasons, they come to full size and perfection ; and bulbs 
thus grown annually will not degenerate. They must be 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 99 

planted in October, and be taken up when the leaves die 
down. The beds must be protected against severe frosts 
and heavy rains in winter, and against all that may damage 
the foliage in spring. Hyacinths flower beautifully in pots 
as well as in glasses for the greenhouse and window. Deep 
pots, five inches in diameter, should be used, the soil made 
very firm beneath the bulb, and the top of the bulb about 
level with the surface. The medium-sized, plump-looking, 
full-crowned bulbs should be chosen, and potted early in 
October. After potting, plunge the pots in old tan or coal- 
ashes, so as to cover them two or three inches, and let them 
remain until removed in succession to a warm room or house 
to forward the blooms. When grown in glasses of water, 
the dark-colored glasses should be preferred, and the more 
opaque the better. November is soon enough to put the 
bulbs in the glasses. First keep them a week or so in damp 
sand or moss, then put them in the hollowed top of the 
glass, and at first allow the water but just to touch their 
base. Rain-water, quite clean, should be used, and this 
changed once a week. The glasses should be set in the 
dark until the roots have grown an inch or two in length. 
When the flower-stem is advancing, two drops of spirits of 
hartshorn may be put into the water each time it is changed, 
with advantage. Tye's hyacinth-glasses are the best, and 
these are provided with an elegant support for the stem. 
Bulbs grown in water should be put in the ground when 
their flowers have decayed ; for they derive considerable 
strength from it, and, besides that, perfect their offsets, if 
they have any. Hyacinths will grow well in wet sand, and 
when it is covered with moss the plants look very pretty. 

H. ainethystijius (amethyst -colored) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; 
flowers bright-blue, in April ; south of Europe ; 1759. H. Orien- 
calis (Oriental) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, white, red, or 
yellowish; single or double, in April ; Levant; 1596. 



200 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Florists' Varieties. — The following are superior varie- 
ties : Double Red — Acteur, Prince of Wales, Sans Souci, 
Waterloo. Double Blush — Bouquet Royah, Comtesse de la 
Coste, Grootvoorst. Dotible Blue — Bonaparte, Bouquet Pour- 
pre, Grand Sultan, Laurens Koster, Lord Wellington, Oronda- 
tus. Double White — Anna Maria, Don Gratuit, La Deesse, 
Nannette, Ne Plus Ultra, Prince of Waterloo. Double yellow 
— Bouquet Orange, La Grandeur, Louis d'Or, Ophir. Single 
Red — Aimable Rosette, Appelius, L'A.mi du Coeur, Mars, Paix 
d' Amiens, Panorama, Temple d'Apollon. Single Blue — Belle- 
rophon, Grande Vidette, L'Ami du Coeur, Nimrod, Orondatus, 
Othello, Prince Albert, Vulcan. Single White — Grand Vain- 
queur, Grande Vidette, La Candeur, Queen Victoria, Triomph 
Blandina, Virgo. Single Yellow — Heroine, La Belle Jaune, 
Ida, Due de Malakoff, San Francisco. 

Hydrangea. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs, most of them showy plants. H. hortensis, 
the most popular of this family, has been long familiar as 
one of the commonest of market plants. Grown in the or- 
dinary way it is very showy, but with pains it may be made a 
very noble object. There are two very different ways 
of growing it, — the one to form a shrubby plant ; the other a 
single stem, and a large flower-head. The latter is the fa- 
vorite mode of growing it for show, the aim being to produce 
as large a head as possible. For this purpose, take cuttings 
in July of the strongest shoots, and plant them in sandy soil 
under a hand-glass ; when rooted, pot them in five-inch pots, 
in a compost of one-third loam, one-third dung, and one- 
third peat, well mixed together, and passed through a very 
coarse sieve. Such of them as branch out will make pretty 
little shrubby plants ; whilst those whose growth is confined 
to a single stem, will, in all probability, form a large flower- 
head. When the general set of plants drop their leaves, 
and indicate by their terminal buds the strongest heads, 
some of the most promising cuttings may be taken oflj and 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 201 

Struck in slight bottom-heat, under a bell-glass, and grown 
in the stove at once. This will give a change of season, as 
well as a difference in growth ; but all will be fine. The 
plants may be grown into good-sized bushes by shifting 
every season into large pots or tubs, which may be wintered 
in a cold house free from frost. When growing as an out- 
door shrub, the Hydrangea must be protected in some way, 
either by matting, or covering with litter ; otherwise the points 
of the shoots will be killed, and with them the incipient 
bloom-buds. It is, indeed, sometimes, in severe winters, 
killed down close to the ground ; but it will spring up from 
the roots, and grow vigorously to make up for its lost wood. 
It should have a moist sheltered situation. The potted 
plants struck in July should be bloomed in the greenhouse ; 
but any of them may be turned out into the borders in May. 
The Hydrangea, like many other plants, blooms finer when 
young than when it has grown three or four years ; for 
though the plant is larger, and has more heads of flowers, 
the heads and the individual flowers also are smaller. The 
plant forces well, and is one of the prettiest forced flowers 
in spring. The H. jfaponica is very distinct, and, though it 
does not bloom in such large heads as the other, its appear- 
ance is more picturesque, especially when grown as a bush. 
H. hortensis is not hardy in the Northern States. 

H. Belzoiiii (Belzoni's) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white and blue, in July; Japan; 1848. //. hortensis (garden); 
half-hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers pink, in July; China; 1740. 
H. Japonica (Japan) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white 
and blue, in July ; Japan ; 1843. ^. ?2^V^^ (snow-white-leaved) ; 
hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1786. 

Hydrastis. [Ranunculaceae.] A hardy herbaceous pe- 
rennial, not very showy. Increased by division of the root. 
Soil, moist peaty loam. 



202 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

H. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers greenish, in May ; North America; 1759. 

Hydropeltis. [Podophylleae.] A very pretty hardy 
aquatic, useful for the edges of ponds. Propagated by di- 
visions. 

H. purpurea (purple) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; flowers dull- 
purple, in July ; North America ; 1798. 

Now called Brasenia peltata. 

Hydrophyllum. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous 
perennials, of easy culture in moist peaty loam. Increased 
by division. 

H. appendicidatiim (appendaged) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; 
flowers blue, in May; North America; 1812. H. Canadeiise 
(Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America ; 1759. H. Virginicum (}J\xg\m2iXi) \ hardy per- 
ennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1739. 

Hymenoxys. [Compositse.] A simple dwarf yellow- 
flowered annual. Common soil. Increased by seeds. 

H. Californica (Californian) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1838. 

Hyoscyamus. Henbane. [Solanaceae.] Annuals and 
sub-shrubby plants, not very showy. Common light dry- 
soil. Increased by seeds. 

H. Camerarii (Camerarus's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow and purple, in July ; south of Europe. H. Canariensis 
(Canary) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- 
low and brown, in September; Canaries; 1816. H. niger 
(black) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, with purple 
veins, in July ; Europe. 

Hypecoum. [Fumariaceoe.] Hardy annuals, increased 
by seeds sown in the open border in May. 

H. erectiun (erect) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in July; Siberia; 1759. H. pejiduhim (pendulous); hardy an- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 203 

nual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; France ; 1640. H. 
proawtbeiis (lying down) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, 
in July ; south of Europe ; 1596. 

Hypericum. St. JoJm's Wort. [Hypericaceae.] A large 
genus, containing many hardy species, both perennial herbs 
and shrubs, as well as some greenhouse species. The hardy 
perennials and shrubs all grow readily in common sandy 
soil, and are increased, the former by division, the latter by 
layers. Yellow is almost universally the color of the flowers 
in this genus. 

H. Ascyron (St. Peter's Wort) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1774. H. calycinum (large-calyxed); 
half-hardy shrub ; i foot ; flowers large, yellow, in June ; Ireland. 
H. elatum (tall) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; North America ; 1762. H. e7npetnfoliu7n (em- 
petrum-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in June ; south of Europe ; 1820. H. Kalmiamim (Kalm's) ; 
hardy deciduous shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North 
America; 1759. H . macrocarpu77i (long-seeded); hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 teet; flowers yellow, in August; North America; 1828. 
H. pidchru77i (pretty) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; England. 

There are many other species. 

Hyssopus. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing 
in garden soil, and increased by division and seeds. 

H. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy perennial ; flowers blue, in 
June ; Siberia ; 1818. H. offici7ialis (oflicinal) ; hardy perennial ; 
2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe ; 1548. 

There are varieties a7igustifolia^ ca7iesce7is, fiore-rubro, and 
variegatus ; the two last being garden hybrids. 




IBERIS. Candytuft. [Cruciferae.] A genus containing 
some well-known hardy annuals, and a few greenhouse 
and hardy sub-shrubs. The annuals are showy and useful 
border plants, perfectly hardy, growing in any kind of soil, and 
need only to be sown where they are to flower. They will 
sometimes shed the seed in the borders ; and the plants come 
up in autumn, and stand the winter if it be not too severe. 
Candytuft makes a good clump-plant for a geometrical gar- 
den, because it does not grow higher than six or nine inches, 
and forms a complete mass of flowers in its season, being 
literally covered with bloom. The natural blooming season 
may be prolonged by sowing some in pots as early as Feb- 
ruary, thinning them as they come up, and nursing them in 
the greenhouse or frames till May, when they will be almost 
in flower. The seed sown in the borders will be a month 
or six weeks later before it flowers ; and a later sowing 
toward the end of May will carry on the succession. The 
sub-shrubby evergreen species thrive in light soil, and the 
hardy ones are very beautiful for rock-work, or, for early 
blooming small groups in the flower-garden. They are 
propagated freely by cuttings in sandy soil under hand- 
glasses, in a shady place, early in the summer. 

/. corifolia (coris-leaved) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 6 
inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1739. ^- '^^^~ 
onaria (garland) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; 
gardens. /. Gibraltarica (Gibraltar) ; frame evergreen sub- 
shrub ; I foot; flowers whitish-pink, in June; Gibraltar; 1732. 
204 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 205 

/. odorata (sweet-scented) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in June; Crete; 1806. /. saxatilis (rock); hardy evergreen 
sub-shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 
1739. ^' sempervirens (evergreen) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 
9 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Candia ; 1731. /. Tenoreana 
(Tenore's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale purple, in 
June; Naples; 1802. /. lunbellata (common); hardy annual; 
I foot ; flowers purple, rose, crimson, or white, in June ; south 
of Europe ; 1596. 

There are several other species. 

Ilex. Holly. [Aquifoliaceae.] Beautiful evergreen trees, 
with prickly foliage and red berries. The English Holly in 
its many beautiful varieties is not hardy in the Northern 
States. The American Holly, although found native as far 
north as Maine, is often winter-killed in the New England 
States : to the southward, it forms a splendid tree. Soil, 
moist loam, sandy. Propagated by berries, which do not 
vegetate for two years. 

/. opaca (dark); American Holly; hardy trees; 10 to 30 
feet ; flowers greenish, in June. 

1. Cassine^ 7nyrtifolid, Da/won, are Southern species. / 
verticillata and Icevigata (Black Alder), and I. glabra (Ink 
Berry), are fine ornamental shrubs, perfectly hardy, which 
are worthy of general cultivation. The latter is evergreen. 
These latter are often called Prinos. 

Illicium. Aniseed-tree. [Magnoliaceae.] Half-hardy 
evergreen shrubs, with good foliage and curious flowers. 
Soil, peat and loamy. Increased by cuttings of young 
ripened shoots in sand, or by layers, which take two years to 
get well established. 

/. anisatujn (Star Anise) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; 
flowers red, in May; Japan; 1790. I. Florida7m7?i {Ylorid^) ; 
half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Flor- 



206 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

ida; 1766. I. religiosinn (ho\y) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 
feet ; flowers green, in May ; Japan ; 1842. 

Impatiens. Touch-me-not. [Balsaminaceae.] Annual or 
perennial fleshy-stemmed plants, mostly requiring the assist- 
ance of artificial heat, and a moist sheltered climate. The 
tender annuals should be raised in hot-frames, from seeds, in 
February on March, and grown on until summer, near the 
glass, in hot-frames or hot-houses, and may then be bloomed 
in a greenhouse after its usual occupants are placed out 
doors. Most of these may be raised from cuttings, or made 
biennial by removing all flower-buds the first year. Some 
of them, if reared in a mild heat, and carefully inured to 
exposure, will flower out doors in a moderately sheltered 
situation ; but they require a moist atmosphere, and moisture 
at the roots, as well as a warm exposure. / glanduligera, 
macrochila, and Candida are the best for this treatment : 
these have a fine pyramidal habit, and bloom abundantly. 
The hardy annuals may be sown in the open border, in a 
dampish sheltered place ; and there they will spring up abun- 
dantly from scattered seeds. See Balsamina for culture of 
the annual kinds. 

/. Candida (white) ; half-hardy (or tender) annual ; 6 feet ; flow- 
ers white, in July ; Himalayas ; 1839. Lfidva (tawny, spotted) ; 
hardy sub-aquatic annual ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North 
America. /. glanduligej^a (gland-bearing) ; half-hardy (or ten- 
der) annual ; 6 feet ; flowers rose-color, in July ; Himalayas ; 
1839. ^- inacrochila (large-lipped) ; half-hardy (or tender) an- 
nual ; flowers pale-purple, in August ; India ; 1839. 

Indian-Cress. See Trop^olum. 

Indian-Pink. See Dianthus. 

Indian-Shot. See Canna. 

Ink-berry. See Ilex. 

Inula. [Compositae.] A genus containing many hardy 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 20/ 

perennials and annuals : the latter are not worth cultivating; 
the former are of coarse habit, and of little horticultural im- 
portance. The flowers are yellow.. Common soil. In- 
creased by division. 

loxopsiDUM. Violet Cress, [Cruciferae.] A pretty 
dwarf, half-hardy annual, forming a beautiful plant for rock- 
work in a shady situation, or an undergrowth for a peat bor- 
der, or for pot-culture. It forms close to the soil a compact 
tuft, studded with numerous lilac, cross-shaped flowers. 

/. acmde (stemless) ; half-hardy annual; \^ inches; flowers 
lilac, at various seasons ; Portugal ; 1845. 

JPOMCEA. [Convolvulaceae,] A large genus of showy 
convolvulus-like plants, consisting mostly of climbing spe- 
cies, of which the greater number require a stove tempera- 
ture. The sub-shrubby and perennial kinds are increased 
by cuttings of the short lateral shoots in sandy soil, under 
glasses. Those which have fleshy roots are more difficult 
to propagate, unless cuttings of the young shoots, which 
break from the crown of the tuber are taken : they require 
brisk bottom-heat. The tuberous, fleshy-rooted sorts may 
sometimes be increased by division, but not readily : por- 
tions of the roots, however, of the commoner sorts serve as 
stocks on which the rarer and more difficult may be grafted 
with success by what is called herbaceous grafting ; a good 
heat and a close frame being indispensable. The annuals 
are raised by seeds sown in a hot-bed in early spring. The 
soil for them should be turfy peat and sandy loam, with 
plenty of gritty sand added, and the roots well drained. 
The fleshy-rooted kinds require to be kept moderately dry in 
winter. Their habit is various. Some bloom in the axils 
along the branches ; and others, including / Horsfallix 
which is one of the best, bloom only at the end of the 
shoots. With these latter, it is a practice to top the shoots 



208 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

when five or six feet long, to cause several laterals to branch 
out ; and the result is, that, though the blossoming is re- 
tarded, there are many more flowers produced in the end. 
Stopped in this way, and trained over the roof, or the wall of 
a stove, this is one of the finest of all creepers. Many of 
the tender species do well in a warm sunny exposure in the 
garden. 

I. ficifolia (fig-leaved); twining perennial; 15 feet; flowers 
rosy-purple, in August; Buenos Ayres ; 1840. /. lactmosa 
(starry); hardy twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; 
North America; 1640. I. Michauxii (^Wok^sMx!^); greenhouse 
twining tuberous perennial ; 15 feet ; flowers white, in August ; 
Georgia; 181 5. I. pandiirata (Virginian); hardy twining per- 
ennial; 12 feet; flowers white and purple; North America; 
1732. /. riibra-cceridea (reddish-blue); half-hardy twining an- 
nual ; 10 feet ; flowers blue, fading red, in September ; Mexico ; 
1833. /. Tweedici (Tweedie's) ; stove twining perennial; 10 
feet ; flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Parana ; 1838. 

There are numerous other species in cultivation. 

Ipomopsis. [Polemoniacese.] Splendid-flowered bien- 
nials, of rather difiicult culture. The seeds should be sown 
in July, thinly, in small pots set into a cold diy frame ; the 
plants are to be thinned to three or four, and removed to a 
shelf in the greenhouse, near the glass, where they remain 
during winter, being very moderately and carefully watered. 
In spring, they are shifted into five-inch pots with as little 
disturbance to their roots as possible ; but one or two of the 
plants should be cut away, leaving the strongest. They re- 
quire throughout very careful watering, being very impatient 
of moisture. A compost of equal proportions of sandy peat 
and sandy loam, mixed with lumps of charcoal to keep it 
open and porous, suits them ; and they are multiplied by 
seeds only. 

/. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 2O9 

let, in July; North America; 1826. /. picta (painted); half- 
hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, blotched white, in July ; 
CaroHna ; 1726. 

Iresine. [Amarantaceae.] A very fine dark-foliaged 
plant, more hardy than Qoleus and brighter than Perilla, 
very useful for summer bedding, and easily propagated by 
cuttings. As a decorative plant it has no rival. Achyran- 
thes of French florists. 

/. Hej'bstii (Herbst's) ; soft- wooded shrub ; i foot ; not yet 
flowered in cultivation ; Peru and La Plata ; 1863. 

Iris. Flower de Luce. [Iridacese.] Beautiful hardy pe- 
rennials, of very simple culture. They prefer a loamy soil 
somewhat moist, and thrive best when not too frequently 
disturbed, as they then spread into good-sized patches, and 
produce a greater abundance of flowers. They are propa- 
gated without the least difficulty by dividing the plants. 
There are one or t\vo bulbous-rooted species, /. Xiphium and 
Xiphioides, the latter commonly called English, and the for- 
mer Spanish Iris, the varieties of which are extensively cul- 
tivated as florists' flowers. The varieties of color among 
these bulbous kinds is very great, including white, yellow, 
blue, purple, and many indescribable tints. These should be 
planted a foot apart, in a rich bed of loam, dung, and sand, 
and should be removed only once in tw^o years ; the trans- 
planting taking place in September. They are increased by 
offsets. 

/. amceiia (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white 
and purple, in June ; Europe ; 1821. /. cristata (crested); har- 
dy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1756. /. Floretitiiia (Florentine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1 596. /. GerDiaiiica 
(German) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; 
Germany; 1573. /. hitesceiis (yellowish); hardy perennial; 6 
inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Germany ; 1 748. /. notha 
14 



210 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

(hybrid); hardy perennial; i8 inches; flowers blue, in June; 
Italy ; 1820. /. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers pale-yellow, in July; Levant; 1757. I. pallida {^2X€)\ 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Turkey ; 
1596. /. Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers pale- 
blue, orange and black, in May ; Persia; 1629. I . pumila {A\M2iXi) \ 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, yellow, or white, in 
May; Austria; 1596. /. Ruthenica (Russian); hardy peren- 
nial; I foot ; flowers blue, in May; Siberia; 1804. I. sambu- 
cina (elder-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 2\ feet ; flowers purple 
and white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1658. /. Sibirica (Sibe- 
rian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in June ; 
Siberia; 1596. I. siib-biflora (sub-two-flowered); hardy peren- 
nial; I foot; flowers blue, in May; Portugal; 1596. I. Susi- 
ana (Susian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers striped, in May ; 
Levant ;' 1596. /. Swertii (^^^xl^€)\ hardy perennial; 18 
inches; flowers white, in May; Hungary; 18 19. I. Xiphioides 
(groat bulbous); hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers various, in 
June ; Spain ; 1571. /. Xiphin7n (small bulbous) ; hardy bulb ; 
18 inches ; flowers various, in June ; Spain ; 1596. 

Many other species are in cultivation, and many very fine 
named varieties may be obtained of florists. The last few 
years have witnessed a great improvement in this plant /. 
Persica is one of the most beautiful early-flowering spring 
bulbs. The flowers are of a most delicate texture, bright 
purple and yellow, with pearl-colored ground. They only 
require to be planted in a rich soil in the autumn, and may 
remain for years undisturbed. 

IsANTHUS. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annual. Propagated 
by seeds sown in the border in May, or earlier in a frame, 
and transplanted. 

/. caeriUetis (blue) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
July; North America ; 181 8. 

IsoTOMA. [Lobeliaceae.] A pretty dwarf blue flowering 
plant, resembling a Lobelia, requiring greenhouse protec- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



211 



tion in winter, but blossoming freely as a bedding-plant in 
summer. Soil, sandy loam, in a warm exposure. The 
plants should be raised from seed in summer, and wintered 
in the greenhouse ready to plant out the following May. 

/. axillaris; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 
1824. 

Itea. [Escalloniaceae.] A pretty white-flowering native 
shrub, not hardy in the Northern States. Soil, moist sandy 
peat. Propagated by suckers and layers. 

/. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub j 6 feet ; flowers white, 
in July. 

Ivy, See Hedera. 






m^m 


Wm 


liiig^f 


mMb^k^^ 


ti^'mM^-ith^^i:^*^''^ ] 



["ACOBEA. See Senicio. 
' Jacobean Lily. See Sprekelia. 
Jacob's Ladder. See Polemonium. 
Japan Allspice. See Chimonanthus. 
Japan Cedar. See Cryptomerea. 
Japan Yew. See Cephalotaxus. 
Jasione. Sheep' s-scabious. [Campanulaceae.] 



Pretty 



dwarf herbs, bearing blue flowers collected in heads. The 
annuals may be sown in the borders in May, and require no 
other care than thinning if the plants come up too thick. 
The perennials are increased by seeds, or by division, and 
require but to be planted in a warm border, in sandy soil, 
and winter protection in the Northern States. 

J. montana (mountain) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale- 
blue, in June ; England. J. perenjiis (perennial) ; half-hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; France ; 1787. 

Jeffersonia. [Podophyllaceae.] A neat hardy herba- 
ceous perennial. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by division 
of the plant, which should be done in spring, or by seeds. 

y. diphylla (two-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in May ; North America ; 1792. 

Job's Tears. See Coix. 

'Jonquil. See Narcissus. 

Judas-Tree. See Circis. 

JuGLANS. [Juglandaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy decidu- 
ous ornamental trees. Soil, deep loam. Propagated by 
seed ; the rarer sorts by grafting and budding. 
212 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



213 



7. cinerea (gray ; Butternut) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1656. 
J.fraxijiifolia (ash-leaved) ; 40 feet ; North America. J. nigra 
(black) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1629. J. pterocarpa (winged- 
fruited) ; 40 feet ; North America. J. regia (common ; royal) ; 
50 feet ; Persia ; 1562. J. regia laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 50 feet ; 
Persia. J. regia maxima (largest-fruited) ; 50 feet ; Persia. 
y. regia pendida (weeping). J. regia serotina (late-vegetating) ; 
50 feet ; Persia. J. regia tenera (thin-shelled) ; 50 feet ; Persia. 

JuNiPERUS. Jimiper. [Pinace^.] Evergreens, many 
of which are remarkably ornamental in habit, forming light, 
spreading, more or less pendulous, bushes or low trees. The 
Junipers prefer a light, loamy soil, but are not difficult of 
culture in any that is moderately good, and not wet or heavy. 
Increased with most facility by seeds ; but the rarer kinds 
may be propagated by grafting, or by cuttings of the firm 
young shoots, planted in sandy soil, on a shady border, and 
covered by a hand-glass. Most of the species are hardy as 
far north as Massachusetts, though often requiring protec- 
tion from the winter's sun and cutting winds. 

J. Chinensis (Chinese) ; 10 feet ; flowers in May; China ; 1804. 
J. comiminis (common) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. J. 
communis Canadensis (Canadian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; 
Canada; 1820. J. commimis nana (dwarf); 2 feet; flowers in 
May ; Siberia. J. connmtnis oblonga (oblong-fruited) ; flowers 
in June. J. commimis oblonga pendula (oblong-weeping); 5 
feet; flowers in May; Britain. J. Suecica (Swedish); 12 feet; 
flowers in May ; North of Europe. J. Cracovia (Cracovian) ; 4 
feet; flowers in May; Poland; 1820. J. Daurica (Dahurian) ; 
8 feet; flowers in July; Dahuria ; 1791. J. dntpacea (drupe- 
fruited) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Syria ; 1820. J. excelsa (tall) ; 
20 feet ; Siberia ; 1806. J. glauca (milky-green) ; flowers in 
May ; China ; 1814. J. heinisphcerica (half-globe-headed) ; flow- 
ers in May; Mount Etna; 1844. J. Hermanni (Hermann's); 
flowers in May. J. Lycia (Lycian) ; 10 feet; flowers in May; 
south of Europe ; 1759. 7- macrocarpa (large-fruited) ; flowers 



214 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

in May; Greece. J.obloiiga (oblong); flowers in May; Ameri- 
ca ; 18,29. J. oxycednis (sharp-cedar) ; 15 feet ; flowers in May ; 
Spain; 1739. J. Phcrnicea (Phoenician) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; 
south of Europe; 1683. J. recurva (curved); 4 feet; flowers 
in May; Nepaul ; 1817. J. religiosa (religious); flowers in 
May. J. sabina (common savin) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; south 
of Europe ; 1548. J. sabina Alpina (Alpine) ; 18 inches ; flow- 
ers in May ; Britain. J. sabina ctipressifolia (cypr£ss-leaved) ; 
4 feet; flowers in May; south of Europe; 1548. J. sabina 
foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; 
Europe, J. prostrata (prostrate) ; 9 inches ; flowers in May ; 
North America. J. ta7nariscifolia (tamarisk-leaved) ; 4 feet ; 
flowers in May ; south of Europe ; 1562. J. tainariscifolia va- 
riegata (variegated) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe. 
J. Smithii (Smith's) ; flowers in May ; Nepaul. J. sqiiamata 
(scaly); 4 feet ; flowers in May; Nepaul; 1824. J.tJmrifera 
(incense-bearing); 10 feet; flowers in May; Spain; 1572. J. 
uvifera (grape-bearing) ; Cape Horn. J. Virginiajta (Virginian); 
Red Cedar; 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1664. 
J. Virginiana Caroliniana (Carohnian) ; flowers in May ; Caro- 
lina. 7. Virginiafta Jmmilis (humble) ; 12 feet ; flowers in May; 
North America; 1800. 

JuRiNEA. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. 
Common soil. Increased by division of the root. 

J. spectabilis (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- 
ple, in June; Europe; 1837. J. subacaiilis (short-stemmed); 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus ; 
1837. 





"IV^ALMIA. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, 
-^^ readily forced into early blossom by the stimulus of 
artificial heat. The proper soil for them is sandy peat 
earth. It is, in fact, the usual and the best practice to 
plant Kalmias, together with Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and 
other plants of like nature, in separate beds or patches, 
prepared with peat-soil. They are usually increased by 
layers made at the end of summer, but may also be raised 
from seeds, in which case the seeds require to be sown in 
shallow pans of sandy peat, and kept close in a frame : the 
seedlings are transplanted to other pans as soon as large 
enough to be handled, and again kept close for a time until 
established, when they are gradually inured to exposure. 

K. aiigustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 
feet; flowers red, in June; North America ; 1736. K. glauca 
(glaucous) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in 
May; North America; 1767. K. hirsuta([\2i\ry) -, hardy ever- 
green shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, in August ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1786. K. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 
6 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. 

There are many garden varieties of angiistifolia. K, ros- 
marinifolia is a variety of K. glauca, and K. myrtifolia of 
K. latifolia. 

Kaulfussia. [Composite.] A pretty dwarf hardy an- 
nual. Sow the seeds in May on finely pulverized soil, or in 
a frame in April, and transplant. If late-flowering plants 
are required, the seed may be sown during the summer. 

215 



2l6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

K. amelloides (amellus-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in July; Cape of Good Hope; 1819. K. cesmlifolia 
(horse-chestnut-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers brown 
and yellow, in July. 

Kentrophyllum. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals of lit- 
tle importance. Common soil. Increased by seeds, or, in 
the case of a half-hardy evergreen shrubby species, by cut- 
tings. The species are K. arborescens (half-hardy, shrubby), 
Cretica, laiiata, and Taiirica. 

Kentucky Coffee-Tree. See Gymnocladus. 

Kerria. [Rosaceae.] A hardy deciduous shrub, with 
green stems and yellow flowers, often seen against walls and 
fences in old gardens. It is a free-growing plant, adapted 
for such situations ; growing best in light soils. Readily in- 
creased by suckers, or by cuttings, under a hand-light. The 
double-flowered variety is the most ornamental. There is a 
fine variety with beautifully white variegated foliage. 

K. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Japan; 1700. 

Kidney-Bean. See Phaseolus. 

Kcelreuteria. [Sapindaceae.] A small hardy deciduous 
tree, with elegant pinnate foliage, and upright panicles of 
yellow blossoms. It is suitable for a pleasure-ground or 
shrubbery. Will grow in ordinary garden soil, and is in- 
creased by seeds, or by cuttings of the roots or branches. 

K.paniculata (panicled) ; hardy tree ; 12 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in August; China; 1763. 

KoNiGA. [Cruciferae.] A simple, but useful dwarf hardy 
annual. Sow the seeds in spring in the borders where the 
plants are to bloom. The flowers have a rather peculiar, 
strong, but not disagreeable scent, resembling that of honey. 

K. maritiina (sea-side, or Sweet Alyssum) ; hardy annual ; i 
foot ; flowers white, in May ; England. 




LABRADOR-TEA. See Ledum. 
Laburnum. See Cytisus. 

Lady's Mantle. See Alchimilla. 

Lady's Slipper. See Cypripedium. 

Lady's Smock. See Cardamine. 

Lagenaria. Bottle Gourd. [Cucurbitaceae.] Annual 
trailing plants, requiring to be raised in heat in spring, and 
hardened off previously to their being planted out about the 
end of May in sheltered places, such as against walls and 
palings, or on a raised beds in a warm corner of the garden. 
Rich light soil. Increased by seeds. The curious bottle- 
shaped fruits are the objects for which they are cultivated; 
but the white flowers are also very pretty. 

L. idolatrica (idol-like, pear-fruited) ; flowers white, in June. 
Z. vittata -(banded) ; flowers white, in June. L. vulgaris (com- 
mon) ; ID feet; flowers in August; 1597. L. vulgaris clavata 
(club-shaped); 10 feet; flowers in August; 1597. L. vulga- 
ris depressa (depressed); 10 feet; flowers in August; 1597. 
L. vulgaris courgourda (courgourde) ; 10 feet; flowers in Au- 
gust ; 1597. L. vulgaris turbiiiata (top-shaped) ; 10 feet ; flow- 
ers in August ; 1597. 

Lagerstrcemia. [Lythraceae.] A genus of handsome 
shrubs, containing some greenhouse species. Soil, peat and 
loam. Propagated by cuttings of the small half-ripened 
lateral shoots in sand, under bell-glasses in heat. These 
plants bloom finely, planted out, in the flower border in sum- 
mer, and wintered in a cool frost-proof cellar. 

217 



2l8 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

L. Indica (Indian); warm greenhouse evergreen shrub; I2 
feet; flowers white or rose-colored, in August; China; 1816. 
L. speciosa (showy) ; warm greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; 
flowers rose-colored, in August ; China; 1826. 

Lagurus. [Graminese.] A hardy annual ornamental 
grass, growing in any garden soil. 

L. ovatus (ovate) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; apetalous, August ; 
Guernsey. 

Lamium. [Labiaceae.] Hardy plants, of which some of 
the dwarf perennial varieties, and Z. maculatum, with varie- 
gated foliage and white or red blossoms, are pretty subjects 
for rock-work. Common soil. Increased by division. 

Lantana. [Verbenaceae.] Stove shrubs, many of the 
more shov^y of which, however, may be considered as green- 
house plants, if they can be started in spring, in a frame or 
warmer house. The larger species should be kept rather 
dry in winter, when they will be induced to rest, and will lose 
their foliage ; but, if they are excited at that season, they con- 
tinue growing, and remain evergreen. In spring, or in Febru- 
ary, thdy are to be pruned ^lose back, and started tO; grow in 
a stove or warm pit. They are free growers, and require to 
be shifted into larger pots as their roots become numerous. 
They should have a free rich loamy soil, consisting of loam, 
peat, and leaf-mould, equal parts, with sand added if neces- 
sary. The young shoots in spring should be freely stopped, 
to produce bushy growth. Z. Sellowiana should have three 
parts sandy peat-earth in the compost, and, though rested by 
comparative dryness and coolness in winter, ought not to be 
dried so much as the larger sorts. They do not require the 
temperature of the stove : that of an intermediate house 
suits them best. In warm and dry sitations, where the soil 
is rather sandy, Z. Sellowiana forms good beds in the flower- 
garden, looking like a purple verbena ; and most of the lar- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 219 

ger species succeed under the same treatment. Cuttings 
root very readily in sand, planted in the usual way, and set 
in a hot-bed. Young plants should be raised from cuttings 
during summer, to be shifted on for flowering the following 
spring. The following are selected from the numerous 
kinds as being the most useful. 

L. actileata (prickly) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, 
changing to deep orange-red, in May; West Indies; 1692. L. 
Cainara (Camara) ; stove shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers golden, chan- 
ging to deep-orange or vermilion; South America; 1691. L. 
crocea (saffron) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, changing 
to saffron, in May ; West Indies ; 1691. L. imitabilis (change- 
able) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, changing to rose, in 
May ; East Indies. L. nivea (white) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; 
flowers white, in May; East Indies; 1732. L. purpurea {^uy- 
ple) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-rose, changing to rosy 
lilac; South America; 1820. L. Sellowiaiia (Sellow's); cool 
stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, all summer ; Monte Video ; 
1828. 

Larix. Larch. [Pinacese.] A family of hardy well- 
known trees, flourishing in any soil. Propagated by seeds. 

L. G7nelini (Gmelin's) ; Northern Siberia. L. Griffithi (Grif- 
fith's) ; 50 feet; Nepaul ; 1854. L. Katntschatika {K2LV[i\.sQh2X- 
ka). L. larix (larch) ; 100 feet ; Alps. L. larix rcpe7is (creep- 
ing). L. larix pejtdula {diYOO^mg). L. Ledeboi^rii {Le.&Qhowc'' s). 
L. leptolepis (slender-scaled) ; north of Japan. L. 7nicrocarpa 
(small-coned); 100 feet; North America. L. peTtdula {droo^- 
ing) ; North America. L. Sibirica (Siberian) ; Siberia. 

Larkspur. See Delphineum. 

Lasthenia. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals ; thriving in 
poor soil, and increased by seed. 

L. Californica (Californian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; California ; 1834. Z. glabrata (smooth) ; hardy 
annual; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. L. 



220 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

obtusifolia (blunt-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot : flowers yellow, 
in July ; Chili ; 1833. 

Lathyrus. [Leguminosas.] A genus of showy hardy 
plants, annual and perennial, mostly climbers. The best of 
them is the Sweet-pea ( L. odoratus) ; and there is not among 
the annuals a better nosegay flower than this, nor, now that 
there are many varieties, is there a more lively garden orna- 
ment. It has been attempted to grow the different colored 
varieties separate, and a majority will sometimes prove like 
the parent, but they do not look so well any way as mixed. 
They maybe sown in pots, in a warmish frame, in March, for 
early bloom ; and two months afterwards they may be sown 
in the borders of th6 open ground : others may be sown in 
May and June if a succession is desired. They grow in any 
good light soil, and all the attention they require is to be 
furnished with a few bushy branches stuck in the ground 
for them to cling to. If they are not allowed to seed, and 
the decayed blooms are removed as fast as they decline, the 
bloom will continue some time ; but, if they are allowed to 
swell their pods, the bloom goes off much sooner. The per- 
ennials may be raised by seeds or by division, and merely 
require to be planted in the position they are to occupy per- 
manently, and to have pea-stakes put to them annually for 
their branches to climb over. 

L. Altaicus (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers violet, 
in June; Altai; 1832. L. Annitageaniis (Armitage's) ; hardy 
climbing perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers purple-blue, in May ; Bra- 
zil ; 1824. L. decaphyllus (ten-leaved); hardy climbing peren- 
nial ; 4 feet ; flowers red and lilac, in June ; North America ; 
1827. L. grandijlorus (large-flowered); hardy climbing peren- 
nial ; 4 feet ; flowers pale and deep rose, in July ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1 8 14. L. /(3:/{)^^//wj- (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial; 5 
feet ; flowers pink, in August ; England. L. ^/^^r^/(McRae's) ; 
hardy climbing perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple and white, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 221 

October; Chili; 1824. Z. Magellanicus (Magellan); hardy 
climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape Horn ; 
1744. L. odoratiis (sweet-pea); hardy annual; 4 feet ; flowers 
various, in July ; Sicily; 1700. L. Tingitaims (T^Lagitr)', hardy 
annual ; 4 feet ; flowers dark rose-purple, in July ; Barbary ; 
1680. 

Lavandula. Lavender. [Labiaceae.] Evergreen shrubs, 
well known from the fragrance of their flowers. Some of 
the species require greenhouse protection. Sandy loam for 
the hardy kinds, and light loamy soil for the tender ones. 
Increased by cuttings. 

L. dentata (tooth-leaved); greenhouse evergreen shrub; 18 
inches; flowers lilac, in August ; south of Europe ; 1597. L. spica 
(common spike) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers hlac, 
in July ; south of Europe ; 1568. L. Stcechas (Staechas) ; hardy 
evergreen shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac, in June; south of 
Europe ; 1568. L. vera (true) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers gray-blue, in July; south of Europe; 1568. Z. viridis 
(green); greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 18 inches; flowers pur- 
ple, in June ; Madeira ; 1777. 

Lavatera. [Malvaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy plants 
of the Mallow tribe. The annuals should be sown in the 
borders in March, and are increased by seeds. The others 
are increased by seeds, and require to be planted in a shel- 
tered situation, in which they are sometimes destroyed, some- 
times uninjured by the winter. The shrubby kinds may 
also be propagated by cuttings. A light dry soil suits all of 
them. There are several species, but, excepting those named 
below, they are not of much interest, being coarse. 

Z. arborea (tree) ; hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers pale rose- 
purple, in August ; Britain. Z. Neapolita7ia (Neapolitan) ; har- 
dy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in July; Italy; 1818. Z. 
phoenicea (red); half-hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; 
Canaries; 1816. Z. Thiiringiaca (Thuringian) ; hardy peren- 



222 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

nial; 4 feet; flowers pale-blue, in July; Germany; 1731. L. 
trimestris (three-month) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh- 
color, in June ; Spain ; 1633. 

Lavender. See Lavandula. 

Laurel Mountain. See Kalmia. 

Leadwort. See Plumbago. 

Leatherwood. See Dirca. 

Ledum. See Ammyrsine. 

Ledum. Labrador Tea. [Ericaceae.] Pretty hardy ever- 
green American plants. Soil, a rather sandy peat. In- 
creased by layers. They are well suited for the margins of 
peat-beds. 

L. Canadefise {Qz,n-3i6i2in) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 18 inches; 
flowers white, in April; Canada; 1763. L. latifolm7n (brodid- 
leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in April ; 
North America; 1763. L. palustre (marsh); hardy evergreen 
shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Europe ; 1762. 

Lemon Verbena. See Aloysia. 

Leonotis. Lio7i's-Ear. [Labiacea.] A genus contain- 
ing some annual species, and some soft-wooded greenhouse 
shrubs. L. leojiurus^ one of the latter, and the most com- 
mon is, when grown vigorously, very ornamental ; rich or- 
ange-colored flowers being produced in profusiori in the axils 
of the leaves. Cuttings may be planted early in spring, and 
root readily in bottom-heat. When rooted, they should be 
potted into a light, rich, loamy, soil, hardened off as soon as 
possible to the greenhouse temperature ; continually stopped 
to induce bushiness of growth, and shifted, as fast as the 
pots fill with roots, to give strength to the plants. By the 
beginning of May, they may be transferred to cold frames ; 
and during the summer they are quite as well grown exposed 
in the open air, so that care be taken that they do not be- 
come parched, which destroys their foliage. After the be- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 223 

ginning of August, the shoots should not be topped, but al- 
lowed to grow tall for blooming ; or, if stronger spikes of 
bloom are required, the stopping may be discontinued earlier. 
The object of stopping is, however, to produce a very bushy 
plant, that may yield a large number of flowering shoots. 
There is no difficulty in cultivating the plant, which, when 
established, should be grown in rich loam. With this, and 
other similar free-growing plants, it is better to raise young 
ones annually than to attempt to prune back or otherwise 
renovate the old specimens, which are chiefly to be pre- 
served to furnish cuttings in the spring. 

Z. leonurus (lion's-tail) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers deep-orange, in October ; Cape ; 181 2. 

Leonurus. Motherwort. [Labiaces.] Hardy peren- 
nials and biennials. Common soil. Increased by seeds. 

L. cardiaca (common) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, 
in July; England. There are varieties crispus and villosus. 
L. lanatiis (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June ; Siberia ; 1752. Z. Siberictts (Siberian) ; hardy biennial ; 
2 feet ; flowers red, in June ; Siberia ; 1759. 

Leopard's Bane. See Doronicum. 

Lepechinia. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nial, comprising one Siberian and one Mexican species, of 
which the latter is not hardy. Common soil. Increased by 
division. 

Z. chenopodifolia (chenopodium-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 
inches; flowers red, in July; Siberia; 1818. Z. spicata, the 
Mexican species, has pale-yellow flowers. 

Leptanthus. [Pontedereae.] A hardy aquatic plant, 
with grassy leaves, useful in a small pond. Called also 
Schollera. 

L.grajnineus (grassy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; North America ; 1823. 



224 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Leptandra. See Veronica. 

Leptosiphon. [Polemoniaceae.] Beautiful dwarf annu- 
als, forming very pretty objects in clumps and beds, but not 
very long lived ; and, moreover, the blooms look untidy as 
soon as they begin to decline. The seeds may be sown in 
the open air in May, and should be sown thinly, because 
they then grow much more vigorously. They will grow in 
poor soil, and do as well as any of the annuals in the com- 
mon borders ; but, to have them in perfection, they should 
be grown in a very light rich soil, such as one-half very rot- 
ten cow-dung mixed with good garden earth. In the beds 
of geometrical gardens, where they have to show a mass of 
flowers, they should be thinned very evenly to about two 
inches apart all over the space, because in beds which form 
parts of a connected figure, there must not be vacancies, nor 
must the plants be too much drawn by being close together. 
In patches, the least quantity is about what could be sown 
in a pot. Many adopt the very good plan of sowing annu- 
als in pots, and bedding them out afterwards for the sake 
of having the patches uniform. 

L. androsaceus (androsace-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
bluish-lilac, or white, in June ; California ; 1833. L. densiflorus 
(cluster-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rosy-lilac, or 
white, in June; California; 1833. L. gra7idiJiorus (large-flow- 
ered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue and gold, in July ; 
Cahfornia ; 1833. L. luteus (yellow); hardy annual; i foot; 
flowers deep-yellow, in July; California; 1833. L. pallidiis 
(pale-yellow) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in Ju- 
ly ; California ; 1833. Z. parviflorus (small-flowered) ; hardy 
annual; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; California; 1833. 

Leucojum. Snow-flake. [Amaryllidaceae.] Pretty hardy 
bulbs, in foliage much like a Narcissus, in the flowers like a 
Snow-drop, as the name Snow-flake suggests. They multi- 
ply by offsets in spring, and prefer sandy loam, though they 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 225 

may be planted in ordinary garden soil, like common Nar- 
cissus and Hyacindis. 

L. cestivum (summer); hardy bulb ; i8 inches ; flowers white, 
in May; Europe. L. pulchellum (pretty); hardy bulb; i8 
inches ; flowers white, in April ; England. 

Leucothoe. [Ericaceae.] Hardy evergreen shrubs, form- 
ing part of the old genus Andromeda, which see. 

Leuzea. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous purple-flow- 
ered perennials, allied to Serratula. Common soil. In- 
creased by division or by seeds. 

Lewisia. [Crassulace^.] Hardy perennial. Sandy loam. 
Propagated by seeds and division. 

Z. rediviva (revived) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in July ; North America ; 1827. 

Leycesteria. [Caprifoliaceae.] Half-hardy sub-ever- 
green shrub. Sandy loam. Increased by cuttings of the 
young shoots in spring under a hand-glass, or by seeds. 
Tender in the Northern States. The bark being bright 
green, forms a good winter contrast to Cornus sanguineus. 

Z. formosa (handsome), half-hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers 
wliite, with purple bracts, in August ; Nepaul ; 1824. 

LiATRis. [Compositae.] Elegant hardy or half-hardy her- 
baceous perennials, of easy culture. Soil, sandy loam and 
peat. Increased by division. The half-hardy kinds require 
slight protection against wet in winter. 

Z. beUidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers pink, in August ; North America. Z. corymbosa (corym- 
bose) ; half-hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in August • 
Carohna; 1825. Z. ^/^^-^;^,> (elegant) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ;' 
flowers purple, in September ; North America ; 1787. Z P-r^«- 
//i- (slender) ; half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, 
m August; Carolina; 1818. Z. /;//.^r;//^^/« (intermediate) ; har- 
dy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August; North Amer- 



226 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

ica ; 1823. L. panictdata (panicled) ; half-hardy perennial; 3 
feet; flowers purple, in August; Carolina; 1826. L. spicata 
(spiked) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; 
North America; 1732. L. sqtiarrosa (rough-cupped) ; hardy per- 
ennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in July ; North America; 1732. 
L. tenuifolia (flne-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; 
flowers purple in August ; Carolina; 1820. L. tiirbinata {\.\xxh\- 
nate) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; 
North America ; 1823. 

There are several other species. 

LiBOCEDRUs. See Thuya. 

LiGULARiA. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
allied to Cineraria. Common soil. Increased by division. 

L. Caucasia (Caucasian); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flow- 
ers yellow, in June; Caucasus; 1816. L. Sibirica (Siberian); 
hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1784, 
L. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June; Siberia; 181 5. L. thyrsoidea (thyrsoid) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1832. 

LiGUSTRUM. Privet. [Oleaceae.] Hardy evergreen or 
sub-evergreen shrubs. The common sort, L. vulgare, is a 
valuable hedge-plant ; the rarer sorts require a sheltered 
situation, and are very handsome plants for conservatory 
walls. Privet-hedges should be kept cut back very closely 
while young, and require to be clipped at least twice a year. 
Soil, sandy or chalky loam. Increased abundantly by seeds 
or cuttings ; the rarer sorts, by grafting on the common. 

L. Japoiiicinn (Japan) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 6 feet 
flowers white, in July; Japan; 1845. ^- i^icidum (shining) 
hardy evergreen shrub; 12 feet; flowers white, in August 
China; 1794. L. spicatiim {^^xV^^ ; hardy evergreen shrub 
8 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Nepaul ; 1823. L. vulgare (com- 
mon) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in 
June ; Britain. 

The variety se7npervirens is the best. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 22/ 

Lilac. See Syringa. 

LiLiUM. Lily. [Liliacese.] Beautiful hardy or half-hardy 
bulbous-rooted perennials, containing many distinct species, 
nearly, perhaps quite, all of which are sufficiently hardy to 
admit of their being cultivated in the open garden. The 
most beautiful of all is the Lilium speciosum, and its superb 
varieties, pundatum, roseum, rubrujn, and album, some of 
which are variegated as if rubies were strewn all over their 
petals. To cultivate these in pots, a compost of one-half 
turfy peat, one-third turfy loam, and one-third decayed cow- 
dung, with sand, one-sixth of the whole, added, is suitable. 
Pot them in February ; use large pots ; and choose very 
strong double-crowned bulbs, two or three of which may go 
in a pot a foot in diameter : drain them well, and plant the 
bulbs three or four inches below the rims ; place them in a 
cold frame, and cover them from frost and heavy rains, but 
otherwise give all the air possible. When the stems are five or 
six inches long, fill up the pots with the compost, which will 
cause them to root up the covered part of their stems. As 
they rise too high for the frame, remove them to the green- 
house, where they will flower in great perfection, and retain 
their beauty a long time if shaded from the heat of the sun. 
Plants are easily raised from seeds sown an inch apart in 
pans, and placed in heat ; when up, let them be removed to 
the greenhouse, and be undisturbed two seasons : they may 
then be placed in three-inch pots, and removed to larger, as 
they grow, until they flower. They are more generally mul- 
tiplied by offsets, which form round the old roots, and such 
plants sooner reach a flowering size. These Japan lilies are, 
however, sufficiently hardy to be grown in prepared beds in 
the open air if the beds are covered with some light com- 
post in winter ; and, grown thus, they form fine autumn- 
blooming subjects. The hardy European and North-Asian 



228 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

kinds grow generally well in a rich sandy loam ; but the 
American, Uke the Japanese kinds, prefer a compost con- 
taining a considerable proportion of peat. They are all in- 
creased from offsets, which are generally produced abundant- 
ly, or by separating the scales of the bulbs, and planting 
them as offsets. Some propagate from little bulb-buds which 
are formed in the axils of their leaves ; and most of them 
may be multiplied from seeds, when it is worth while to raise 
them by this more tedious process. The seeds should be 
sown as soon as ripe. The bulbs of lilies should not be suf- 
fered to dry when they are taken out of the ground for 
transplanting. One of the most striking modern additions 
to this family is the Indian L. giganteum, a stately plant eight 
to ten feet high, with large heart-shaped leaves. It may be 
grown as directed for L. speciosiim, requiring that each bulb, 
if of flowering size, should have a separate pot of from 
twelve to eighteen inches diameter. 

L. atrosaiiguineiDu (dark-red) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers 
dark-red, in July ; Japan ; 1835. ^' aurantmin (orange) ; hardy 
bulb ; 3 feet \ flowers dark-orange, in July ; Italy ; 1596. This spe- 
cies readily produces varieties from seed. Z. Canadense (Cana- 
dian) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers light-orange, in July ; North 
America ; 1629. L. caiididiim (white) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; Levant; 1596. L. Caroliniamifn {CTiroYimTm) ; 
hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North America ; 
1 8 19. L. CatesbcEi {C2LtQ.sby''s,) ; hardy bulb; i foot; flowers 
scarlet-spotted, in July; Carohna; 1787. L. Chalcedonicttm 
(Chalcedonian) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; 
Levant ; 1596. L. concolor (one-colored) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; 
flowers red, in July ; China; 1806. ' L. croceum {^2&rovi) \ hardy 
bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers saflron ; in July ; Italy ; 1596. L. exiju- 
iiini (splendid) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Ne- 
paul ; 1824. L. gtganU7im (gig^intic) ; half-hardy bulb ; 8 to lo 
feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; Nepaul ; 1851. L. Japon- 
icum (Japanese) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 229 

Japan ; 1804. Z. lojigifoliuin (long-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet \ 
flowers white, in June; China; 1820. L. Martago?i (Turk's- 
cap) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac or white, in July ; Ger- 
many ; 1596. L. 7?i07iadelphuui (monadelphous) ; hardy bulb ; 2 
feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Caucasus; 1820. L.Pomponmm 
(Pompone) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May ; Sibe- 
ria ; 1659. L.picmilum (dwarf) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers scar- 
let, in July ; Russia ; 1 8 1 6. L. Sibiricum (Siberian) ; hardy bulb ; 
2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Siberia; 1829. L. speciosicm 
(showy) ; hardy bulb ; 3 to 4 feet ; flowers crimson, in August ; 
Japan ; 1833. The V2iY\tt\ts pimctahan, riibrum, and Kcsinpferi 
are rose, spotted with crimson ; album is white. L. spectabile 
(showy) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers light-orange, in June ; 
Dahuria; 1754. L. tenuifolium (fme-leaved) ; hardy bulb; 2 
feet; flowers scarlet, in June; Siberia; 1820. L. testaceiun 
(testaceous) ; half-hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in 
June; Japan; 1841. L. Thunbergiamun (Thunberg's) ; hardy 
bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers orange-scarlet, in July ; Japan ; 1835. L. 
tigrinu7n (tiger) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers red, with black 
spots, in July ; China; 1804. Z. mcratiimj this superb lily is 
doubtless the finest of the family ; .the flowers are white, banded 
with orange, and often a foot in diameter. In England, it has 
been grown with twenty-seven flowers on a plant. It requires 
the same treatment as the Japan Lilies, and is probably as hardy. 
Introduced from Japan in 1864. 

Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria. 

LiMNANTHES. [Tropseolace^.] Hardy annuals, of trail- 
ing habit, with neat but not showy flowers. They may be 
sown in the open borders in May, and again in June, for 
succession. They are not very particular as to soil, but pre- 
fer a moist situation. They flower in about six weeks from 
the time of sowing. 

Z. alba (white) ; hardy annual, 9 inches ; flowers white, in 
June; California; 1848. Z. Z'^z^^/^i-// (Douglas's) ; hardy an- 
nual, 9 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in June ; California ; 



230 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

1833 ; L. rosea (rosy) ; hardy annual, 9 inches ; flowers pale rose, 
in June ; California ; 1848. 

LiMNOCHARis. [Butomaceae.] Stove aquatics, one of 
which, L. ffumboldtii, succeeds in the open air, in ponds or 
tanks. It bears beautiful yellow flowers all the summer. 
Propagated by its runners, which strike root in the muddy 
soil. 

LiNANTHUS. [Polemoniaceae.] A hardy annual, growing 
in garden soil from spring-sown seeds. 

L. dichotomiis (forked) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, 
in July ; California; 1838. 

LiNARiA. Toad-flax. [Scrophulariaceae.'J Hardy annual 
and perennial herbs, the numerous species of which display 
considerable diversity of character and habit : about half 
are annuals, and a few require protection. L. Alpina and 
tristis are pretty minute plants for pot-culture; L. cymha- 
laria and pilosa are suitable for rock-work. They all grow 
best in a dryish sandy loam, and are propagated, the per- 
ennials by cuttings in summer, or division of the plants in 
spring, and the annuals by seeds. Most of them are suita- 
ble for rock -work, especially the smaller growers. The half- 
hardy sorts should be grown in pots, and protected in cold 
frames in winter. 

L. oequitriloba (equal three-lobed); hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; 
flowers purple, in June ; Sardinia ; 1829. L Alpina (Alpine) ; 
half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Austria ; 
1750. Z. <52^(2r///^ (two-parted) ; hardy annual ; i foot; flowers 
purple, in June; north of Africa; 18 15; sometimes known as 
L. spcciosa. L. cytnbalaria (ivy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 
inches ; flowers lilac, in May ; England. Z. Dahnatica (Dal- 
matian) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; 
Levant ; 1731. L. delphinioides (larkspur-like) ; hardy biennial ; 
18 inches; flowers blue, in August; Russia; 1838. L. genis- 
tcefolia (genista-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 23 I 

low, in July ; Austria ; 1704. L. Monspessulana (Montpelier) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; France. L. 
Pelisseriana (Pelisser's); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, 
in June; south of Europe ; 1640. L. Perezzi {V^rtz's); hardy 
annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Italy. L.pilosa (hairy); 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac, in June ; Pyrenees ; 
1800. L. piii'pzirea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers 
purple, in July ; south of Europe ; 1648. L. reticulata (net- 
veined) ; half-hardy biennial ; 18 inches ; flowers brown and 
purple, in July ; Portugal and Algiers ; 1 788. L. spar tea (broom); 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Spain; 1772. L. 
triornithoplioi^a (three-birds); half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; 
flowers purple, in July; Portugal; 17 10. L. /r/j/2> (sad) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in July ; Spain ; 
1727. L. villosa (shaggy); half-hardy perennial; i foot; flow- 
ers blue, in July; Spain ; 1786. L. vulgaris Peloria (Peloria) ; 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. 

The other species are numerous. 

LiNN.EA. [Caprifoliaceae.] A hardy trailing sub-shrubby 
plant, commemorating the name of Linnaeus. Soil moist 
peat, in a shady sheltered situation. Increased by separat- 
ing portions of its rooting trailing stems. 

L. borealis (northern) ; hardy sub-shrub, trailing ; flowers flesh- 
color, in June ; North America and Europe. 

LiNUM. Flax. [Linaceae.] A showy genus, consisting 
principally of annual or perennial herbs, which grow freely 
in ordinar}^ garden soil, preferring sandy loam, and are prop- 
agated by seeds, which are readily perfected. There are 
some shrubby greenhouse kinds, which should be grown in 
a compost of two parts peat and one of loam, with enough 
sand added to make it open ; and are propagated by cut- 
tings put in a hot-bed. The common cultivated flax is L. 
iisitatissimuni. 

L. Alpiiium (Alpine); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 



232 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

in July ; Austria ; 1739. ^- Altaicum (Altaic) ; liardy perennial ; 
I foot; flowers blue, in July; Altai ; 1829. L. angustfolhun (nar- 
row-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale blue, in July ; 
England. L. Aiistriaciim {KviS\x\2iVi); hardy perennial; i foot ; 
flowers blue, in June; Austria; 1775. L. Bereiidieri (Beren- 
dier's) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and orange, 
in September; Texas; 1835. ^- bicolor (two-colored); hardy 
annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow and blue, in June ; Morocco ; 
1820. L. fiavuvi (yellow); half-hardy sub-shrub; 3 inches; 
flowers yellow, in June ; Austria ; 1793. L. grajidifloruj/i (large- 
flowered) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers crimson, in July ; 
Algiers; 1852. Z. ///i^w^^^w/w (one-styled) ; half-hardy peren- 
nial; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; New Zealand; 1832. 
L. 7Tionta7iuni (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in June ; Switzerland ; 1817. Z. N^arbonense (Narbonne); 
half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; south of 
France; 1759. Z. nervosum (nerved); hardy perennial; 18 
inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Hungary ; 1822. Z. Sibiricuin 
(Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Si- 
beria ; 1775. L. siiffruticosui}i {^^x^-s\ix\)hhy) \ greenhouse sub- 
shrub ; I foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Spain ; 1759. Z. Taiir- 
icum (Taurian) ; hardy sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
June; Tauria ; 1818. Z. temiifoliujn (slender-leaved); hardy 
perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Europe ; 1789. Z. 
trigynum (three-styled) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in June ; India; 1799. Z. usitatissiiniun (common); hardy 
annual ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; England. 

There are several other species in cultivation. 

Lion's Ear. See Leonotis. 

LisiANTHUS. See Eustoma. 

LiQuiDAMBER. Gum-tree. [Hamamelaceae.] A hardy 
well-known deciduous tree, very ornamental and desirable. 
Rich loamy soil. Propagated by seeds. Hardy as far 
north as Massachusetts. 

Z. styracifera (styrax-flowing) ; hardy tree ; 50 feet ; North 
America ; 1863. Z. iinberbe is a species from the Levant. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 233 

LiRiODENDRON. TuHp-tree. [Magnoliaceae.] A fine 
hardy ornamental tree. Flowers yellow and red, in May. 
Propagated by seed, layers, grafting, or budding. Deep, 
moist, loamy soil. 

L. tulip/era (tulip-bearing) ; hardy tree ; 60 feet ; North 
America ; 1663. Variety obtiisifolia has blunt leaves. 

LiTHOSPERMUM. Gromwell. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy an- 
nuals and perennials. Dryish sandy loam. Increased by 
division, cuttings, or seeds. 

L. Orientate (Eastern) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in June ; Levant ; 17 13. L. piirpiireo-coertdeiun (purplish- 
blue) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple-blue, in May ; 
England. Z. rosmarinifolhun (rosemary-leaved) ; half-hardy 
sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flov/ers bright blue, in September ; Italy ; 
1833. L. villosa (shaggy); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, 
in July; south of France ; 18 17. 

Lloydia. [Liliace^.] Hardy perennial. Dry sandy 
loam. Division. 

L. striata (streaked) ; hardy biennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white 
striped, in May ; Siberia ; 1789. 

LoASA. [Loasaceae.] Hardy annuals, with pretty flowers, 
the stems and leaves invested with poisonous stinging hairs. 
They may be sown in the borders about the middle of April, 
and again, if necessary, at the end of May. Increased by 
seeds. 

Z. alba (white) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 
Chih ; 1 831. Z.^r^;/<^z/7(!?r<2 (large-flowered) ; hardy annual; 2 
feet; flowers yellow, in July; Peru; 1825. Z. lucida (clear); 
greenhouse perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white and red, in June. 
Z. nitida (shining) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and 
red, in June ; ChiU ; 1822. Z. picta (painted) ; half-hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, yellow and red, in June ; South 
America; 1848. L.-F/acei {Fl3.ce's) ; hardy annual; 3 feet; 
flowers yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1822.* 



234 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Lobelia. [Lobeliaceae.] An extensive genus of very 
showy plants, comprising stove, greenhouse, and hardy spe- 
cies, and consisting principally of perennial herbs, with a 
few annuals and biennials. Peat and loam in equal quan- 
tities, with a sixth part sand, form a good compost for the 
smaller and more delicate species. The strong-growing 
perennial kinds flourish best in rich moist loam ; but they 
must be wintered in a dry cold frame. The annuals should 
be raised in a slight heat in March, and pricked off into 
small pots, hardened, and planted out in May : they are 
better for a liberal mixture of peat-earth. The shrubby and 
sub-shrubby kinds are increased by cutdngs, planted in 
sand, and put in a hot-bed ; the perennials by division in early 
spring, the shoots being first excited into growth in a mild 
heat, and then separated into single pots of the smallest 
size, and put in a warm frame until they are well established, 
when they may be hardened to bear the open air. For 
blooming in pots, the herbaceous kinds must be shifted into 
larger pots progressively : a very rich loamy compost should 
be used, with abundance of moisture. The more tender of 
these are best kept nearly dry, under a greenhouse stage, 
during winter, being very liable to rot from exposure to 
damp. L. gracilis is a dwarf kind, bearing a profusion of 
small blue flowers throughout the summer, if treated like a 
half-hardy annual, and planted in the open ground in May. 
Of the same habit are L. erinus and its varieties, grandiflora^ 
coinpacta^ and L. decumhcns, perennials employed for the 
summer decoration of flower-gardens, all bearing blue flow- 
ers in profusion, and suitable from their dwarf habit for 
planting close by the edges of flower-beds and borders. The 
perennial kinds are annually augmented by cross-bred varie- 
des, which are constantly giving place to new variations. 
The New-Holland perennial species enumerated below are 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 235 

beautiful plants, most convenient!)^ grown as annuals, and 
suitable either for pots or beds ; raised in autumn, and win- 
tered near the glass in a cool greenhouse, they make beauti- 
ful pot-plants. 

Z. amcena (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, 
in July; North America; 181 2. L. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved); 
half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in August ; Cape ; 
1790. L. cardinalis (cardinal-flower) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 
flowers scarlet, in July ; Virginia ; 1629. Z. (Tc^/^j-Z/j- (heavenly); 
hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale blue, in May ; North 
America ; 1831. Z. coro?wpifolia{Q.Q)XQTiO^M%-\^-is.v^^ ; half-hardy 
perennial; 6 inches ; flowers pale blue, in July; Cape; 1752. 
Z. deciinibens (decumbent) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue, in August ; Cape ; 1^20. Z. densiflora (dense- 
flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June. 
Z. erhms (ascending) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
blue, in June; Cape; 1752. Z. fidgetis (shining); half-hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers vivid scarlet, in June ; Mexico ; 
1809. Z. o-r^^y/j- (slender) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in June ; New South Wales ; 1801. Z. heterophylla (va- 
rious-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in 
May ; New Holland ; 1837. Z. ignea (fiery) ; half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet; flowers orange-scarlet, in June; Mexico; 1838. 
Z. thapsoidea (mullein-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flow- 
ers rosy-purple, in July ; Organ Mountains ; 1843. Z. rauio- 
sa (branched); half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, 
in May; New Holland; 1838. Z. jry^//?////*;^ (syphihtic) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in September ; Virginia ; 
1665. L. speciosa {^\vQi\M^)\ half-hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers purple, in June ; gardens. Z. splendens (shining) ; half-hardy 
perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Mexico ; 18 14. 

There are many others in gardens. The tall-growing 
perennials are generally showy plants ; but many of the 
dwarf kinds are unimportant, and the annuals are often in- 
significant. 

Locust. See Robinia. 



2l6 ■ GARDEN FLOWERS. 

IvONDON Pride. See Lychnis. 

LoNiCERA. [Caprifoliaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, 
usually known as Tartarian Honeysuckle. Good garden 
soil. Increased by cuttings, layers, or seeds. 

L. Alpigena (Alpine) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south 
of Europe ;• 1596. L. Alpigeiia Sibirica (Siberian); 5 feet; 
flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 18 10. L. angustifolia (nar- 
row-leaved) ; 5 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; North India ; 
1847. L. ccEVjilea (blue-berried) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
May; Switzerland; 1629. L. Canadensis (Canadian); flowers 
yellow, in May ; Canada ; 1812. L. catiescejis (hoary) ; 10 feet ; 
May ; Europe. L. ciliata (hair- fringed) ; 4 feet ; flowers white 
and red, in May ; North America ; 1824. L. ciliata alba (white- 
berried) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and red, in May ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1824; Z. ^/j-<;^/(?r (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow and 
crimson, in June ; East Indies ; 1844. L. diversifolia (various- 
leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Himalaya; 1843. L. 
fiexuosa (curved); 15 feet; flowers orange, in July; Japan; 1806. 
L. Iberica (Iberian) ; 6 feet ; flowers orange, in May ; Iberia ; 
1824. L. involiicrata (involucred) ; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in 
May; Hudson's Bay; 1824. L. Ledebourii (Ledebour's) ; 3 
feet; flowers yellow and red, in June; California; 1833. L. 
microphylla (small-leaved); 4 feet; Siberia; 18 18, Z. nigra 
(black) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Switzerland ; 
1597. Z. nig7'-a cainpanijlora (bell-flowered); 4 feet; flowers 
yellow, in May ; North America. Z. oblongifolia (oblong- 
leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1823. 
Z. Orientalis (Eastern) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Ibe- 
ria ; 1825. Z. Orientalis puniceus ioxviViSon) ; flowers crimson, 
in May; North America; 1822. Z. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; 4 
feet; flowers white ; Pyrenees; 1739. Z. Z^r/<2r/(;^ (Tartarian) ; 
10 feet; flowers pink, in May; Russia; 1752. Z. Tartarica 
^/(^{/7^r<3; (white-flowered) ; 10 feet; flowers white, in May; Py- 
renees ; 1739. ^' Tartarica latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 10 feet; 
flowers pink, in May. Z. Tartarica lutea (yellow-flowered) ; 10 
feet ; flowers yellow, in May. Z. Tartarica rubriJio7'a (red-flow- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



^17 



ered) ; lo feet ; flowers red, in May ; Russia ; 1752. L. villosa 
(shaggy); 4 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Canada; 1820. Z- 
xylosteiim (fly) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. L. 
xylosteiun leticocarptwi (white-berried) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in June ; Britain. L. xylosteiun melanocarpzwi (black-berried) ; 
8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Britain. L. xylosteuin xantho- 
carpum (yellow-berried) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Bri- 
tain. A fine new climber, with golden netted foliage, is known 
as L. brachypodafol. mireo reticulata. It is a very striking plant, 
but needs to be laid down in winter ; Japan ; i860. 

Loose-Strife. See Lysimachia. 

LoPEziA. [Onagraceae.] Hardy annuals of straggling 
growth, forming a pretty mass when in flower. They are 
increased by seeds, which may be sown in March, with the 
half-hardy annuals, for transplanting, and again in May 
where they are intended to bloom. The perennials are 
propagated by cuttings in summer. Common soil. 

L. ^<9r^<a:/<a: (heart-leaved) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers 
purplish, in July ; Mexico; 1821. L. corojiata {crowned) ; har- 
dy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in July ; Mexico ; 1805. 
L. hispida (hairy) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in 
August; Mexico; 1826. L. Ii7ieata (lined); half-hardy peren- 
nial; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Mexico; 1839. L. raceinosa 
(racemed) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in July ; 
Mexico; i792. 

LoPHOSPERMUM. [Scrophulariaceoe.] Showy evergreen 
greenhouse climbers, adapted also for planting in the flower- 
garden during the summer season, and for covering trellis- 
work. These plants all bloom pretty freely throughout the 
summer, and ripen seeds freely in fine seasons, from which 
they are best propagated : they also strike readily from cut- 
tings. Planted out for the summer, they flourish in ordin- 
ary good garden soil ; but if kept in pots, being large-grow- 
ing plants, they must have tolerably large pots of good 



238 GARDEN FLOWERS. • 

rich loamy soil, which, as the plants become large, and begin 
blooming, may be enriched by applications of dilute liquid 
manure, or by spreading a layer of clung on the surface, to be 
washed in by the ordinary waterings. The old plants may 
be kept through the winter in a greenhouse or frost-proof 
frame, if their fleshy roots are kept tolerably dry. L. scmi- 
dens is a pretty plant for planting around the edges of raised 
rustic or other flower baskets, balconies, or similar places. 

L. erubescens (^\M'&\\\xi^ ', greenhouse climbing perennial; 12 
feet ; flowers rose, in June ; Jalapa ; 1830. Of this species 
there are some improved garden varieties, of which the best are 
Cliftoni^ deep bright rose ; Hendersoiti^ with the flowers rich 
deep rose ; and spectabilis, in which the rosy flowers are usually 
spotted with white. L. scandeiis (climbing) ; greenhouse climb- 
ing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers purplish-rose, in June ; Mexico ; 
1834. 

Lotus. Bird''s-foot Trefoil. [Leguminosas.] A family 
containing many hardy annuals and perennials, none of 
which are of great horticultural importance. They flourish 
in good garden soil, and are propagated by seed. There are 
some fine greenhouse and half-hardy species. 

LousEWORT. See Pedicularis. 

Love ltes Bleeding. See Amaranthus. 

LuNARiA. Honesty. [Brassicaces.] Hardy border plants, 
of easy culture, very showy in blossom in May, and in seed 
in August. Propagated by seeds. 

L. biennis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; i foot ; flowers lig^ht- 
purple, in May ; 1570. A variety has white flowers. L. redivi- 
va (revived) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light-purple, in 
May ; 1796. 

Lungwort. See Pulmonaria. 

LupiNUS. Lupine. [Leguminosae,] An extensive genus, 
comprising annuals, perennial herbs, and some few sub- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 239 

shrubby species, nearly all hardy, easily cultivated, and pos- 
sessing considerable general resemblance ; so that, in a lim- 
ited garden, but a few of the kinds are required. The per- 
ennials, L. polyphylliis and grandifolius^ throw up long pyra- 
midal closely set spikes of flowers, from two to four feet in 
height, according to the strength of the plant. The Lupines 
will all grow freely in good garden soil, which they ver}^ much 
impoverish. The annuals should be sown in March and 
April where they are to flower. The perennials are increased 
by parting the roots, but much more freely by seeds, which 
ripen abundantly, and may be sown in June ; in which case 
the strongest of the plants v.'ill blossom the following year. 
The half-hardy sub-shrubby species are also best raised from 
seeds, and require to be wintered in a dry protected frame, 
and planted out about May. L. 7nutabiiis, and its variety 
Cruiksha?iksii, form beautiful objects if raised in August, win- 
tered singly in small pots in a frame or airy greenhouse 
shelf, shifted about March, and kept in a cold frame till the 
end of May, and then planted out in good soil in the flower- 
garden. All the biennials may be treated as annuals. 

L. arboretcs (tree) ; half-hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in July ; California ; 1793. L. argentetis (silver}^) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1826. L. 
arvensis (field) ; half-hardy biennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers lilac, 
purple, and white, in July ; Peru ; 1842. L. Barkeri (Barker's) ; 
half-hardy annual or biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue and puik, 
in July; Mexico; 1839. L. grandifoliiis (large-leaved); hardy 
perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; North America ; 
1834. L. Hartwegii {}il2irt\\tg^s); hardy annual; 2 feet; flow- 
ers blue, in June; Mexico; 1838. L. Jiirsiitus (hairy); hardy 
annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; south of Europe ; 1629. 
L. insigiiis (remarkable) ; a fine hybrid, with bright-rosy pink and 
yellow flowers; 1857. L. hiteus (yellow); hardy annual; 2 
feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe ; 1596. L. 7nu- 
iabilis (changeable) ; half-hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, 



240 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

tinged with blush, changing to blue, with a yellow centre, in 
July; Bogota ;i8i9. Best treated as a biennial. A very beauti- 
ful variety named Cruikshanksii has the flowers deep-blue with 
yellow, changing to red. L. nanus (dwarf) ; hardy annual ; i 
foot; flowers blue, in June; Cahfornia ; 1833. L. ornatus {ox- 
nate) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple-lilac, in May ; 
Columbia; 1826. L. perennis (perennial); hardy perennial ; 2 
feet; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1658. L. pilvsiis 
(shaggy) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; south 
of Europe ; 17 10. L. polypJiylhis (many-leaved); hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in May; Colombia; 1826. 
L. p7ibescejis {downy) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet; flowers vio- 
let blue, in June ; Quito ; 1844. L. tomentosiis (thick downy) ; 
half-hardy sub-shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers pink and white, in July ; 
Peru ; 1825. Z. versicolor (party-colored) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; 
3 feet ; flowers pink and blue, in July ; Mexico ; 1825. 

Lychnis. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials, some of which are very ornamental. This may be 
said of Z. Chakedonica^ commonly called Scarlet Lychnis, of 
which both double and single have been known in gar- 
dens for many years, and are as common as the Stock or the 
Sunflower. They require to be frequently transplanted and 
divided, giving them fresh good compost, rich sandy loam 
at each planting, or they soon run out; and this is more 
particularly the case with the double than single-flowered va- 
rieties ; it should be done in spring. They develop a dense 
head of brilliant scarlet blooms at the top of the stem. Z. 
fulgens and Z. coronata are smaller, but veiy showy plants ; 
their roots require to be protected from wet in winter, by 
taking them up in autumn, potting them, and placing them 
in a dry frame. The dwarf hardy kinds are proper for dry 
rock'Work. They are propagated by parting the roots, and 
also from seeds, which should be sown in pans, or on pre- 
pared beds, about May, merely thinning out the young plants 
until they are large enough to transplant, when they may be 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 24 1 

placed in nursery-beds, nine inches apart, where they should 
remain till they are strong enough to produce blossoms. See 
also Agrostemma and Viscaria. 

L. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, 
in April ; Scotland ; suitable for rock-work. L. Chalcedojtica 
(Chalcedonian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in 
July ; Russia ; 1596. Of the varieties of this plant, the double- 
flowered scarlet and white are the best. L. Corsica (Corsican) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in June ; Corsica ; 1818. 
L.fulgeiis (shining) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet, 
in July; Siberia; 1822. Z. ^r«;/^^^riz (large-flowered) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers orange-red, in July ; China ; 
1 774. Z. Haagena is a fine hybrid between L.fidgens and Z. Sie- 
boldii^ with brilliant crimson-red flowers ; hardy and desirable. 
Seedlings are, however, very apt to revert to Z. Szeboldii, which, 
is a pretty white-flowered species ; i860. Z. Icsta (lively) ; hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Portugal ; 
1778. Z. viscaria (clammy); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers 
red, single, or double, in May ; Britain. 

Lycium. Box-thorn. [Solanacese.] Hardy rambling 
shrubby plants, requiring to be trained against a wall or pil- 
lar, or supported by poles. They are free-flowering, but not 
showy, and, from their free growth, rather adapted for cover- 
ing arbors and unsightly buildings, than desirable for their 
ornamental properties. L. Europceiim is especially useful 
for this purpose, rapidly covering walls or buildings, and 
growing to a considerable height, producing long, rambling 
shoots, and an abundance of suckers : these long shoots, if 
produced from the higher parts of the plant, will assume a 
drooping position, and in the second year will bear a pro- 
fusion of changeable veined purple-lilac flowers ; so that a 
succession of such branches should be annually maintained. 
Root-suckers ought to be destroyed continually. They are 
all indifferent as to soil, provided it is moderately well-drained 
16 



242 . GARDEN FLOWERS. 

and porous ; and are increased without difficulty either by 
cuttings, by layers, or by suckers. 

L. Afriun (African) ; half-hardy traihng shrub ; lo feet ; flow- 
ers dull-violet, in June ; North Africa and Syria ; 1712. L. Bar- 
barum (Barbary) ; hardy trailing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers livid, 
in May; south of Europe, and Africa; 1696. L. Europceuin 
(European) ; hardy trailing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers purple-lilac, 
in May; south of Europe; 1730. Z. Rtitheniciim (Russian); 
hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 
1804. 

Lyonia. [Ericaceae.] Hardy ornamental shrubs allied to 
Andromeda. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated by seeds and 
layers. There is much confusion in the divisions on the 
Andromeda family. See Andromeda. 

Lysimachia. Loose-strife. [Primulaceae.] Hardy peren- 
nials, of the easiest culture, of little importance in a flow- 
er-garden. The genus contains a few half-hardy sub-shrubby 
species, which are increased by cuttings in a gentle hot-bed, 
in sand. Z. niunmiilaria, Moneywort, is a pretty trailing 
plant, adapted for damp rock-work, or for planting in a pot 
for the side of a shady window. Sandy soil. All multiplied 
by division. 

Z. Azorica (Azorian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- 
low, in June ; Azores ; 1831. Z. a'/za/^ (fringed) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; England. L. Candida 
(white); half-hardy sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in 
June; China; 1846. Z. epheinerufn (transient); hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Spain ; 1730. Z. Les- 
^>^^;m?///// (Leschenault's) ; half-hardy sub-shrub; 18 inches ; 
flowers rose-colored, in June ; Neilgherries ; 1852. Z. lobelioides 
(lobeHa-like) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 
North India ; 1840. Z. mun7mdaria (Moneywort) ; hardy trail- 
ing perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. Z. 
verticillata (whorled) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; Crimea; 1820. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 243 

Lythrum. [Lythraceae.] Hardy annuals or perennials ; 
the former of little interest, the latter ornamental; often 
thriving in damp and even wet situations. L. alatum is a 
showy half-hardy plant, with long slender scarcely branched 
stems, bearing purple flowers throughout the summer, and 
not unsuited for a good-sized bed. The hardy perennials 
grow in ordinary soil, and are increased by division ; the 
half-hardy ones grow from cuttings, and should be potted in 
a soil of three parts peat to one of loam. The annuals may 
be sown in the open border in May. 

L. alatiun (winged); half-hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers 
purple, in July ; Georgia ; 1812. L. Ii7ieare (linear) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 12. 
L. inyrtifoliitm (myrtle-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers purple, in July; North America; 1820. Z. Pttrshianum 
(Pursh's) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; 
North America ; 1800. L. salicaria (willow-like) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; England. L. tomentostmt 
(woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Cau- 
casus ; 1828. L. virgatum (twiggy); hardy perennial; 3 feet; 
flowers purple, in June ; Austria ; 1776. 



^ <"^ 3^^ s>^ri!,"^=S5g5^S:;£it^-(&'" 




'^*r<^^>~V^- 




MACH^RANTHERA. [Compositae.] A very pretty 
tender biennial, but which succeeds in the border in 
summer. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by cuttings. 

M. tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers purple, in 
July ; Mexico ; 1851. 

Macleaya. [PapaveraccEe.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials. Good garden soil. Increased by division, in 
spring. 

M. cordata (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers 
yellowish-pink, in June ; Chili ; 1795. 

Maclura. [Moraceae.] This small genus contains one 
hardy species, M. au7^antiaca^ which, under the name of the 
Osage-orange, is much used for hedges. Propagated by 
seeds. This tree is barely hardy in Massachusetts. 

M . auratitiaca J 20 feet ; North America ; 1828. 

Madia. See Madaria. 

Madaria. [Composite.] A family of show^ hardy an- 
nuals ; the flowers golden, with a brownish rim round the 
disk. May be sown in frames, and transplanted, or in the 
open border in May. Increased by seeds. Common soil. 

M. coryjnbosa (corymbed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in July; California; 1847. M. eleoans (elegant); hardy 
annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; California ; 1831. M. 
sativaj flowers yellow, in July ; Chili ; 1794- 

Magnolia. [Magnoliaceas.] Noble and beautiful hardy 
and half-hardy shrubs and trees, some among the handsomest 
244 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 245 

of evergreens, others deciduous, and all beautiful as flower- 
ing plants. The soil for these plants should be deep and 
good, of open texture, neither subject to parching, nor liable 
to excessive wet at any season. The Magnolias all grow 
finely in peat earth ; but this is not essential to them. They 
are greatly benefited, however, when planted in a young 
state, by having a bushel or so of good compost placed 
about their roots : this compost may be of equal parts light 
turfy loam and peat. Layering is the most usual mode of 
propagating the Magnolia, the layers being put down in au- 
tumn, and requiring a couple of seasons to get well estab- 
lished. Many of the species do not transplant well, except 
when quite young, unless they are kept in pots : on this ac- 
count, it is usual to keep them in pots ; but when this has 
been the case, the roots must be carefully uncoiled, and 
spread out in straight lines, when they are permanendy 
planted. Seeds may be often obtained ; and the plants 
raised from them are the most vigorous, but do not blossom 
so early. They should be sown in sandy loam, placed in a 
warm frame, potted as they appear, and kept for several 
years in a cold pit during winter until they get well estab- 
lished. The arboreous species are only suited for large gar- 
dens. M. g-randiflora^ and its varieties, are evergreen trees, 
which should find a place in every garden. Wherever there 
is a shrubbery, or a clump of peat-earth shrubs, one or two 
of the hardy deciduous species should also be grown for 
their large fragrant blossoms in the early spring months. 
M. fuscata, a small evergreen, something like a camellia in 
its foliage, is a greenhouse plant, and in May bears blossoms 
exquisitely fragrant, though not ver)^ conspicuous. This 
should be potted in turfy loam and peat, and is increased 
by grafting, or inarching on the commoner kinds, as M. 
obovafa, which mode of propagation is also resorted to with 
the other weaker and more tender kinds. 



246 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

M. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 40 
feet ; flowers creamy, in June ; North America ; 1736. M. au- 
ricidata (ear-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers 
white, in May ; North America; 1786. M. conspiaia (showy); 
hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in April ; China ; 
1789. Soulangeana iz a very beautiful variety of this, with the 
flowers tinged with purple. M. fuscata (brown) ; greenhouse 
evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers brown, in April ; China ; 1789. 
M. glaitca (glaucous); hardy deciduous tree; 15 feet; flowers 
whitish, in June ; North America ; 1688. M. grandiflora (large- 
flowered) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 1 5 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 
North Carolina; 1737. Of this there are several varieties, 
among which that known as Exoniensis is the most desirable, on 
account of its early and free blooming habit. M. inacrophylla 
(large-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white 
and purple, in June; North America; 1800. M. purpurea 
(purple) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in 
April ; Japan ; 1 790. M. tripetala (three-petalled) ; hardy de- 
ciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 
1752. M. Tho7npsoniana {Thompson's); hardy tree ; 20 feet ; 
flowers white, in June ; hybrid between M. glauca and tripetala. 

There are many varieties of M. conspicua, but they are not 
very distinct. M. Norhetiana is a very deep-colored variety. 
M. grandiflora and its varieties are not hardy north of Phila- 
delphia. M. Lenne is a fine hybrid between M. conspicua 
^Yv^ purpurea ; color, deep reddish-purple; April, i860. 

MAHokiA. See Berberis. 

Maiden-Hair Tree. See Salisburia. 

Malcolmia. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, of which one 
species — M. maritima, the Virginian stock — is a favorite 
dwarf ornament for the flower-border, very easily grown, but 
not durable : in good-sized patches, it forms a showy mass 
of simple flowers. If sown by the middle of May, it will, 
in favorable seasons, be in bloom early in June ; but, to have 
a good succession of flowers, it ought to be sown monthly, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 247 

from May to August. It is quite hardy, and forms a pretty 
edging-plant for large borders. The other species may be 
similarly cultivated. The best are M. maritwia, littorea, 
incrassata, and arenaria. 

M. are7iaria (sand) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers violet, in 
June , Algiers ; 1804. M. Chia (Chian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers purple, in June ; Greece ; 1732. M. incrassata (thick- 
ened) ; hardy annual; 6 inches ; flowers purphsh, in June ; is- 
lands of the ^gean Sea ; 1820. M. littorea (shore) ; hardy an- 
nual, or half-hardy biennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; 
south of Europe ; 1683. M. 77iariti7tia (sea-side) ; hardy annu- 
al ; I foot ; flowers rosy-lilac or white, all summer ; south of 
Europe; 17 13. M. triloba (three-lobed) ; hardy annual; 6 
inches ; flowers yellowish, in June ; south of Europe ; 1780. 

Mallow. See Malva. 

Malope. [Malvaceae.] Showy mallow-like annuals, of 
very simple culture. The seeds may be sown in March, and 
again in April, in the open border ; the plants to be thinned 
out when large enough, leaving about three of the strongest 
in a patch. To get plants to bloom earlier than usual, they 
may be sown in pots along with half-hardy annuals, and 
planted out as early in May as the season will admit. 

M. 7Jialacoides (mallow-like) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 17 10. M. trifida (three- 
cleft) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in July ; Barba- 
ry; 1808. Of this there is a variety with white flowers called 
alba^ and another with larger flowers called gra7idiflora. 

Malva. Mallow. [Malvaceae.] A large genus, of which 
the majority are weedy : a few, however, of which a selection 
is enumerated below, are ornamental. The half-hardy sorts 
will grow .during summer in the borders in good garden soil, 
or in a mixture of loam, leaf-mould, and sand, and are in- 
creased by cuttings in sand, in a frame, during summer. 
The greenhouse kinds also propagate by cuttings, and grow 



248 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

in similar soil. The hardy annuals may be sown in patches, 
in the open border, in May. 

M. a7n<£na (pleasing) ; greenhouse shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purplish, in May; Cape; 1796. M. Capeiisis (Cape); green- 
house shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; Cape ; 1713. M. 
crispa (curled) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in J une ; 
Syria; 1573. M. fragrans (fragrant); greenhouse shrub; 3 
feet; flowers red, in June; Cape; 1759. ^^' iateritia (brick- 
red) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in September ; 
Buenos Ayres ; 1840. M. Mauritiana (Mauritanian) ; hardy- 
annual ; 4 feet ; flowers rose-color or white, and purple striped, 
in July ; south of Europe and North Africa ; 1768. M. ininiaia 
(vermihon) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers vermihon-red, in 
May; Mexico; 1798. In the borders, it blooms through the 
autumn. M. Mo7iroana (Monro's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 
feet; flowers scarlet, in August ; Colombia; 1828. M.Morenii 
(Moreni's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 
Italy; 1820. M. inoschata (musk); hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers flesh-color or white, in June ; Britain. M. purpurata 
(purple) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet : flowers dull-red, in July; 
Chili; 1825. 

Maple. See Acer. 

Marigold. See Calendula. 

Marjoram. See Origanum. 

Marsh-Mallow. See Alth^a. 

Marsh-Marigold. See Caltha. 

Martagon. See Lilium. 

Martynia. [Sesameae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy an- 
nuals, with a somewhat coarse habit and showy fliowers. The 
seeds should be sown in a hot-bed in March, and the young 
plants potted singly, and kept growing in heat near the glass, 
in the way balsams are managed. As they grow they must 
be shifted, and hardened off to bloom in a cool stove or 
greenhouse or frame. M. fragrans^ the best of the species, 
will also succeed in a sheltered place, planted out for the 
summer. They require rich light soil. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 249 

M. Craniolaria (white-flowered); greenhouse annual; 18 
inches; flowers white spotted, in July; South America; 1733. 
M. diandra (two-stamened) ; greenhouse annual; 18 inches; 
flowers red, in July; Mexico; 1731. M. fragrans (fragrant); 
greenhouse, or half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in 
July; Mexico; 1840. M. lutea (yellow); greenhouse annual; 
18 inches; flowers yellowish, in July ; Brazil; 1824. M.probo- 
scidea (proboscis-like) ; greenhouse annual ; i foot ; flowers 
pale- violet, with saffron dots, in July ; Mexico ; 1738. 

Marvel of Peru. See Mirabilis. 

Mathiola. Stock. [Cruciferae.] A favorite genus of 
hardy plants, among the sweetest and gayest of garden flow- 
ers, of which one familiar species, M. a7i?iua, the Ten-weeks 
Stock, is an annual ; another, M. simplicicaiilis^ the Brompton, 
or Giant Stock, is a biennial ; and M. inca?ia, the Queen 
Stock, is a sub-shrubby kind, though best treated as a bien- 
nial. The varieties of these, especially of the first, are very 
numerous, and, as imported from Germany, very fine. Of 
the ordinary hoary-leaved Ten-weeks, or Annual Stock, there 
are a score or more diflerent colors, which the German seed- 
growers save distinct. Of the Ten-weeks Stock having smooth 
green, or wallflower-like leaves, there are also many varieties 
of color ; and, besides these, there are variations of habit 
which have become perpetuated by careful seed-saving. The 
biennial Stock, that is, those sown one year to bloom the 
next, varies as much as the annual, in regard to habit, but 
not in respect to color. The Brompton and the Queen Stock 
are well-known distinctions in this class. AVhen once pos- 
session is obtained of a good strain of Stock, which produces 
but few single-flowered ones out of a great number, there is 
not much difficulty in keeping it, for the Stock has a strong 
disposition to go double ; and, when a few single ones only 
escape this tendency, they may be expected to yield seed 
equally disposed to produce double flowers. On the other 



250 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

hand, if we remove a single Stock from among hundreds 
of others equally single, and of a strain which has no dis- 
position to go double, that single one would not yield in its 
progeny one more double variety for being planted among 
a thousand double ones ; so that the common advice to save 
seed from such single-flowered plants as grow near many 
double ones is good for nothing, unless the single ones 
come from the same " strain," and have the same disposi- 
tion, as the double ones themselves ; that is to say, are of 
the same progeny. In other words, the planting of a thou- 
sand double stocks around a single one does not change 
the nature of its seed : but the tendency to produce double 
flowers is an inherent property brought about in certain 
plants by careful culture and seed-saving, as all other floral 
improvements have been ; and is not shared by other plants 
though of the very same kind, which have not been influ- 
enced in this manner. The single-flowered plants only bear 
seed. The tendency to produce double flowers is sometimes 
indicated by the production of flowers with more than the 
usual number of petals (four) : and, when this is observed, it 
may be taken as a favorable indication ; and such blossoms 
should be marked, and their seed kept separate. The Ten- 
weeks Stocks should be sown in March, April, and May, for 
summer and autumn blooming plants : they may be sown in 
boxes, in a frame, or on prepared sheltered beds ; when up, 
give plenty of air, and no more water than is just enough to 
keep them from flagging ; when they have formed six good 
leaves, plant them out in a bed of rich soil, or pot them ofl" 
in rich soil, and give plenty of water until they bloom. For 
earlier spring-bloom, they, as well as what is called the In- 
termediate Stock, should be sown in August and September, 
and wintered in pots in dry cold frames. The Brompton 
and Queen Stocks maybe sown in the open border, thinly, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 25 I 

June, and the plants, when large enough, planted out in 
sheltered places where they are to bloom, or some of them 
may be potted and kept in frames during winter, to be 
planted out in spring. They will bloom the following May 
and June. Cuttings may be struck from these two-year 
stocks, when they are* fine enough to be worth it, under a 
glass in the common borders, like Wallflowers. M. tristis^ 
the night-smelling stock, is a greenhouse shrub ; and though 
not showy, the flowers being of a dull livid color, yet it is 
desirable on account of its powerful evening fragrance : this 
grows in a. light sandy loamy compost, and is propagated by 
cuttings. 

M. mtnua (annual, or ten-weeks) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers scarlet, purple, white, yellow, and pink, all summer ; south of 
Europe ; 1731. M. glabrata (wall-flowered-leaved) ; hardy sub- 
shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, scarlet, or white, in June ; native 
country unknown. M. GrcBca (smooth-leaved annual) ; hardy an- 
nual ; I foot ; flowers purple, white, and pink, all summer; Greece. 
M. incana (hoary, or queen's) ; hardy sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers scarlet, purple, and white, in June ; south of Europe. M. 
odoratisswia (sweetest) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers 
cream-colored, changing to purplish-brown, sweet in the evening, 
in June; Tauria; 1795. M. simplicicaulis (single-stemmed or 
Brompton or Giant) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- 
ple, scarlet, or white, in July ; native country unknown. M. tris- 
tis (sad); greenhouse sub-shrub; 18 inches; flowers livid, in 
June ; south of Europe ; 1768. 

Matricaria. [Compositae.] Weedy hardy annuals for 
the most part, with single white daisy-like flowers. The only 
exception worth cultivating is a double-flowered variety of 
M. chamojnina, called grandiflora, which, as it does not bear 
seed, may, if frequently renewed, be continued as a peren- 
nial ; its double white blossoms render it deserving of being 
grown in a mixed border. The young shoots should be taken 



252 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

oif from near the root, and treated like cuttings. Common 
garden soil. 

M. chamomilla grandiflora (double-flowered) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; gardens. 

Maurandia. [Scrophularinae.] Ornamental greenhouse 
climbers of slender habit, and also suitable for planting in 
the open air during the summer, for the purpose of covering 
wire-fences, and pillars. They are best raised from seeds, 
which, to insure strong-blooming plants, should be sown 
about June, and the young plants potted singly, and kept in 
small pots during winter in a greenhouse. These, if shifted 
into larger pots in February or March, will be strong and 
vigorous by the planting-out time, — May. For the green- 
house, they require shifting into large pots of rich soil, of 
which the basis is sandy loam, and training about pillars, 
short rafters, or suitable trellises. They grow to a consider- 
able size when their roots have free scope. They may be 
increased from cuttings, which root readily in sand, in a hot- 
bed. 

M. ajitirrhiniflora (snapdragon-flowered) ; greenhouse climb- 
ing perennial; lo feet; flowers purple, all summer; Mexico; 
1 8 14. M. Barclay ana (Barclay's) ; greenhouse climbing peren- 
nial ; 12 feet; flowers purple, rose-color, or white, all summer; 
Mexico ; 1825, M. seinperjlorens (ever-flowering) ; greenhouse 
climbing perennial; 12 feet; flowers pale rose-color, all sum- 
mer; Mexico ; 1796. 

Mazus. [Scrophularinae.] Small-flowered half hardy an- 
nuals. Light sandy soil. Increased by seeds. 

M. pumihis (dwarf) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers 
pale-purplish, in June; Van Diemen's Land; 1823. M. ru- 
gosus (wrinkled) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white 
and yellow, in July ; China ; 1780. 

Meadow-Rue. See Thalictrum. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 253 

Meadow-Saffron. See Colchicum. 

Meconopsis. [Papaverace^.] Hardy poppy-like her- 
baceous perennials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds, 
sown in May, or by division. 

Af. Cambrica (Welsh) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers buff- 
yellow, in June ; England. M. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange-red, in June ; California ; 
1833. M. heterophylla' {v2inoViS-\Q2iVtdi)\ hardy perennial; i 
foot ; flowers orange-red, in June ; CaHfornia ; 1 833. M. Wal- 
lichii (Walhch's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale- 
blue, in June ; Sikkim ; 1851. 

Medeola. [Trilliaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
Soil, free turfy peat. Increased by division, in spring. 

M. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; Virginia ; 1759. 

Medicago. Medick. [Leguminosae.] A large genus of 
hardy plants, of no horticultural importance. 

Medlar. See Mespilus. 

Melia. [Meliaceae.] A genus of showy small trees, one 
of which succeeds well in the Southern States. 

M. Azedarachj flowers hlac, in June ; Syria ; 1656. 

Melilotus. Melilot. [Leguminosae.] A genus of hardy 
plants, of little importance as objects of ornament. They 
are, however, useful as food for bees. M. arborea, a shrubby 
kind, with white flowers ; M. kucantha, a biennial, also with 
white flowers ; and M. suaveolens^ a perennial, with yellow 
blossoms, — are the most desirable. 

Melissa. Balm. [Lamiacese.] Hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials. . Common soil. Increased by division. 

M. polyanthos (many-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in July ; native country unknown. M. Pyre7iaica 
(Pyrenaean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; 
Pyrenees ; 1800. 



254 ' GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Melittis. Bastard Balm. [Lamiacese.] Hardy herba- 
ceous perennials, of easy culture, propagated by division, 
and growing in ordinary garden soil. They are rather pretty. 

M. graiidifiora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers creamy-white and red, in May ; England. M. melisso- 
phylhmi (balm-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale 
reddish-purple, in June ; England. 

Meniocus. [Cruciferse.] Hardy annual. Common soil. 
Increased by seeds. 

M. Imifolius (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; Caucasus; 17 17. 

Menispermum. Moon-seed. [Menispermaceae.] The genus 
contains one or two hardy deciduous climbers, with orna- 
mental foliage. 

M. Caiiadense (Canadian) ; hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America ; 1691. M. Carolimnn (Caroli- 
nian), otherwise called Coccidus Carolimis, is not hardy in the 
Northern States. M. lobatiun is a variety of Canadense. 

Mentha. Mint. [Lamiaceae.] A genus of hardy her- 
baceous perennials, thriving in any soil, and increased by 
division. There are some twenty species, of little horticul- 
tural importance. 

Mentzelia. [Loasaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials and annuals. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased 
by cuttings in sand, in a hot-bed, or by seeds in a slight 
heat. 

M. aspera (rough) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, 
in July ; America ; 1733. M. stipitata (stalked-flowered) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; Mexico ; 
1835. 

Menyanthes. Buck-bean. [Gentianaceae.] Hardy aqua- 
tic perennial. Moist boggy soil, or in shallow water. In- 
creased by division. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 255 

M. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy aquatic ; i foot ; flowers 
white and pink, in June ; Britain. 

M. var. Americana, our native variety, seems to differ but 
little from the European species. 

Menziesia. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy deciduous 
shrubs. Sandy peat soil. Increased by layers, or by cut- 
tings under a hand-glass. 

M.ferriiginea (rusty) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers rust-color, in June ; North America; 181 1. M. globttlaris 
(globular) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- 
brown, in June ; North America; 1806. 

Merendera. [Melanthaceae.] Hardy crocus-like bulb. 
Soil, peat and loam. Increased by offsets. 

M. Caucasica (Caucasian) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers 
purple, in August ; Caucasus ; 1823. 

Mespilus. Medlar. [Pomaces.] Hardy deciduous 
trees, with white flowers and worthless fruit. In^bloom, the 
tree is ornamental, and deserves a place in the shrubbery. 
Propagated by grafting on thorn, by seeds, and layers. M. 
Gemianica is the chief species, of which there are many 
varieties. 

Mezereon. See Daphne. 

Mignonette. See Reseda. 

MiKANiA. [Compositas.] A very neat climbing plant, 
with Eupatorium-like flowers, flourishing in rather damp, 
deep loam. This plant is very beautiful, and is covered 
with white blossoms in August, a season when few climbers 
bloom. It is a native of river banks. 

M. scandeiis (climbing); hardy climbing herbaceous perennial ; 
10 feet ; flowers white, in August. 

There are other stove species. 
Milfoil. See Achillea. 



256 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Milk-Vetch. See Astragalus. 

Milkwort. See Polygala. 

Mimosa. This large family contains the sensitive plants, 
M. sensitiva and M. piidica^ two stove shrubs, the foliage of 
which is endowed with a very remarkable and interesting 
sensibility, for the sake of which they are cultivated. The 
flowers of both are purplish, — little globular balls of col- 
ored threads, — not at all showy ; but the leaves are very 
elegant. The peculiarity which obtains for them both their 
name and popularity is the shrinking of the branches, and 
folding-up of the leaves, at the slightest touch or disturbance. 
If a leaf be touched, it falls down, and the leaflets close ; 
and if the whole plant be shaken, or jerked, all the leaves 
immediately close, and hang down. The seeds are sown in a 
hot-bed in April, and potted off, as soon as they are large 
enough to handle, into small-sized three-inch pots, in a light 
soil of sandy peat and loam. They are best kept in a hot- 
frame till June, when they may be planted out in a warm ex- 
posure. They seed freely enough ; but, when they are grown 
for seed, they are sown in February, and potted off in March. 
They are also increased by cuttings in sand under bell-glasses, 
in heat. M. sensitiva is not so irritable as M. piidica. They 
are only grown as curiosities. There are many other Mimo- 
sas, chiefly shrubs of little interest. 

M. pudica (chaste or humble plant) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers purplish-lilac, in June ; Brazil ; 1638. M. sensitiva (sen- 
sitive) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pinkish-lilac, in June ; 
Brazil; 1648. 

MiMULUS. Monkey-Jloive)'. [Scrophularinae.] Showy 
herbaceous plants, mostly perennial ; some ^ small musk 
plants are annuals. The ornamental garden Mimuluses are 
mostly seedling varieties raised by florists, the offspring of 
M. luteus, guttatus and variegatns on the one hand, and 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 25/ 

of M. cardinalis and roseus on the other ; and Httle trace of 
the originals now remains. These races are fugitive, the 
varieties of to-day continually giving place to others of some 
supposed superiority. Rich loamy soil, or, indeed, ordinary 
garden soil, if good, will grow them well ; but they like a 
damp, cool, and somewhat shady situation in summer. A 
supply should be kept in pots, protected in cold frames 
through the winter. M. moschatiis is a favorite pot-plant for 
the window : it is quite hardy in sheltered situations, and 
grows readily in pots of rich mould. The varieties are mul- 
tiplied by division, and new varieties are obtained from 
seeds, which, if sown in heat in March, and grown in frames, 
will come into bloom in the course of the summer. Seeds 
are freely produced. 

M. cardinalis (cardinal) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in July ; California ; 1835. M. ort^Uafus (spotted) ; hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow-spotted, in June ; North Amer- 
ica ; 18 1 2. Af. Harrisonii (Harrison's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 
feet ; flowers rose, in June ; garden variety. M. luteus (yellow) ; 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1826. 
M. McLainii (McLain's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
rose-crimson, in June ; garden variety. M. moschatus (musk) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Columbia ; 
1826. iM. roseus (rose); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers 
rose, in June; California; 1831. M. tricolor (three-colored); 
half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, with yellow and 
crimson spots, in June ; California ; 1 848. M. variegatus (varie- 
gated) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white and purple, in 
June; Chili; 1831. The garden varieties are of two classes: 
I, with rosy-colored flowers, and a branching habit, from E. ro- 
seus^ and cardinalis ; 2, dwarfer, and more herbaceous, with yel- 
low flowers, variously blotched with rich brown-red, from M. gut- 
tatus, and liitens. 

Mint. See Mentha. 

MiRABiLis. Marvel of Peru. [Nyctaginaceas.J Showy 
17 



258 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

half-hardy perennials, with thick fusiform roots. These 
plants are deservedly great favorites in gardens, where they 
make towards autumn a splendid appearance. The branch- 
ing stems bear roundish flowers with rather a long tube ; 
and, as these come^at every joint, when fairly open they cover 
the plant. The individual blooms are in one respect like 
the Convolvulus, — they shut up on dull days, so that it 
is not a handsome plant in bad weather. In some kinds, 
the tubes of the flowers are two or three inches long ; in 
others they are shorter. The colors vary from yellow to red, 
white, and all shades between them, and sometimes two of 
the colors are disposed in stripes. To have choice varieties, 
sow the best seed that can be got, and select each year the 
best that are produced, for seed-bearing. Sow the seed in a 
hot-bed in March, and, as soon as the plants are large enough, 
pot them three or four, or half a dozen, in a pot, to grow until 
the middle of May, when they may be planted out in the 
beds or borders a foot apart. Here they will only require 
to be kept clear of weeds, and be watered in the event of 
the weather proving more than usually parching, but not if 
the weather be at ail seasonable. The foliage will be 
touched by the first frost, after which the roots may be dug 
up, and stored away amongst dry sand, where the frost can- 
not reach them. In May, they may be put in the ground 
where they are to flower, whether that be in beds or bor- 
ders ; or, if any good ones are worth propagating, put them 
in heat in March, and strike the shoots like those of the 
Dahlia. To effect improvements, a few seeds from the very 
best should be saved every year, and these plants are then 
best grown in beds, as they can then be more readily exam- 
ined, and the worthless ones destroyed. It is in the size, 
colors, and markings of the flowers, that improvements are 
chiefly to be effected. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 259 

M. Jalapa (Jalap) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers va- 
rious, in June; West Indies; 1596. M. longiflora (long-flow- 
ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; 
Mexico; 1759. M. suaveolens (sweet); half-hardy perennial; 
2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1823. 

MiTCHELLA. [Cinchonaceae.] A pretty little evergreen 
trailing plant, usually known as Checkerberry, ornamental 
in flower, foliage, and fruit. The whole plant has a rich 
aromatic taste. For covering the surface of Rhododendron- 
beds, this little plant is most suitable, as it delights in a soil 
of peat and leaf^mould. 

M. repeiis (creeping) ; 2 inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in 
June. 

MiTELLA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials, suitable for rock-work. Common soil. Increased by 
division. 

M. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in May; North America; 1812. M. diphylla (two- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America; 1731. M. pentaiidra (five-stamened) ; hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 
1827. M. prostrata (prostrate) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1818. 

Mock-Orange. See Philadelphus. 

MoDiOLA. [Malvaceae.] Half-hardy annuals and peren- 
nials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or divisions. 

M. Caroliniaiia (Carolinian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
red, in June ; Carolina ; 1723. M. decumbe7is (decumbent) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; South America ; 
181 5. M. prostrata (prostr2.te) ; half-hardy perennial; i foot; 
flowers red, in June ; Monte Video ; 1806. 

MoMORDiCA. [Cucurbitaceae.] A genus of tender plants, 
for the most part uninteresting for garden culture. One or 
two of them are, however, elegant and curious, somewhat 



260 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

slender, free-growing creepers, often grown in a greenhouse? 
or in sheltered places out doors in summer. The fruit is the 
remarkable part of the plant ; and this, which is highly col- 
ored orange, splits when ripe, and turns back like a Turk's- 
cap lily, the deep red seeds attached to its inner surface 
looking like crimson spots. Sow in a hot-bed in April, in 
light rich soil, and treat like a cucumber. They are desira- 
ble for rafters of a stove. The species referred to are M. 
balsamina and charantia, both growing ten or twelve feet in 
length, and covering a considerable surface. The flowers are 
yellow, small, and inconspicuous. Both are natives of India. 

MoNARDA. [Lamiaceae.] Handsome hardy herbaceous 
perennials, the plants having an odor compared to Berga- 
mot. They are increased by division of the root, and flour- 
ish in the ordinary soil of gardens, preferring a cool and 
rather moist situation. 

M. didyma (Oswego tea) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
scarlet, in June ; North America ; 1752. M. Jistitlosa (hollow) ; 
hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple or red, in June ; North 
America; 1656. M. Kalmiaiia (Kalm's) ; hardy perennial; 4 
feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1813. M. punc- 
tata (dotted); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellowish, 
dotted with brown, in June; Virginia; 17 14. M. purpurea 
(purple) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; 
North America; 1789. 

Moneywort. See Lysimachia. 

Monkey-Flower. See Mimulus. 

Monkshood. See Aconitum. 

Monolopia. [Compositae.] Pretty hardy annuals. Good 
garden soil. Increased by seeds. 

M. major (greater) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
July; California; 1834. 

This plant was formerly called Helenium Douglasii. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 26 1 

MooNSEED. See Menispermum. 

MoNOPSis. [Lobeliaceae.] A pretty little annual, for- 
merly called Lobelia speculiwi. Seeds sown in a hot-bed in 
April, and pricked out in May, make a pretty summer show. 

M. conspicua (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 
in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. 

MoRNA. [Compositae.] Showy greenhouse plants. The 
annual species should be raised from seeds in autumn, 
about September, and again in spring, about April ; the for- 
mer blooming the following spring, the latter during sum- 
mer and autumn. Prick out the seedlings, and pot when 
large enough, three or four in a pot. Shift them as required 
for blooming in pots in the greenhouse ; or a portion may be 
planted out in a warm situation towards the end of June. 
Light rich compost should be used, as loam, leaf-mould, and 
sand. The perennial kinds are increased by cuttings as 
well as by seeds. 

M. nitida (shining) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June; Swan River; 1835. ^^' '>^i'y^<^ (snowy); half- 
hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; New South 
Wales; 1836. 

MoRUS. Mulberry. [Moraceae.] Well-known hardy trees, 
valuable for fruit and flowers. Garden soil. Propagated 
by seed, cuttings, and layers. 

AI. alba (white) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; China ; 1 596. 
M. alba Italica (Italian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Italy ; 1817. 
M. alba viulticaiilis (many-stemmed) ; flowers in June ; China. 
M. Coiistantinopolitaiia (Constantinople) ; 1 5 feet ; flowers in 
June; Turkey; 1818. M. ;z?>r<2 (common-black) ; 20 feet; flow- 
ers in June ; Italy; 1548. M. nigra laciiiiata (cut-leaved); 30 
feet ; flowers in June. M. rubra (red) ; 10 feet ; flowers in June ; 
North America ; 1629. M. scabra (rough) ; 20 feet; flowers in 
June; North America; 181 7. M. Tatarica (Tartarian); 20 
feet ; flowers in June ; Tartary ; 1780. 



262 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Morning-Glory. See Contolvulus and Ipomea. 

Motherwort. See Leonurus. 

MouTAN. Tree Peony. [Ranunculaceae.] These are 
well-known and highly ornamental shrubs. Soil, peat and 
loam. They are multiplied by grafting on the fleshy roots 
of the herbaceous peonies, and also by layers. The plants 
are hardy ; but are suitable for growing as large pot plants, 
to be set in any effective sheltered position while they re- 
main in bloom. Any of the numerous varieties are worth 
cultivating. 

M. officinalis (common) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers various 
colored in the numerous varieties, in April; China; 1789. 
Among the most desirable are the varieties named atropnrpicrea 
(deep-purple), Bere?iice (white), Emperor of China (rosy-red), 
globosa{\y\i\\.€), Glory of Shanghae {yA\\\.€), lilacina (pale-purple), 
picta (rose-striped), pnnicea (crimson), Robert Fortune (bright- 
red), salmonea (pale-salmon), speciosa (pink), and sulplmrea 
(primrose). 

There are, besides, varieties with the flowers white, flesh- 
color, pale-pink, pale-rose, purple, and of mixed colors. For 
a longer list see Peonia. 

MuLGEDiUM. [Compositse.] A pretty half hardy peren- 
nial, suitable for dry rock-work, or a very dry border. Soil, 
sandy loam, well drained. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or 
division. 

M. inacrorhizon (large-rooted) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; 
flowers pale-blue, in August ; Cashmere ; 1844. 

Mulberry. See Morus. 

Mullein. See Verbascum. 

MuscARL Grape Hyacinth. [Liliacese.] Dwarf hardy 
bulbs, which multiply readily by means of offsets. The bulbs 
should remain in the soil from year to year, and not be taken 
up and dried ; but every fourth year, they may be taken up 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 263 

and replanted in September, or early in October, before they 
begin to grow. Common garden soil ; but a sandy loam is 
most congenial to these, as to all other bulbs. 

M. botryoides (bunch-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers 
blue or white, in May ; Italy ; 1596. M, ciliatiwi (hair-fringed) ; 
hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers brown-purple, in May ; Crimea ; 
1822. M. co7}iinutatu7n (dark-purple); hardy bulb ; 6 inches; 
flowers dark-blue, in May; Italy; 1836. M. comosiun (feathered); 
hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; south of Eu- 
rope • 1596. M. glaiicum (glaucous) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; 
flowers purple and green, in May; Persia; 1825. M. inoscha- 
tiim (musky) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers pale dingy-brown- 
ish, in May; Levant; 1596. M. racemosum (racemed) ; hardy 
bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; Europe ; 1 780. 

Myosotis. [ScrophularinecE.] A genus of pretty annuals 
and herbaceous plants, many of them hardy. M. palustris 
is the true Forget-me-not ; a pretty well-known flower, deli- 
cate blue, with golden eye. It needs a moist soil, and, in a 
congenial situation, will become naturalized. Some of the 
species are not hardy in the Northern States. The peren- 
nials are increased by seed and division ; the annuals by 
seed. 

Hardy Herbaceous. — J/. Alpestris (Alpine); 6 inches; 
flowers blue, in July; Switzerland; 181 8. M. Azorica (Azo- 
rean) ; i foot ; flowers dark-blue, in August ; Azores ; 1846. M. 
aziirea (light-blue); flowers blue, in June; Corvo; 1842. M. 
ccBspitosa (tufted) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Britain. 
M. coBspitosa macroca/yx {ld.rge-c2L[yxed) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, 
in June ; Britain. M. intenjtedia (intermediate) ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue, in April ; Britain. M. nana (dwarf) ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1800. M. pahistris {m.2.x%\\); i 
foot ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; Britain. M. repens 
(creeping) ; i foot ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Britain. M. 
rupicola (rock) ; flowers blue ; Scotland. M. sparsijlora (scat- 



264 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

tered-flowered) ; 18 inches; flowers blue, in May; south of 
France; 1822. 

Hardy Annuals. — M. arvensis alba (white corn-field) ; 6. 
inches ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. M. Australis (south- 
ern) ; flowers blue, in June ; New South Wales ; 1824. M. Cal- 
if ornica (Californian) ; 18 inches; flowers white, in August; 
California; 1837. M. clavata (club-leaved); flowers blue, in 
June ; Siberia ; 1829. M. collina (hill) ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, 
in May ; Britain. M. coumiutata (changed) ; flowers blue, in 
June ; Europe ; biennial. M. litoralis (sea-shore) ; flowers blue 
and yellow, in April; Caspian Sea; 1836. M. peduncularis 
(long-flowered-stalked); 18 inches; flowers blue, in June ; As- 
tracan ; 1824. M. ungiilata (clawed); flowers blue, in June; 
Siberia; 1822. 

Myrica. Wax Myrtle. [Myricaceae.] Hardy deciduous 
shrubs,, thriving in any soil, and increased by seeds and 
layers. 

M. cerifera (wax-bearing) ; 6 feet ; M. gale (sweet-gale) ; 4 
feet ; M. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 4 feet ; are all very ornamen- 
tal in the shrubbery. 





NARCISSUS. [Amaryllidaceae.] A very large genus 
of showy, hardy, well-known bulbous-rooted plants, all 
species of which are ornamental and desirable spring border 
flowers. Under the name of Polyanthus Narcissus, great 
numbers of some florists' varieties are imported annually, 
like the Hyacinth and early Tulips ; and these may be forced 
in pots, or bloomed in water, or planted in the borders. 
They require in every respect the same treatment as the 
Hyacinth. If grown in pots, they may be planted in any 
rich, light soil. If bloomed in glasses, they want a change 
of water once a week. When put out in the borders, they 
should be in patches of three, put in pretty close to each 
other, forming a triangle, with one in front and two behind : 
a sandy loam is preferable for them. They require no pro- 
tection except a covering of tan over the bed in the North- 
ern States, and will bear a good deal of frost without injury. 
The plant has grassy or leek-like leaves : the flower-stem 
comes up in the centre, and from a sheath at the top bursts 
on one side the bunch of flowers, which are white or yellow, 
with a yellow or orange cup in the centre. The Jonquil is a 
species of Narcissus, considerably smaller than the Polyan- 
thus Narcissus, and very sweet-scented : there are varieties 
with both double and single flowers. There is considerable 
variety among the other species of Narcissus, all of which 
are worth growing as border-flowers. The following very 
limited selection comprises a few of the most distinct plants. 
N. aurantius (orange) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, 

265 



266 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

in March ; south of Europe ; 1629. There is a double-flowered 
variety, with yellow and orange blossoms. N. bicolor (two-col- 
ored) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in April ; 
Spain; 1629. N. cernuus (drooping); hardy bulb; i foot; 
flowers creamy white, in March ; Spain ; 1818. N. incoinpara- 
bilis (incomparable) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
April ; France ; 1629. N. Italicus (Roman) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; 
flowers pale-yellow, in March ; Italy. The double variety has 
' creamy flowers. N. jonquilla (jonquil)'; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; 
flowers yellow, single or double, in April; Spain; 1596. N. 
moiitanus (mountain) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
April ; Spain. N. odonis (sweet) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in May ; south of Europe ; 1629. N. papyraceus (^2.'^^x)\ 
hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in March ; Asia Minor. yV. 
poetiais (poet's) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange 
eye, in May ; Europe. yV. pulchelhis (pretty) ; hardy bulb ; 9 
inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe. N. 7'ectirviis 
(recurved-leaved); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange 
eye, in May ; south of Europe. N. Tazetta (polyanthus) ; hardy 
bulb ; I foot ; flowers white and yellow, in March ; Spain ; 1759. 
N. Trewiamis (Trew's) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and 
yellow, in March ; Spain. This is cultivated under the name 
of Bazelman major. 

Florists' Varieties. The following are superior kinds : 
Bazleinan niajor^ white and yellow ; Grand Monarque^ white 
and citron ; Grand Primo, white and citron ; Grand Prince.^ 
white and lemon ; Soleil d^or, yellow and orange ; Gloriosa, 
white and orange, the best for pot-culture. 

Nardosmia. [Compositse.] Hardy perennial. Common 
soil. Increased by division. Allied to Colt's-foot. 

N. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in very early spring, fragrant like Heliotrope ; south of 
Europe ; 1806. 

Nasturtium. The vulgar name often given to Troposo- 
lu?n, instead of the proper one of Indian Cress. 

Navarettia. See ^gochloa. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 267 

Neapolitan Violet ; Viola odorata pallida plena. 

Negundo. [Aceraceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, thriv. 
ing in sandy loam. Propagated by seed and layers. 

N. fraxinifoliuin (ash-leaved maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers in 
May ; 1688. N. fraxinifoliiwi crispum (curled-leaved) ; 30 feet ; 
flowers, in May ; 1688. N. fraxiitifolitim violacetwi {t^mx^Iq) -^ 
30 feet ; flowers in May. N. fraxinifolium variegattim is a 
beautiful plant. 

Neja. [Compositae.] Half-hardy sub-shrub, suitable for 
summer beds. Light rich soil. Increased by cuttings. 

N. gracilis (slender) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, all summer ; Mexico ; 1828. 

Nemesia. [Scrophularinese.] Half-hardy annuals or per- 
ennials. Sandy loamy soil. Increased by seeds or cuttings. 

N. Jloribiinda (many-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers white and yellow, in July ; Cape ; 1837. 

Nemophila. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals. The 
best is N. insignis^ of which the flowers are very bright blue, 
with a white eye, and cover the plant : it is on this account 
a most beautiful plant for clumps and beds. N. maculata is 
another showy species For beds, the seedlings should be 
put out four inches apart, and the plants will then present a 
dense mass of flowers. The soil should not be too rich ; 
for, if the plants grow rank, they become straggling, and 
flower less abundantly. 

• N. atomaria (speckled) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers 
white, speckled with purple, in May ; California ; 1836. A variety 
called discoidalis has flowers very dark-brown, narrowly mar- 
gined with white. N. aurita (eared) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers purple, in June ; California. N. i^isignis {sho^y) ; hardy 
annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue and white, in May ; California ; 
1833. There are seedling variations with larger, and with 
speckled flowers. N. uiaciclata (blotched) ; hardy annual ; 9 
inches ; flowers white and purple, in May ; Cahfornia ; 1848. 



268 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

N. phaceloides (phacelia-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; f owers 
blue, in June ; North America. 

Neottia. [Orchidaceae.] . A genus containing seme hardy 
perennial, as well as tender species. Soil, peat aud loam. 
Increased by division. N. csstivaiis, autumnaUs^ and rermms 
are worth growing as curiosities. 

Nemopanthes. [Aquifoliaceae.] An ornamental, hardy, 
deciduous, upright-growing shrub, very little known, but very 
desirable. It was called Ilex Canadensis and Priiios lucida. 
The flowers are small and white ; but the berries are large, 
beautiful crimson, and very ornamental. Common shrub- 
bery soil ; but it will do better with an addition of sandy 
peat or leaf-mould. Propagated by layers and seeds in au- 
tumn, and by seeds in spring. 

N. Canadensis (Canadian) ; 3 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America; 181 2, 

Nepeta. Catmint. [Lamiaceae.] A rather large genus 
of hardy perennials, few of which are ornamental. Sandy 
garden soil. Increased by division. 

A", grandifiora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; 
flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1817. N. Sibirica (Siberian) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Siberia ; 1804. 

Nettle-Tree. See Celtis. 

New-Jersey Tea. See Ceanothus. 

NiCANDRA. [Solanaceae.] Robust half-hardy annual, 
with blue and white flowers ; pretty, but running too much to 
foliage. It should be sown in a mild hot-bed with other an- 
nuals towards the end of April, and the plants planted out 
in May ; or it may be sown in the border in May, and all 
the plants in each patch pulled away but the strongest. 
When a little stunted, it looks pretty in a large border ; the 
blossoms then being developed in a greater proportion to the 
leaves. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 269 

N. physaloides (physalis-like) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers 
blue and white, in July ; Peru ; 1759. 

NicoTiANA. Tobacco. [Solanace^e.] An extensive genus, 
the species mostly hardy annuals. The most interesting is 
the N. Tabaciun, or Virginia tobacco, of which several varie- 
ties, all having rose-colored flowers, are pretty enough to be 
introduced sparingly into large miscellaneous flower-borders: 
they grow from three to six feet high, according to the soil 
and climate. N. Langsdorffii^ with green flowers and blue 
anthers, is rather pretty. Of the common annual species, 
the seeds may be scattered over the borders in May, and a 
single plant left here and there where there is room for them. 
The Virginian tobacco must be sown in a warm frame in 
April, and treated like a half-hardy annual, being planted 
out in May, to produce fine blooming plants. From the size 
to which these plants grow, with their ample foliage, they 
should always be planted singly. Seeds are produced in 
abundance, by wdiich they are increased. 

N. Z«;/^j-^<?;2^/(Langsdorff's) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 
green, in July; ChiH ; 1819. N. paniciilata (panicled) ; hardy 
annual ; 3 feet ; flowers green, in July ; Peru ; 1752, N. Persica 
(Persian) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and green, 
in September; Persia; 1831. N. Tabacum (Virginian); half- 
hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in July; America ; 1570. N. 
undulata (wavy) ; half-hardy perennial, may be cultivated as an 
annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; New South Wales ; 1800. 

NiEREMBERGiA. [Solanacc^.] Pretty half-hardy herbs, 
suitable for the flower-garden, and for small beds. Sandy 
loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings in sand, during 
summer. The plants must be wintered in a dry airy green- 
house, with precaution against damp. They may be planted 
out in May. 

N. calycina (large-calyxed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 



2/0 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

flowers white, in July; Uraguay ; 1834. N. filicaiilis (thread- 
stemmed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white and 
Hlac, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1832. N. gracilis (slender) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and lilac, in July ; Ura- 
guay ; 1 83 1. N. intermedia (intermediate); half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, black, and yellow, in July ; 
Buenos Ayres ; 1832. 

NiGELLA. Fennel-flower^ or Devil-in-a-biish. [Ranoncu- 
laceae.] Hardy annuals, requiring only to be sown in the 
open border in May, and the plants thinned to three or four 
inches apart, six or eight being left in a patch. The flowers 
have a singular form and curious appearance. 

N. aristata (awned) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in 
July ; Greece. N. coarctata (compressed) ; hardy annual ; 9 
inches; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1793. N. 
da7nascena (common); hardy annual ; 18 inches; flowers blue, 
single or double, in June ; south of Europe ; 1570. N. Hispan- 
ica (Spanish) ; hardy annual j 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, 
in June ; Spain; 1629. N. Orienlalis (Eastern) ; hardy annual; 
18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Syria ; 1699. 

Nightshade. See Solanum. 

NoLANA. [Nolanaceas.] Pretty annuals, of prostrate 
trailing habit, with convolvulus-shaped blossoms. They 
may be sown in the open ground in May ; or may be sown 
in March, in pots for planting out, and the plants kept in a 
cold frame till the middle of May. They will flourish in 
good light garden soil, and are increased by seeds. 

A'', atriplicifolia (atriplex-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue, white, and yellow, in July; Peru; 1834. N. 
paradoxa (violet) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in 
July; Chili; 1825. N. prostrata (prostrate); hardy annual; 
6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Peru ; 1761. N. tenella (slen- 
der) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Chili ; 
1824. Variety subca^i'ulea is a fine free-flowering variety, with 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



271 

pale mauve-colored flowers. Variety laiiceolata is a vigorous 
grower, with blue flowers. 

Norway Spruce. See Abies excelsa. 

NuPHAR. [Nymphseaces.] ^ardy water-plants, with 
large floating leaves, like those of Nymphoea, but having 
yellow flowers. The species are worth cultivating. The 
culture of them is in all respects the same as that of Nyfti- 
phcea. 

N. advena (stranger) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; 
flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1772. N. Kalmiana 
(Kalm's) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers yellow, in 
July; Canada; 1807. A/". /?^/m (yellow) ; hardy aquatic peren- 
nial, floating ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. N. pumila 
(dwarf); hardy aquatic perennial, floating; flowers yellow, in July; 
England. N. sagittcEfolia (arrow-leaved) ; hardy aquatic peren^ 
nial, floating; flowers yellow, in July ; North America; 1824. 

Nycterinia. [ScrophuIarinese.J Pretty greenhouse plants, 
requiring to be grown in a sandy soil of peat and loam. In- 
creased by cuttings or seeds. The perennials require an 
airy greenhouse, and care in watering. The annuals to be 
treated as half-hardy annuals. 

N. lycJmidea (lychnis-like) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 
I foot ; flowers white and purple, in May ; Cape. N. selagiiioides 
(selago-like) ; greenhouse annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, with 
yellow eye, in summer ; Cape ; 1854. 

Nymph^a. Water-lily. [Nymphaeaceae.] A family of 
beautiful water-plants, including some of the most desirable 
for cultivation in hardy aquariums. This genus includes 
several stove species, as well as the hardy ones ; of which 
latter, nearly all have white flowers. The plants require to 
be planted in a layer of rich mud at the bottom of the water : 
and so that there is room enough for their floating foliage, 
they need little other attention. One of the best ways of 
fixing the rhizomes, or root-stocks, is to plant them in a 



2/2 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

common wicker basket filled with mud, the basket being 
dropped into the water where the plant is required. The 
tender kinds have to be planted in large pots or pans, which 
are sunk into cisterns of water ; and, in order to secure the 
blooming of the plants, there ought to be provision for warm- 
ing the water in the cisterns by some means They are in- 
creased by dividing the rhizomes. Both hardy and tender 
species are worth growing. 

N. alba (white) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers 
white, in June ; England. N. nitida (shining) ; hardy aquatic 
perennial, floating ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia; 1809. N. 
odorata (sweet) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, 
in July ; North America ; 1786. N. pygmcea (pygmy); half- 
hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, in July ; China ; 
1 805. N. reniformis (kidney-shaped) ; half-hardy aquatic peren- 
nial, floating ; flowers white, in July ; CaroHna ; 1823. 

Nyssa. Tupelo. [Cornaceae.] Hardy trees, with orna- 
mental foliage, which turns a brilliant red in the autumn. 
Raised from seed, which should be sown where the plants 
are to stand, as they transplant with difliculty. Soil, moist 
loam. 

N. viidtijlora (many-flowered) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; fruit 
purple, in autumn. N. imijlora (single-flowered) is an aquatic 
Southern species. 





OAK. See Quercus. 
Oats Animated. See Avena. 

Obeliscaria. [Compositae.] Showy hardy perennials. 
They require the same treatment as Rudbeckia, to which 
they are alHed. 

O. colu7nnaris (columnar) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in August; North America; 181 1. O. Drumynondii 
(Drummond's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow and 
black, in July; North America; 1836. O. pulcherri7)ia (pret- 
tiest) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in Au- 
gust ; Texas ; 1835. 

(Enothera. Evening-primrose. [Onagraceae.] Showy 
hardy plants, mostly perennials and biennials, with a few 
annuals. The annuals require to be sown in May, where 
they are to flower, and to be thinned when they come up ; or 
they may be sown in a patch, and planted out. Common 
garden soil. The biennial and perennial kinds should be 
sown in patches, and planted out when they are large enough, 
w^herever they are to bloom. The latter grow best in peaty 
soil, and especially in situations where they are not subjected 
to drought. There are a large number of species. Most 
of the old-fashioned annual (Enotheras are now called 
Godetia. 

CE. biettnis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, 
in July ; North America ; 1629. (E. Driwimondii (Drum- 
mond's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Texas; 1833. ^- Fraseri (Eraser's); hardy perennial; 18 
18 273 



274 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

inches; flowers yellow, in June; North America; 1811. CE. 
fniticosa (shrubby) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
August; North America ; 1737. ffi". Z^;;z^rc/^z^;/^ (Lamarck's); 
hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers bright-yellow, very large ; Texas ; 
i860. CE. inacrocarpa (large-fruited) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inch- 
es ; flowers large yellow, in June; North America ; 181 1, OEr. 
Missoiiriensis (Missouri) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
large yellow, in June; North America; 181 8. (E. odorata 
(sweet) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; South 
America ; 1790. CE. puiiiila (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1757. CE. speciosa 
(showy); half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; 
North America; 1821. CE. taraxacifolia (dandelion-leaved); 
hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Peru ; 1822. 
CE. tetraptera (four-winged) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in July ; Mexico ; 1796. 

Oleaster. See El^agnus. 

Omphalodes. [Boraginaceae.] A gerrus containing two 
favorite plants, — the annual Venus's Navel-wort, and the 
early blooming dwarf O. verna, whose pretty little bright 
blue flowers are mistaken by persons not skilled in plants 
for the Forget-me-not, a very different thing. Both are of 
the easiest culture. The perennial will increase to any ex- 
tent by division, and, when once planted, need not be dis- 
turbed for years ; for, within moderate limits, the larger the 
patch of such diminutive subjects, the better. It is very 
suitable for rock-work which is not too dry and exposed. The 
annual may be sown in the borders, towards the end of 
March, and again in May for a succession, and requires only 
good garden soil. 

O. linifolia (Venus's Navel-wort) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in June; Portugal; 1748. O. verna (spring); 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1633. 

Onobrychis. Saintfoin. [Leguminosae.] Hardy peren- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 275 

nials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. Some are 
pretty, but not of much importance. 

Ononis. Restharrow. [Leguminosae.] A genus of hardy 
and half-hardy perennials and annuals. Some of the sub- 
shrubby species are suitable for large rock-work. Soil, sandy 
loam. Increased by seeds. 

Onosma. [Boraginaceae.] Perennial herbs, mostly hardy, 
and many of them pretty subjects for rock-work. The flow- 
ers are tubularly bell-shaped, and in all cases yellow or 3'el- 
lowish. They grow best on dry and rather sandy soil, such 
as exposed rockwork, being very liable to rot off in damp 
confined places ; and the tenderer ones need protection from 
wet in winter. When seeds can be got, they make the best 
plants : they should be sown about May, either in pots for 
subsequent transplantation, or in the situations where they 
are to remain. If seeds cannot be had, they must be in- 
creased by cuttings of the young shoots, planted in sandy 
soil, and placed under a hand-glass. 

O. echioidcs (echium-hke) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers white, in April ; south of Europe ; 16S3. O. Gmelini (Gme- 
lin's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers straw-colored, in June ; 
Altai; 1829. O. Orientale (Eastern); half-hardy perennial; 
6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Levant ; 1752. O. polyphyl- 
him (many-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yel- 
low, in July; Tauria ; 1829. O. rupestre (rock); half-hardy 
perennial; i foot ; flowers yellow, in i\Iay ; Caucasus; 1S19. 
O. setosum (bristly) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
July ; Russia; 1838. O. stelhclatiun (starred) ; hardy perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Croatia; 1819. 

Ophelia. [Gentianacese.] A pretty annual. Peat bor- 
der. Seeds, to be sown in heat in April ; the }T3ung plants 
planted out in May. 

O. ptLrpiirascens (purplish) ; half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; 
flowers purphsh, in May; East Indies ; 1836. 



2/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Ophiopogon. [Liliaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy peren- 
nial. Sandy loam and peat. Division. 

O. Japonicus (Japan) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
pale-purple, in June ; Japan ; 1784. O. spicatus (spiked); hardy 
perennial; i foot ; flowers violet, in October ; Nepaul ; 1821. 

These plants require protection in the Northern States. 

Origanum. Marjoram. [Lamiaceae.] In this genus of 
hardy aromatic herbs are included two pretty greenhouse 
dwarf shrubs, which are excellent window plants. They 
increase by cuttings, and grow in sandy loam. 

O. Dicta77niMs (Dittany of Crete) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; i 
foot ; flowers purple, in little drooping heads like hops, in July ; 
Candia; 1551. O. Sipyleimi (Sipylian) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; 
18 inches ; flowers purple, in hop-hke heads, in July ; Levant ; 
1699. 

Ornithogalum. Star of Bethlehem. [Liliaceae.] An 
extensive genus of bulbous plants, containing about a score 
of hardy species, and about twice that number of half-hardy 
ones. Tlie flowers are star-like, and, in the majority of in- 
stances, white, often streaked inside or out with green. They 
grow readily in rich, light, loamy soil ; the hardy ones planted 
out in the open borders or in beds, and the tender ones pot- 
ted, and kept in a frame or- on a shelf in a cool greenhouse. 
The taller species, with their long spikes of starry flowers, 
are very ornamental. They all increase by means of offsets, 
as is the case with other bulbs. 

O. Arabiciun (Arabian) ; half-hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers 
white, in March; Egypt; 1629. O. aureiim (golden); green- 
house bulb ; I foot ; flowers orange, in June ; Cape ; 1790. O. 
comosum (tufted) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in Ju- 
ly; -Austria; 1596. 6>. ^(9r)/;;z^^i-?/;;z (corymbose) ;, half-hardy 
bulb ; I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Peru ; 1823. O. exscap- 
U7n (stemless) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 2// 

Italy; 1824. O. Iacteu7n (milk-wliite) ; half-hardy bolb ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1796. O. marginatinn (mar- 
gined) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers greenish-white, in May ; 
Asia ; 1843. O. 7noiitanujn (mountain) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in May ; Naples ; 1824. O. A'arbonense (Nar- 
bonne) ; hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; south 
of Europe; 18 10. O. niveiim (snowy); half-hardy bulb; 6 
inches; flowers white, in May; Cape; 1774. O. odoratuin 
(sweet); half-hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers pale-yellow, in 
May ; Cape ; 1795. O. pyrajnidale (pyramidal) ; hardy bulb ; 2 
feet ; flowers white, in June ; Spain ; 1752. O. suaveolens (fra- 
grant) ; half-hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; 
Cape ; 1826. O. uinbellatiim (umbelled) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in May ; England. 

There are numerous other species deserving of cultivation. 

Orobus. Bitter Vetch. [Leguminosae.] An extensive 
family of hardy perennials. Common light deep gai'den 
soil. Increased by division. 

O. atropurpjweits (dark-purple) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers deep-purple, in May; Algiers; 1826. O. aurcuitms 
(orange) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; 
Iberia ; 1818. O. fonnosiis (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; 
flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus; 1818. (7. ■z/^;7//^>y (spring) ; 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Europe ; 1629. 

Osage Orange. See Maclura. 

Ornus. Flowering Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous 
trees, with white flowers. Common garden soil. Propa- 
gated by seeds. 

O. America7ia (American) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America; 1820. (9. ^z/r^/^« (European) ; 20 feet ; flowers in 
May; Italy; 1730. O. fioribimda (bundle-flowered); 30 feet; 
Nepaul ; 1822. O. rottmdifolia (round-leaved); 16 feet; flow- 
ers in May; Italy; 1697. O. striata (channelled); 30 feet; 
flowers in April ; North America ; 1818. 

OxYDENDRUM. See Andromeda 



278 



GAUDEN FLOWERS. 



OsTRYA. Hop Hornbeam. [Corylacese.] Hardy decidu- 
ous small trees^ with fine foliage and ornamental fruit. In- 
creased by seeds, and grafting on common Hornbeam. Rich 
deep moist soil. 

O. Virgmica (Virginian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America; 1622. O. vulgaris (common); 20 feet; flowers in 
May; Italy; 1724. . 

Oswego Tea. Monarda didyma. 

OxYTROPis. [Leguminosse.] A family of mostly hardy 
plants from Siberia, allied to Astragalus. Soil, sandy loam. 
Propagated by seeds sown where the plants are to remain, 
as they transplant badly. There are some forty species. 

OxYURA. [Compositae.] A pretty showy chrysanthemum- 
like annual. Sow in the open border in May, and thin out 
the plants. 

O. chrysanthemoides (chrysanthemum-like) ; hardy annual j 18 
inches '-, flowers yellow and white, in July ; California ; 1834. 





P^ONI A. [Ranunculaceae.] Very showy plants, of easy 
culture in deep rich loam. Propagated by division, if 
herbaceous ; if tree, or Moutan, by division, grafting, cut- 
tings of the young shoots in spring, by layers and suckers, 
by layering the young shoots after ringing-round each bud 
so that each bud forms a plant. The shrubby species are 
sometimes called Moutan (which see). All the species are 
desirable, and few plants are more showy in the garden and 
shrubbery. 

Hardy Shrubs. — P. Moutan (Chinese-tree) ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in May ; China ; 1 789. P. albida-plena (double-white) ; 

2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; China. P. Anneslei (Annesley's) ; 

3 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; China. P. atropitrpicrea (dark- 
purple-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in May; China; 1846. 
/*. Banksii (Banks's) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 
.1794. P. carnea-plena (double-flesh-colored) ; 2 feet; flowers in 
May ; China. P. globosa (globular-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flesh-color, 
flowers white and purple, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P- H^cic- 
ina (lilac-colored); 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; China; 1845. 
P. Htimei (Hume's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 
1 817. P. papaveracea (poppy-hke) ; 3 feet; flowers white, in 
May; China; 1789. P. pai^viflora (small-flowered); 3 feet; 
flowers pale-rose, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P- P^da (painted); 
3 feet ; flowers pale and deep rose-striped, in May ; Canton ; 
1845. P- Pawesii (Rawes's) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-pink, in May ; 
China; 1820. P. rosea (rosy); 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; 
China. P. rosea-plena (double- rose) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in 
May; China; 1804. P. rosea-sej?ti-p le7ta* {strm-douhlo^ rose); 

279 



280 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

2 feet; flowers red, in May; China; 1794. P. salmonea (salmon- 
colored) ; 3 feet; flowers pale-salmon, in May; China; 1846. 
P. speciosa (showy) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; China; 1825. 
P. Alexander II. is a very large rich rosy-red variety ; hybrid ; 
i860. P. glorie Belgarum is the largest Peony known ; flowers 
very double, crimson ; hybrid ; 1857. 

Hardy Herbaceous. — P. albifiora (white-flowered) ; 2 feet ; 
flowers white, in May; Siberia; 1548. P. albifiora Candida 
(white) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. albi- 
fiora festa (pleasant) ; 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in June. 
P. albifiora fragrafts (fragrant) ; 2 feet ; flowers, red in May ; 
China; 1805. P . albifiora Hiiinei (Hume's double-crimson); 2 
feet; flowers red, in May; China; 1808. P. albifiora Pottsii 
(Potts's) ; 3 feet; flowers crimson, in June; China; 1822. P. 
albifiora Reevesii (Reeves's double) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in 
June; China; 1822. P. albifiora riibescens (ruddy); 2 feet; 
flowers pink, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Siberica (Siberian) ; 
2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Tatarica 
'Tartarian) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. 
albifiora nnifiora (single-flowered) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; 
Siberia. P. albifiora vestalis (virgin) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in 
May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Whitleji (Whitley's double-white) ; 
2 feet ; flowers blush, in May; China ; 1808. P. anoinala (anom- 
alous) ; 18 inches; flowers crimson, in May; Siberia; 1788. 
P. arietina (ram) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple ; Levant. P. arietifta- 
Andersonii (Anderson's) ; flowers rose, in June. P. arietina 
Oxoiiiensis (Oxford) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blush, in June. P. 
Brownii (Brown's) ; flowers red, in May ; North America ; 1826. 
P. coralli7ta (coralline) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Eng- 
land. P. Corsica (Corsican) ; flowers purple, in June ; Corsica. 
P. Cretica (Cretan) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Crete. P. 
decora (comely) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Turkey. P. 
decora elatior (taller) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea. 
P. decora Pallasii (Pallas's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; 
Crimea. P. hiiniilis (dwarf) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; 
Spain ; 1633. P. hybrida (hybrid) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May; 
Siberia. P. lobata (lobed) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 28 1 

Spain; 1821. P. mollis (soft); 18 inches; flowers purple, in 
May ; Siberia. P. officinalis (shop) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in 
May ; Europe ; 1548. P. officinalis albicans (whitening) ; 3 feet ; 
flowers white, in May. P. officinalis aneinonijlora (anemone- 
flowered) ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; 1830. P. officinalis 
Baxteri (Baxter's) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson ; Oxford. P. offici- 
nalis blanda (bland) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offici- 
nalis canescens (hoary) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offi- 
cinalis inultipctala (many-petaled) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in 
May. P. officinalis rosea (rosy) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May. 
P. officinalis rubra (double-red) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May. 
P. officinalis variegata (variegated-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers crim- 
son, in June. P. paradoxa (paradoxical) ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- 
ple, in May ; Levant. P. paradoxa compacta (compact) ; 2 feet ; 
flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa fimbriata (double-fringed) ; 

2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa Grevillii (Gre- 
ville's); 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa peregrina 
(straggling) ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-purple, in May. P. pubens 
(downy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May. P. Reevesiana (Reeves's) 

3 feet; flowers crimson, in May; China. P. Russi (Russ's); 
2 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Sicily. P. siinpliciflora (sim- 
ple-flowered) ; flowers red, in May ; Levant. P. temufolia 
(fme-leaved) ; 18 inches; flowers red, in May; Siberia; 1765. 
P. teniiifolia fiore-pleno (double-flowered); 18 inches; flowers 
red, in May; Russia; 1831. P. tenuifolia latifolia (broad- 
leaved) ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in June. P. triternata (thrice- 
three-leafleted) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia; 1790. 
P. villosa (shaggy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1 8 16. P. Witmajiniana (Witmann's) ; 2 feet; flowers 
greenish-yellow, in May; Abcharia ; 1842. 

For new varieties, which are constantly produced, consult 
the latest florist catalogues. 

Palafoxia. [Compositai.] Annuals and herbaceous per- 
ennials, thriving in sandy loam, and propagated by seeds 
and division. P. linearis is tender. 
P. fastigiata (tapering) ; hardy perennial ; flowers white, in 



282 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

August; North America; 1823. P. linearis (narrow-leaved); 
tender perennial ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1821. P. 
Jexana (Texan) ; hardy annual ; flowers brownish-red, in Au- 
gust ; Texas; 1850. 

Palma Christi. See Ricinus. 

Pansy. See Viola. 

Papaver. Poppy. [Papaveraceae.] A genus of hardy 
plants, containing many weeds and some showy species : it 
comprises perennials, biennials, and annuals. Of the latter, 
the double-flowered varieties, sometimes known as Carnation 
and Picotee Poppies, are the most worthy of cultivation, and 
these are really gay as well as stately plants : besides which, 
if colors have any charm in a garden, it is almost impossible 
to enumerate the different tints that a pinch of good seed 
will produce. These annual kinds will overrun a garden if 
the pods of seed are not removed before ripening. For 
mixed or shrubbery borders, this may be no objection, as 
plants can be left where there is space for them, and the rest 
hoed up ; but, in the more neatly kept parts of a garden, this 
scattering of the seed should be prevented, and a supply of 
plants raised by special sowing. The seeds may be sown in 
May, in patches where they are to grow, and thinned out to 
three or four strong plants in a patch ; or, if more convenient, 
they may be sown thinly in any open place out of the way, 
and, when large enough, planted in the borders and beds 
where they are wanted. Any plants which show flowers at 
all secondary in quality should be pulled up immediately, 
and none be left in the ground but very double and very 
pretty ones ; the seed from these, or from the most beauti- 
ful of them, will give good varieties another year. The per- 
ennials want no culture, but to be planted in good garden 
soil, and left undisturbed : they increase by seeds or by 
division. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 283 

P. Alpimun (Alpine); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers 
white, in July; Austria; 1759. P. ainosimm (lovely); hardy 
annual; 2 feet ; flowers red and white, in June; India; 1830. 
P. bracteatiun (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- 
let, very showy, in May ; Siberia ; 181 7. P. croceutji (saf- 
fron) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers copper-color, in May ; 
Altai ; 1829. P. nudicaule (naked-stemmed); hardy perennial ; 
18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1730. P. Orientale 
(Eastern); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, very showy, 
in May ; Armenia ; 1714. P. Rhceas (common corn) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 2 feet. The garden double-flowered varieties of this plant 
are very gay, of almost every color, red predominating, and va- 
riously variegated, and with the petals smooth-edged. P\ somni- 
ferum (opium-bearing) ; hardy annual ; 3 to 4 feet. Of this the 
double varieties only are desirable for gardens. They are of 
stately aspect, and very handsome ; but differ from the last in 
being formed of a mass of small narrow petals or larger cut- 
edged ones. The colors are various, chiefly shades of red, pur- 
ple, white, and blotched. 

Paper Mulberry. See Broussonetia. 

Parnassia. [Hypericaceae.] Pretty dwarf herbaceous per- 
ennials. Damp peaty soil. Propagated by division or by 
seeds. 

P. asa^-ifolia (asarum-Ieaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers white, in July; North America; 1812. P. Caroliniana 
(Carolina) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America ; 1802. P. pahcstris (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 
9 inches ; flowers white, in July ;. Britain ;• North America- 

Pasque-Flower. See Anemone. 

Paulownia. [Scrophularineae.] A fine deciduous tree 
allied to Catalpa, scarcely hardy in New England, except in 
the most favored spots, in consequence of its producing very 
robust shoots, which seldom ripen ; but doing well south of 
New York. Its large bunches of trumpet-shaped purplish 
flowers are very handsome. It should be planted in a dry 



284 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

soil, and in warm situations, where its vigorous shoots may 
be well ripened annually. Increased by layers, cuttings of 
the young shoots, and seeds. 

P. z'mperia/is {ImperiaX) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers purplish, 
in May ; Japan ; 1840. 

Pavia. [Sapindaceae.] A small group of the Horse- 
chestnut family, consisting of handsome flowering trees of 
the smaller class. They grow in any deep lightish garden 
soil, and are usually increased by grafting on the common 
Horse-chestnut, or by layers. 

F. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers red 
and yellow, in June ; North America ; 1812. P. inacrostachya 
(large-spiked) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 
North America ; 1820. P. rubra (red); hardy shrub; 6 feet ; 
flowers red, in June; North America; 171 1. The varieties 
humilis and Junnilis pendttla, both red-flowered, are desirable. 
These are selected on account of their small size. 

Pea Sweet. See IvAthyrus. 

Peach. See Persica. 

Pedicularis. Loiiseivort. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy 
and half-hardy perennials, often very handsome, but not 
very easily grown. Damp peaty soil. Increased by seeds. 
Many species have been introduced. There are in all about 
thirty species, but the plants are not common in gardens. 

Pelargonium. [Geraniaceae.] A very large family of 
beautiful plants. The only ones however which call for our 
attention in connection with the flower-garden are the Scar- 
let Geraniums, so called, so popular for summer bedding. 
They require ordinary greenhouse treatment in the winter, 
or will survive in a warm, light cellar. The varieties are 
changing every year, and florists' catalogues will afford a fine 
collection of the various colors of red, pink, and white ; and 
also fine variegated-leaved kinds. These kinds have sprung 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 285 

from P. Bentinckianum, inquinans^ zonale, and others of the 
same character. 

Pennisetum. [Graminese.] A family of ornamental 
grasses, succeeding in any soil from spring-sown seeds. 

P. villosum (hairy) ; hardy annual ; apetalous ; Brazil. 

Penthorum. [Crassulaceas.] Hardy succulent-leaved per- 
ennials. Common soil. Increased by division. 

P. sedoides (sedum-like) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in July; North America; 1768.. 

Pentstemon. [Scrophularineae.] A large genus of hardy 
or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, sometimes sub-shrubby ; 
among the most ornamental of summer-flowering plants. 
The best kinds for the flower-garden are the varieties of P. 
Hartwegii, often called genfianoides^ which is sub-shrubby, 
propagates freely by cuttings, and blooms most profusely 
from August onwards till severe frost occurs. It should be 
wintered in cold frames, and planted out in spring. They 
may all be propagated by seeds or cuttings, less freely by 
division, according to their peculiar habits of growth ; and 
require to be planted in a moderately rich light loamy soil 
to attain their full beauty, which is very considerable. Most 
of those marked half-hardy perennials which are not sub- 
shrubby, survive over winters, in favorable situations, and 
protected against excessive wet. It is, however, safer to 
shelter them in cold frames. They also survive better where 
there is a keen pure air. 

P. atropurpureiis (dark-purple) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby pe- 
rennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 
1827. P . aziiretts {2iZ\irQ) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
blue, in June ; Mexico ; 1848. P. baccJiarifolius (baccharis- 
leaved) ; half-hardy perennial, or perhaps biennial; 18 inches; 
flowers scarlet, in August ; Texas ; 1851. P. barbatiis (bearded) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light scarlet, in July ; Mexico ; 



2S6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

1 794 ; often called Chelo7ie. P. campamdaHis (bell-flowered) ; 
half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light rose- 
purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1794. P.ccjitra7ithifolius{(:Qnir2ini\\\ii5- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers deep scarlet, in July ; 
California ; 1 834 ; often called Chelone. P. coboea (coboea-flow- 
ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white and rose, 
in August; Texas; 1835. P. crassifoliiis (thick-leaved); half- 
hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; 
North America ; P. cyaiianthiis (blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 
feet; flowers deep-blue, in July ; Rocky Mountains; 1849, P. 
diffiisus (diiTuse) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light-purple, 
in July ; North America ; 1826. P. digitalis (foxglove-like) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers whitish, in July ; Arkansas ; 
1824. P. G^r<^(9;// (Gordon's) ; half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; 
flowers light-blue, in June ; Rocky Mountains ; 1845. P- Hart- 
wegii (Hartweg's) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1825. Of this beauti- 
ful and useful plant, there are numerous garden varieties ; the 
most distinct are : albus, creamy white ; coccineus^ scarlet ; di- 
aphaiiiis, rosy ; McEiveni, rose ; Salteri, white, bordered with 
rose ; Verplankii, rose. P. heterophylhun (various-leaved) ; 
half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; flowers rose-color, in July ; 
California ; 1834. P. miiiiatns (vermilion) ; half-hardy sub- 
shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers vermihon, in July ; Mexico ; 
1846, P. Murrayaniim (Murray's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 
feet; flowers scarlet, in August; Texas; 1835. P- ovatus 
(ovate) ; hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; 
North America ; 1826. P. roseus (rosy) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby 
perennial; 2 feet; flowers rose, in July; Mexico; 1825. P. 
speciostis (showy) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light 
blue, in July ; North America ; 1827. P. IVrighiii (yslnghi^s,)', 
half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers rich deep-rose, in June ; 
Texas ; 1851. 

All the other species are worth growing where there is 
space for them. 

Perilla. [Lamiaceae.] Half-hardy annuals, valuable 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 28/ 

for their dark foliage. Light garden soil. Increased by 
seeds. 

P. Na7ikine7isis (Nankin); half-hardy annual; i8 inches; 
purple leaves ; China ; 1852. 

P. ocymoides and fruticosa are not of much cultural value. 

Periploca. [Asclepiadacese.] Hardy deciduous climbers, 
with glossy ornamental foliage. Loamy soil. Increased by 
layers and cuttings. 

P. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy twining shrub ; 6 feet ; 
flowers purplish, in July; south of Europe; 1800. P. Grceca 
(Greek); hardy twining shrub ; 12 feet; flowers purpHsh-brown, 
in July ; Syria ; 1597. 

Periwinkle. See Vinca. 

Persica. Peach. [Amygdalaceae.] A well-known genus, 
containing some beautiful flowering shrubs. Good garden 
soil. Propagated by budding. 

P. vulgaris (common) ; of this there are'*the following fine va- 
rieties, — flore pleno (double-flowered, white and pink) ; foliis 
variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; pendala (weeping) ; sangidnea 
plena (double red) ; camilliaflora (rich deep crimson double 
flowers, China, 1847); rosaejiora (deep rose double flowers, 
China, 1848). 

Persicaria. See Polygonum. 

Petasites. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, 
growing in common soil, and increased by division. 

P. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 
May ; Europe ; 1683. 

Petunia. [Solanaces.] Showy, soft-stemmed, shrubby 
perennials, closely allied to Nierembergia. The garden Pe- 
tunias have sprung from P. nyctaginiflora and violacea ; the 
latter, in its original form, one of the richest of all plants 
for bedding out in the flower-garden, owing to its brilliant 
color. Tliere are, however, few families in which cultivation 



288 GARDEN FLOWKRS. 

has effected such a revohition as in this ; for from the flimsy 
flowers of the old white, and the pointed blossoms of the 
old purple, have been produced flowers of circular outline, 
with thick corollas, and fluctuating beautiful colors. Petu- 
nias are propagated either by seed or cuttings. Seeds may 
be sown in March, on a hot-bed, and the plants treated as 
half-hardy annuals. Cuttings strike freely placed in a frame, 
with bottom heat : they should be planted in March and 
April, being obtained from old plants placed in heat, and 
from the tops of the earlier-planted cuttings, if a supply of 
young plants was not provided the previous autumxn. The 
young plants require to be separately potted, hardened in a 
cold frame, and planted out in May, when the danger of 
frost is passed. A few plants should be kept in pots, rather 
stunted, for preservation through the winter in order to sup- 
ply cuttings in spring ; or young plants may be struck in 
August, and well hardened, and kept in the greenhouse on 
an airy shelf through the winter : such plants will, if vigor- 
ous and healthy, bloom earlier than spring cuttings. P'or 
this reason, a supply, more or less abundant, should always 
be struck at the end of the summer to keep over for plant- 
ing out in spring. 

P. ftyctaginifiora (large-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; i8 
inches; flowers white, in June;. La Plata; 1823, P. violacea 
(violaceous) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-pur- 
ple, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1831. This is sometimes called 
P. Ph(£iiicea. 

The names of the florists' varieties are arbitrary. Fine 
varieties may be selected from florists' catalogues. The 
double varieties are better fitted for the greenhouse than the 
garden. 

Phaca. [Leguminosae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. 
Soil, sandy loam, Increased by seeds or division. The 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 289 

species are Alpi?ia, arenaria, astragalifia^ exalfata, frigida, 
lutea, Lapponica, oroboides^ triangularis, and many others. 

Phacelia. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Pretty annuals, of the 
easiest cuUure in the open ground ; the seeds being sown in 
May. There are some unimportant perennials. 

P. congesta (crowded) ; hardy annual ;. i foot ; flowers purple, 
in June ; Texas ; 1835. P. fiinbriata (fringed) ; hardy annual ; 
I foot ; flowers white and Hlac, in June ;: North America ; 1840. 
P. tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved); hardy annual; 18. in.ches ; flow- 
ers blue-lilac, in June; California; 1832. P. vinifolia vine- 
leaved) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers light-blue, in Sep- 
tember ; Texas ; 1834. 

Phalangium. [Liliaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials, with pretty blossoms. Common soiL. Increased 
by division. 

P. Liliago (grass-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1 5,96.. 

Phalaris. [Graminaceae.] EUardy annuals. Common 
soil. Increased by seeds. P. Ca7iariensis produces the 
canary seed. The other species are P.. appendicidata and 
commutata. 

Pharbitis. Gay-bine. [Convolvulaceae.] Annual and 
perennial twiners of graceful habit, with extremely gay flow- 
ers. Some of the species are tender ; others may be treated 
as half-hardy annuals. The genus contains the well-known 
Convolvulus major, the plants commonly grown under that 
name including the varieties of F. hispida, Nil, hederacea, 
and perhaps some others. The colors of the Convolvulus 
major are varied : deep-purple, violet, light-blue, white, pale- 
rose, deep rose-crimson, and blue and white striped. This 
convolvulus should be sown in May, in patches, round a 
post or pillar, or at the foot of a stump of a tree, or where 
it can be provided with tall branchy stakes on which to 
19 



290 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

twine, for the plant will grow ten feet high, and in season be 
covered with bloom ; it is, however, characteristic of the 
plant to close its flowers during rains or in very cloudy 
weather, and at the approach of night. The varieties seed 
freely ; but as the seeds soon shed after ripening, a good 
look-out must be kept for the pods. They may also be sown 
in pots in March, and kept in frames till May, and then 
planted out. They like a light rich soil. The other annual 
species require exactly the same management. A strong 
growing, somewhat shrubby species, P. Learii, is too hand- 
some to be here omitted, though it requires a stove or warm 
greenhouse ; it is a plant which grows and flowers well, pro- 
vided it has room to extend its branches, and nourishment 
to support them. It likes a strong, rich, loamy compost. 

P. barbata (bearded) ; hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flow- 
ers blue, in July; Virginia; 1729. P. diversifolia (various- 
leaved) ; greenhouse twining annual ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in 
June; Mexico; 1836. P. /z<?^^r^^^^ (ivy-leaved) ; half-hardy 
twining annual ; 10 feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; America ; 
1729. P. hispida (rough) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; 
flowers various, in June ; South America ; 1629. P. Learii 
(Lear's) ; stove or greenhouse shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers blue and 
purple, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1835. P- ^'^^ (blue) ; half-hardy 
twining annual ; 10 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; South America; 
1597. /*. P^/ri-z^/z (Morning-glory)^ hardy twining annual; 10 
feet ; flowers pale-blue, in July; Virginia ; 1597. 

Phaseolus. Kidney - bean.. [Leguminosae.] Twining 
plants, some annual and hardy, others requiring stove-heat. 
P. multifloriis, the well-known scarlet-runner bean, deserves 
notice as a flower-garden plant, from its shov^7 appearance 
when in blossom. It is a plant well-adapted for covering 
summer-houses and temporary trellises : and is more or less 
ornamental from June to October. The seeds should be 
sown where the plants are required, in the month of May. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 29 1 

P. 7Ttultifiorus (many-flowered) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 10 
feet ; flowers scarlet or white, or white and scarlet, in July ; 
South America ; 1633, 

Pheasant's-eye. See Adonis. 

Philadelphus. Mock Orange, or Syringa. [Philadel- 
phacese.] Ornamental deciduous flowering shrubs. Confu- 
sion sometimes arises from the fact that the common name 
of this shrub, syringa, is the same word as the botanical 
name of the lilac-bush ; and as both are shrubs, often intro- 
duced into gardens and shrubberies from their free-flower- 
ing qualities, the confusion is attended with inconvenience. 
The plants are widely different. The lilac (Syringa vul- 
garis), as is well known, bears numerous small flowers in 
clusters, shaped something like an erect bunch of grapes. 
The Syringa, or Mock Orange (Philadelphus), on the other 
hand, bears its flowers, which are large, and composed of 
distinct petals, either singly, or very few together ; and they 
are called Mock Orange from the considerable resemblance 
between their blossoms and those of the orange-tree. Most 
of the species have a strong, but not very agreeable scent. 
Their leaves, moreover, have a taste similar to that of cu- 
cumbers. They are hardy shrubs, requiring no particular 
culture, but growing in ordinary garden soil, where it is not 
too damp ; and are increased, either by means of layers, by 
cuttings, or by suckers. The flowers of all are white, with 
a bunch of yellow stamens in the centre. Nearly all are 
worth planting ; but the following are the most distinct and 
handsome : — 

P. coronariiis (garland) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, 
in May; south of Europe ; 1596. P. floribundus iyixsccvj-^om- 
ered) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North 
America; 181 5. P. Gordonianus (Gordon's); hardy shrub ; 6 
feet; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1830. P.inodo- 
rz^.f (scentless) ; hardy shrub; 6 feet; flowers white, in July; 



292 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

North America; 1738. P. latifolius (broad-leaved); hardy 
shrub; 8 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 181 5. 
P. speciostis (showy) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in 
June; North America; 18 15. 

Philesia. [Smilacese.] Beautiful hardy or half-hardy 
evergreen shrubs. Peat soil. Increased by cuttings. This 
plant will probably prove hardy. 

P. biixifolia (box-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 
feet ; flowers large rose-crimson, in June ; Antarctic America ; 
1850. 

Phillyrea, [Oleaceae.] Desirable evergreen shrubs, 
valuable for their foliage and habit ; the fliowers being white 
and insignificant. Good garden soil. Propagated by lay- 
ers or cuttings, under a hand-light. Not hardy at the North. 

Ornamental Evergreens. — P. a?igustifoHa, P. IcEvis, P. 
latifolia, P. llgnstrifolia, P. media, P. olecefolia. 

Phlomis. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy shrubs and herbaceous 
plants. Dry loamy soil. Increased by division, seeds, or, 
for the shrubby sorts, cuttings. Generally not hardy at the 
North. 

P. Ar77ieniaca (Armenian) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers yellow, in June; Armenia; 1834. P. Casluneriana 
(Cashmere) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; 
Cashmere ; 1840. P. fruticosa (Jerusalem sage) ; hardy shrub ; 
3 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Spain; 1596. P. herba-veiiti 
(wind-herb) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in August ; 
south of Europe ; 1596. /*.' 5rt;/z/^ (Samos) ; hardy perennial ; 
3 feet; flowers purple, in June; Samos ; 17 14. P. tuberosa 
(tuberous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; 
Siberia; 1759. 

Phlox. [Polemoniaceae.] Beautiful hardy perennials, 
for the most part. The seedling varieties are numerous ; 
some tall, others remarkably dwarf, and varying in color 
from clear white to pink, lilac, and purple, as well as striped. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 293 

They require arranging according to their heights, as well as 
according to their flowering season, when grown in collec- 
tions ; for some are early, others very late. Every year pro- 
duces novelties ; but many of the varieties are similar, con- 
sequently a few sho\vy and strikingly different sorts should 
be selected, and these are very desirable in a flower-garden. 
In choosing Phloxes, those which are dwarf, and most abun- 
dant blooming, with individual flowers large and quite circu- 
lar, should be selected. They grow well in any good light 
garden soil, if the situation is not too dry in summer, but 
thrive better in beds of peat soil. In sandy loam, enriched 
with equal parts leaf-mould, they also grow very luxuriantly. 
If in beds by themselves, and the plants are small, they re- 
quire to be planted about a foot apart. They are propa- 
gated by parting the root, and may be raised from seed ; 
the former perpetuates any approved variety, the latter gives 
us a chance of obtaining new ones. The established sorts 
are propagated by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of the 
flower-stems ; and the plants should be allowed to remain two 
or three seasons, for they are the better for spreading out a 
little. New varieties are obtained from seed, which should 
be sown in May, and the young plants set out in rows in a 
nicely prepared bed. The next season, when they bloom, 
the best should be selected. The dwarf trailing species are 
fine for rock-work. /*. Driimmondii, an annual species, is a 
very beautiful plant, forming one of the most showy of flow- 
ering plants during summer. The colors vary a good deal, 
and there is no dependence on any seed bringing plants 
quite similar in color to the parent ; but the general form of 
the plant, and its pretty and abundant blooming habit, are 
maintained. The seed should be sown in gentle heat in 
March or April ; and, as soon as the plants are large enough 
to handle, they are to be pricked out an inch apart, in wide- 



294 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

mouthed pots, where, for economy of space, they may re- 
main for three or four weeks, and may be kept in the green- 
house or in a frame. When they have grown so as almost 
to touch one another, they may be potted separately in 
pots three inches across, and placed under a garden light, 
where, if need be, they can be covered against frost. Here 
they may remain, with all the air that can be given in mild 
days, until their roots fill the pots, when they must be re- 
moved to five-inch pots, changing them without breaking the 
balls of earth. They may be replaced in the frame, unless 
the chances of frost have gone by, in which case the plants 
may be set out in the garden. They do well in the flower- 
garden if planted out in beds of rich light earth towards the 
end of May. 

P. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; 
flowers pale-purple, in July; North America; 1812. P.aris- 
tata (awned) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
April ; Carolina ; 1828. P. stolonifera (creeping) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 6 inches ; flowers red and white, in May ; North America; 
1825. P. divaricata (early) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
pale-purple, in May; North America; 1746. P. subulata (awl- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in May ; 
North America; 1786. P. Drinjiinondii (Drummond's) ; half- 
hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple-rose, striped, or white, in 
July; Texas; 1835. P- J}i(icidata (spotted-stemmed); hardy 
perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 
1740. P. nivalis (snowy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
white, in April; North America; 1820. P. omnijlora (all-flow- 
ering) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; gar- 
dens. P. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers various, in July; North America; 1732. P. setacea 
(bristly) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in 
April; North America; 1786. P. stiaveolens {2,^^^\-sztTi\.t.^\ 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1766. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 295 

Most of the species are handsome plants. The following 
are the best varieties : Light. — D'argejit, Do?taria, Kete- 
krii, Louis Mezard, Madame Aiirelie Duriez, Madame de 
BrobequeSj Mada7?te Guldenschuh, Madame Marseau, Madame 
Suceur, Mrs. Standish, Roi Leopold, Speculum, Triomph de 
TwickeL Dark. — President Morel, Neptune, Madame Houl- 
let, Madaine Llenricq, Madame Amazile Pothier, Henry Lierval, 
Evening Star, Dugueslin, Cromwell, Milk Prial. 

Phygelius. [Scrophularineae.] A very pretty bedding 
plant, flowering freely towards autumn in the border. Prop- 
agated by cuttings. 

P. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
red and orange, in September ; Caffreland ; 1854. 

Phyllodoce. [Ericaceae.] Pretty little shrubs, allied to 
Daboecia, and Menziesia, and requiring the same treatment. 
Peat soil. Propagated by layers. 

P. enipetj'iforniis (empetrum-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 
6 inches ; flowers pale red, in July ; North America; 1810. P. 
taxi/alia (yew-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub) ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers red, in July ; North America, Europe, and Scotland. 

Physalis. Winter Cherry. [Solanaceae.] A genus con- 
taining a half-hardy perennial, ornamental in autumn on 
account of its orange-colored berries. Common soil. Pro- 
pagated by division. 

P. Alke^engi{A\kekeng\) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- 
ers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1548. 

Physianthus. [Asclepidaceae.] A greenhouse climber 
which, however, does finely planted, out in summer in a 
rich warm border. Flowers, freely produced, white, with 
green and pink lining. The flowers have the curious pro- 
perty of catching the honey tubes of moths and butterflies, 
so that the insects cannot escape. Propagated by seeds and 
cuttings. 



296 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

P. albicans (whitish) ; climber ; 20 feet ; flowers white, all 
summer; Buenos Ayres ; 1830. 

Physostegia. [Lamiaceae.] Fine hardy perennials. They 
require the same treatment as Dracocephalum, and may be 
propagated in the same way, both being also increased, when 
requisite, by seeds sown in May or June, to produce bloom- 
ing plants for the following year. 

P. iinbricata (imbricated) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers pale rose-purple, in July; Texas ; 1833. P. speciosa (showy) ; 
hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers rose-pink, in July ; Siberia ; 
1822. P. Virgiiiiana (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers red or white, in July ; North America ; 1683. 

Phyteuma. [Campanulaceae.] Handsome hardy peren- 
nials, of easy culture in a dryish situation, and in good gar- 
den soil. There are about a score of species. They are, 
many of them, suitable for rock-work, and may be multiplied 
either by seeds or by division. 

P: canescens (hoary) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale- 
purple, in July; Hungary; 1804. P. comositm (tufted); hardy 
biennial ; 9 indies ; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1752. P. 
orbiculare (round) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
June ; England. P. Sibirictun (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1817. P- s^picaf urn (spiked); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; Europe ; 1 597. 

PiCEA. See Abies. 

PiCOTEE. See DiANTHUS. 

Phytolacca. Poke. [Phytolaccaceae.] A hardy tall- 
growing plant, ornamental in the shrubbery for its flowers 
and racemes of black berries. Rich deep soil. Increased 
by seed. 

P. decafidra (ten-stamened) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 5 
feet; flowers white and green, in August; North America; 
1768. 

There are many tender species. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 29/ 

PiLEWORT. See FiCARIA. 

Pimpernel. See Anagallis. 

PiNGUicuLA. [Lentibulaceae.] Curious dwarf hardy per- 
ennials. Marsh, or boggy soil. Propagated by seeds or 
division. 

Pink. See Dianthus. 

PiNUS. [Coniferae.] Fine evergreen trees, generally 
hardy, and including some of our most valuable evergreens. 
They flourish in good light soil, and are easily propagated 
by seeds, or the rarer kinds by grafting. 

P. Aradica{AYa.h'mn); Palestine. P. A tistralis (southern) ; 70 
feet ; Florida ; 1730. P. Austriaca (Austrian ; black) ; flowers 
in June ; Austria ; 1835. P- Bajiksiana (Banks's, scrub); 20 feet; 
flowers in May ; North America; 1785. P . Beiitha7Jiia7ia (^en- 
tham's) ; 200 feet ; California ; 1847. P- BriUia (Calabrian) ; 
Calabria. P. Bungeana (Bunge's) ; north of China. P. cejubra 
(cembra; Siberian); 25 feet; flowers in May; Siberia; 1746. 
P. cejnbra pumila (dwarf) ; Siberia. P. Chibjialmana (Chil- 
malm's) ; 46 feet ; north of Mexico. P. comimmis (common). 
P, comimmis rubra (red) ; Scotland. P. co7jiimmis latifolia 
(broad-leaved). P. edulis (eatable-seeded) ; North Mexico. P. 
Ekreubergii (Ehrenherg^s) ; 100 feet; Mexico. P. excelsa{taM); 
100 feet; Nepaul; 1823. P. Pm/aysom'ana (Fml2Lyson^s); Cochin 
China. P.Jiexilis (pliant) ; New Mexico. P. Freinontiaita (Fre- 
mont's) ; 20 feet ; California ; 1848. P. Halepensis (Aleppo) ; 40 
feet ; flowers in June ; Levant ; 1683. P. Halepensis inaritiina 
(maritime) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Greece. P. ijiops 
(Jersey ; poor) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1739. 
P. //zj-z^/z/j- (remarkable) ; 60 feet ; California ; 1833. P. ijisularis 
(island); Philippines. P. Koraieiisis {Core2in) ; 10 feet ; Corea. 
P. Lainbertiaiia {1.2imbeYi''s); 200 feet ; North America ; 1827. 
P. Lai7ibertiana brevifolia (short-leaved). P. laricio (Corsican ; 
larch); 80 feet ; flowers in May ; Corsica ; 18 14. P. Llaveana (La 
Llave's); 25 feet; Mexico; 1830. P. macrocarpal^2,xge-(ione^\ 
120 feet ; California. P. Merkusii (Merkus's) ; 100 feet ; Suma- 



298 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

tra. P. initis (soft-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America ; 1739. P- fftonticola (mountain-top) ; California ; 1831. 
P. Miigho (Mugho) ; flowers in May ; Austria. P. Miigho hu- 
inilis (lowly). P. Mugho obliqua (twisted). P. mtwicata (prick- 
ly-coned) ; 40 feet; California; 1848. P. osteosperma (scaly- 
seeded) ; New Mexico. P. Pallasiana (Pallas's) ; 70 feet ; flow- 
ers in May; Siberia; 1820. P. paruiflora (small-flowered); 
Japan; 1846. Z*. /'tv-j-Zt^ (Persian) ; south of Persia. P. Pence 
(Peucean) ; Mountains of Rumelia. P. pinaster (cluster; pinas- 
ter) ; 60 feet ; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1596. P. 
pinaster Escarena (Escaren's). P. pinaster Lemoniana (Sir C. 
Lemon's) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. P. pinaster minor (less- 
coned) ; 60 feet ; flowers in May ; France. P. pinaster va- 
riegata (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in May. P. pinca (stone- 
pine) ; 60 feet ; flowers in June; south of Europe; 1548. P. 
pinea Cretiea (Cret^in) ; flowers in May; Crete. P.pineafra- 
gilis (thin-shelled) ; 60 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe. 
/*. /(9«^<?;'6?j'a (weighty -wooded) ; 50 feet; North America ; 1828. 
P. piimilio (dwarf) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe. P. 
pungens (stinging) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 
1804. P. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; 50 feet; flowers in May ; Py- 
renees ; 1834. /*. r^^/tz/^ (radiated-scaled) ; 100 feet ; Califor- 
nia. P. 7'esinosa (resinous) ; 80 feet ; flowers in May ; North 
America; 175^. P. rigida (stiff); 80 feet; flowers in May; 
North America; 1759. P. rndis (rudQ) ; Mexico. P. Sadinia- 
na (Sabine's); 120 feet; flowers in March; California; 1832. 
P. serotina (late) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 
1 7 13. P. strobifor7nis (cone-shaped); 120 feet; Mexico. P. 
strobus (white pine ; Weymonth) ; 200 feet ; flowers in April ; 
North America ; 1705. P. strobns alba (white) ; 100 feet ; 
flowers in May. P. strobus brevifolia (short-leaved) ; 100 feet; 
flowers in April. P. sylvestris (wood ; Scotch) ; 80 feet ; flowers 
in May ; Scotland. P. tceda (frankincense) ; 80 feet ; flowers in 
May; Florida; 1713. P. temcifolia (slender-leaved); 80 feet; 
Guatimala. P. tuberculata (warted) ; 100 feet ; California. P. 
variabilis (variable-tvvo-and-three-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in 
May; North America ; 1739. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 299 

Many of the above are not hardy, and there are some 
thirty other still more tender species. 

Platanthera. [Orchidaceas.] A family of orchids, 
mostly hardy, formerly known as Orchis. Soil, peat, gener- 
ally moist. All these plants are of difficult culture. The 
species are P. obtusata^ rotimdifolia, orbiculafa, Hookerii, brac- 
teata^ hyperborea, dilatata^flava^ cristata^ ciliaris, bkpharigiottis, 
kucophcea, lacera, psycodes, Jiifibriaia, and pera??ioe?ia ; all na- 
tives of North America. The flowers are very handsome. 

Platanus. Flaiie-tree. [Platanaceae.] Hardy deciduous 
ornamental trees. Soil, deep loam. Propagated by seeds, 
cuttings, and layers. 

P. Occidentalis (Western) ; 70 feet ; North America ; 1636. P. 
aurea variegata (golden- variegated-leaved) ; 70 feet ; 1 846. P. 
i'nfegri/olia {entire-\e3.ved) ; 70 feet; 1845. P. /leferop/^yl/a{v3.- 
nous-\eayed) ; America ; 1842. P. Orietitalis (Eastern) ; 50 
feet; Levant; 1548. /*. «(:^rz7"^/m (maple-leaved) ; 70 feet ; Le- 
vant. P. cuneata (wedge-leaved); 20 feet; Levant; 1739. ^• 
Hispanica (Spanish) ; 70 feet ; Spain. P. laciniata (cut-leaved); 
70 feet ; 1845. P. 77tonstrosa (monstrous) ; 70 feet ; 1845. 

The European species are somewhat tender. 

Platycodon. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials. Propagated by seeds and division in the spring, 
and by cuttings in the summer. Soil, sandy loam. 

P. grandifiortim (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers blue, in June ; Dahuria ; 1 782. Variety alba, from China, 
has white flowers ; variety alba plena has semi-double flowers. 

These plants are half-hardy in the Northern States. 

Platystemon. [Papaveraceae.] Pretty annuals, of pros- 
trate habit. They like a cool situation, and a peaty soil, 
but will grow in any rich light earth. Sow about the middle 
of May. 

P. Calif ornicui7i (Californian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
sulphur-yellow, in June; Cahfornia; 1823. 



300 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Plectranthus. See Coleus. 

Platystigma. [Papaveraceae.] Half-hardy perennials, 
allied to Platystemon. Light soil. Increased by seeds or 
division. 

P. lineare (linear) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; California ; 1833. 

Plectrites. [Valerinaceae.] Hardy annuals, propagated 
from spring-sown seed in common soil ; flowers white or 
rose. The species are P. brachystemon and coiigesta. 

Pleurogyne. [Gentianaceas.] A hardy annual, thriving 
in loamy peat, and easily grown from seed sown in May. 

P. rotata (wheel-shaped) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers 
blue, in August; Siberia ; 1827. 

Plum. See Prunus. 

Plumbago. Lead-wort. [Plumbaginaceae.] Pretty plants, 
with flowers somewhat like those of the Phlox. The major- 
ity are shrubs ; some few are herbaceous, among which is 
P. LarpentcB, which is of dwarf, compact habit, and suitable 
for rock-work. P. Capensis is a desirable greenhouse shrub, 
which is most frequently grown too fast, and is, therefore, 
generally seen as a rambling plant. Soil, two-thirds loam, 
and one-third peat. The object should be to keep the plant 
dwarf and bushy : it is sure to grow tall enough after all 
the pains taken on it. Cuttings may be struck in sandy soil 
with or without bottom-heat, covering them with a bell-glass 
after inserting them. When rooted, pot them singly in three- 
inch pots, and, as soon as they fairly start into growth, take 
off the tops to encourage the lateral shoots : when they fill 
the small pots with the roots, remove them to larger ones. 
By continually checking any of the branches that ramble 
out of shape, the plant can be grown a very pretty object. 
It makes a fine bedding plant. 

P. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers pale 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3OI 

blue, in June; Cape; 181 8. P. Larpentce (Lady Larpent's) ; 
half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in October ; 
China; 1845. 

PoDOCARPUs. [Taxacese.] Half-hardy evergreen shrubs, 
or rather trees. Soil, loam. Propagated by cuttings of ripe 
shoots in sand, under glass. 

PoDOLEPis. [Compositae.] Pretty half-hardy annuals. 
The seeds may be sown in pots, or on a mild hot-bed in 
April, and planted out in sheltered situations in May for 
early blooming. A later crop may be had by sowing in the 
open ground in May. The plants must be well thinned. 
They grow a foot or upwards in height in rich light garden 
soil. 

P. cJijysantha (golden) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; New Holland ; 1852. P. gracilis (slender); half- 
hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose or white, in July ; New 
Holland ; 1826. 

Podophyllum. Mandrake. [Ranunculacese.] Hardy 
herbaceous perennial, with showy flowers, and yellow, 
scarcely edible fruit ; thriving in deep moist loam, in the 
shade. Propagated by division. The plants are impatient 
of removal. 

P. peltatiim (shield) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in May ; North America ; 1664. P. Emodii is a scarcely known 
California species. 

PoDOTHECA. [Compositae.] Annuals of little horticul- 
tural importance, growing in the open border from seed 
sown in May. 

PoGOGYNE. [Lamiaces.] A hardy annual of easy cul- 
ture. Common border soil. Propagated by seeds sown in 
May. 

P. 7nultiflora (many-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers lilac, in August ; California ; 1836. 



302 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

PoLANisiA. [Capparidaceae.] Hardy annuals, allied to 
Cleome. Seeds sown in a frame in April, and pricked out in 
the borders in May, will bloom in June. 

P. Cheladonii (Cheladon's) ; hardy annual ; i8 inches ; flowers 
rose, in July ; East Indies ; 1792. P. dodecandra (twelve-an- 
thered) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; 
East Indies ; 1795. P. ^r^zz'^^/^/zj- (strong-smelling) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 18 inches; flowers yellowish-white ; North America. P. 
tmiglandiilosa (one-glanded) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
white and red, in July ; Mexico ; 1823. P. viscosa (clammy) ; 
hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer ; East Indies ; 
1730. Variety 2V<?i'<2«^r<2 (twenty-anthered) ; 18 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; Ceylon ; 1730. 

PoLEMONiUM. Greek Valerian. [Polemoniace£e.] Orna- 
mental hardy perennials, of easy culture, growing readily in 
ordinary good garden soil, and increased by division of the 
plant, and, generally, very freely by seeds, which should be 
sown in June to produce flowering plants for the next year. 

P. ccertdeicm (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or 
white, in June ; Britain. There is a variety with variegated 
foliage. P . gracile {^l^vidi^x) \ hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers 
blue, in June ; Dahuria ; 1818. P. htonile (dwarf) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; North America ; 1826. P. 
Mex ica mi m {Mexica.n) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers 
blue, in May ; Mexico ; 181 7. P . p2dcherrimu7n (prettiest) ; har- 
dy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; North America ; 
1827. P. Sibiricum (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1800. 

PoLiANTHES. Tuberose. [Liliacea;.] Greenhouse bulbs, 
annually imported from Italy. Soil, a rich sandy loam. In- 
creased by offsets. When in growth, they are benefited by 
warmth at the root. For special culture, see " Flowers for 
the Parlor and Garden." 

P. tuber osa (tuberous); greenhouse bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
single or double, in August ; East Indies ; 1629. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3O3 

Polyanthus. See Primula. 

PoLYGALA. [Polygalaceae.] A large family, of which the 
greenhouse species are chiefly important. P. fastigiata, pur- 
purea^ and umbellata are pretty, hardy annuals ; and P. al- 
pestris, rube/la, and paiicifolia are very showy perennials. 
All are of easy culture in garden soil. 

PoLYGONATUM. Solomon^ s Seal. [Liliaceae.] Hardy her- 
baceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by division. 

P. latifolhwi (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers 
white, in May; Germany; 1802. P. imdtifioruin (many-flow- 
ered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. 
P. vulgare (common) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, 
in May ; England. There is a YTxritiy Jlore-pleuo. 

Polygonum. Persicaria. [Polygonacese.] A large genus,, 
not remarkable for floral attractions. There are, however, 
exceptions. P. Orientale, a common hardy annual, which is 
best self-sown, grows four or five feet high, much branched, 
with many gracefully nodding spikes of small red flowers, 
which become conspicuous from their aggregation. It re- 
quires no culture ; but, if sown artificially, it may be done 
in May. P. amphibhwi is a beautiful hardy water-plant, with 
short floating stems, and rosy flower-spikes. P. divaricatum 
is a pretty hardy perennial, densely branched, forming a 
large mass, covered with feathery-looking bunches of creamy- 
white flowers. It is of the easiest culture in common soil, 
and increases by division. P. vaccinifoliiwi and BrunoJiis 
are beautiful rock-plants : they increase by their self-rooting 
trailing branches, but are tender in the Northern States. 

P. amphibiiwi (amphibious) ; hardy aquatic perennial, float- 
ing ; flowers rose, in July ; England. P. amplexicaule (stem- 
clasping) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; In- 
dia ; 1837. P. Brunonis (Brown's) ; hardy evergreen perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers pink, in August ; North India ; 1845. P divar- 



304 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

icatu7n (divaricate) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
July; Siberia; 1759. P- Orzen^a/^ (Ea.stern) ; hardy annual; 
5 feet ; flowers red, in July ; East Indies ; 1707. P. vaccinifo- 
liupi (whortleberry-leaved) ; hardy evergreen trailing sub-shrub ; 
flowers rose, in September ; North India; 1845. 

Pomegranate. See Punica. 

PoNTEDERiA. Pickerel Weed. [Pontederaceae.] Showy 
aquatics, suitable for the borders of ponds. Flowers blue, in 
August. P. angustifolia, ccerulea, cordata, and lanceolata, all 
natives of North America, are hardy perennials. Propa- 
gated by division. 

Poplar. See Populus. 

Poppy. See Papaver. 

Populus. Poplar. [Salicaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, 
some of which are valuable for shade and ornament. Pro- 
pagated by seeds, layers, and cuttingr. They succeed best 
in deep, moist, loamy soil. 

P. alba (white Abele-tree) ; 40 feet ; flowers in March ; Bri- 
tain. P. angidata (angular ; Carohna) ; 80 feet ; flowers in 
March; Carohna; 1738. P. balsa7nifera (balsamic); 70 feet; 
flowers in April ; North America; 1792. P. balsamifera foliis 
■z/<2r/^^«//j (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in April. P. balsa7iiifera 
iiitermedia (intermediate) ; flowers in April. P. balsamifera 
latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April. P. balsaiti- 
ifera suaveolens (sweet-scented) ; 70 feet ; flowers in April ; 
Russia; 1825. P. balsaiJiifera vijniiialis (twiggy); 40 feet; 
flowers in April; Altai; 1826. P. betulifolia (birch-leaved; 
Black American) ; 40 feet ; flowers in March ; North America. 
P. Canadensis (Canadian) ; flowers in March ; Canada. P. ca7i- 
dicans (whitish-heart-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in March ; North 
America; 1772. P. caitescens (hoary); 40 feet; flowers in 
March ; England. P. canescens acerifolia (maple-leaved). P. 
canescens y^gypliaca (Egyptmn); Egypt. P. canescens Arefnber- 
gica (Aremberg) ; 1835. P. canescens Belgica (Belgian) ; south 
of Europe ; 1835. P- canescens hybrida (hybrid) ; 40 feet ; flow- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 30$ 

ers in April ; Caucasus ; 1816. P. caiiescens nivea (snow-white). 
P. canesceits petidula (drooping-branched). P.fastigiata (pyra- 
midal ; Lombardy) ; 70 feet; flowers in March; Italy; 1758. 
P. fastigiata fcemina {^^m.2X€); flowers in March; Italy; 1838. 
P. GrcBca (Greek ; Athenian) ; 40 feet ; flowers in March ; Ar- 
chipelago ; 1779. P. grandidentata (large-toothed); 70 feet ; 
flowers in March; North America; 1772. P. grandidejitata 
petidula (drooping); 40 feet ; flowers in March ; North America ; 
1820. P. heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 70 feet ; flowers in 
March; North America; 1765. P. latirifoHa (laurel-leaved); 
flowers in April. P. longifolia (long-leaved) ; flowers in April ; 
America ; 1843. P. uionilifera (necklace-bearing) ; 70 feet ; flow- 
ers in May ; Canada ; 1772. P. utonilifera Liiidleyana (Lind- 
ley's waved-leaved); flowers in April ; Canada; 1772. P. 7710- 
7tilifera variegata (variegated-leaved); flowers in May. P. 7iigra 
(black) ; 30 feet ; flowers in March ; Britain. P. nigra salicifo- 
//'« (willow-leaved); flowers in April ; Floetbeck ; 1834. P.7iigra 
viridis (green-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. P. pseudo 
balsa7nifera (bastard-balsamic) ; flowers in April ; America ; 
1843. P- tre77tula (trembling ; aspen) ; 50 feet ; flowers in 
March ; Britain. P. tre77nila Icevigata (smooth) ; 80 feet ; flow- 
ers in March; North America; 1760. P. tre77mla peTidula 
(drooping) ; flowers in April. P. tre77iida suptTta (lying-down) ; 
flowers in March ; North America ; 1824. P. trepida (trembling ; 
American); 30 feet; North America; 18 12. P. tristis (sad); 
flowers in April ; North America ; 1843. 

PoRTULACA. PurslaTie. [Portulacaceae.] A genus of fine 
hardy annuals. They require a light rich soil, and a warm, 
sunny situation : when both soil and situation agree with 
them, they form very fine objects. Grown carefully in pots 
for the greenhouse, they are also very ornamental. The 
seeds should be sown in a hot-bed early in March, and the 
plants nursed on in frames, not too warm, being at first pot- 
ted singly, and then shifted on as they may require until the 
beginning of June, when they may be either planted out, or 
20 



306 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

shifted finally for blooming in pots. The new double varie- 
ties are very fine. Where these plants have once been 
grown, they sow themselves yearly. 

P. Gilliesii (Gillies's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flow- 
ers red and purple, in June ; Mendoza ; 1827. P.grandifiora 
(grea '-flowered) ; half-hardy annual or perennial ; 9 inches ; 
flowers yellow, or yellow and purple ; Mendoza ; 1827. P. spleii- 
dcjts (splendid) ; half-hardy annual or perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
rose-purple, in May; Chili; 1839. P. Thellusonii (Thellu- 
son's) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers crimson or yellow, or 
reddish-purple, in June ; Mendoza ; 1839. 

PoTENTiLLA. CinquefoU. [Rosaceae.] Hardy peren- 
nials, now becoming popular, and comprising some fine 
garden varieties, as well as very handsome species. They 
grow best in loamy soil, rich in vegetable matter, but not too 
full of dung. The roots should be taken up early in au- 
tumn, and parted ; each crown or heart, with root attached, 
forming a plant : these may be either planted in a bed, to 
become established, or put out at once in the borders or the 
flowering-beds. A bed filled with the varieties of Potentilla 
has a veiy fine effect during the chief of the summer 
months. Seedlings should be raised from the best varie- 
ties, to obtain distinct kinds. 

P, atrosanguinea (dark-blood) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers crimson, in June; Nepaul; 1822. P.bicolor (two-col- 
ored) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, margined red, 
in May ; Nepaul ; 1 843. P. formosa (beautiful) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers rose, in June ; Nepaul ; 1822. P. insignis 
(showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in. May ; Ne- 
paul ; 1840. P. 77z^/;/^i-// (Thomas's) ; hardy perennial; 2 
feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Italy ; 1822. 

Florists' Varieties. — The following are good sorts : Crim- 
son — Floral Beauty, fulgens, ignescens. King of Crimsons, 
McNabiana, Menziesii, Russelliana, Scarlet Gem. Rose^ with 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 307 

cream centre — Hopwoodiana. Scarlet, with yellow centre — 
Plantii. Yellow — Argo, Julia. Primrose, Mulleri. Yellow and 
bright red — Sudbury Gem, Theodore. Yellow and pink — 
Garnieriana, Mackayana, Mayana. 

Every year, however, produces new varieties, which super- 
sede the old, though often no better. 

Prickly Poppy. See Argemone. 

Primrose. See Primula. 

Primula. Primrose. [Primulaceae.] Beautiful dwarf 
tufted growing herbaceous perennials, nearly all of which are 
hardy as respects cold. Of P. vulgaris, the common Prim- 
rose, there are double-flowered varieties of several colors. 
These grow best in a cool, moist, but well-drained situation, 
and prefer a soil of light loam intermixed with decayed tree- 
leaves. They are propagated by dividing the tufts into sep- 
arate crowns with roots attached, which may be done in 
spring, and the young plants planted out in cool shady situ- 
ations. By the following spring, they will become strong 
blooming plants. One variety of Primrose produces a 
bunch of flowers on the top of a common stalk ; and this 
appears to be the origin of the garden plants known as 
Polyanthus. Most of the hardy species of Primula are 
extremely beautiful subjects in a pot-collection of Alpine 
plants, blooming in May. This class may be grown in pots 
or on rock-work, in peat and loam, and require chiefly to be 
kept cool and moist in summer, but in winter they must be 
kept rather dry as well as cool. Seeds of these may be 
sown about May, that the plants may acquire strength be- 
fore winter. 

Auricula (Primula Auricula). — The cultivated varieties 
of this species of Primula are commonly known as the Au- 
ricula. There is hardly a flower that presents such an ap- 
pearance of artificial structure as the Auricula ; the surface 



308 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

appears covered, like a butterfly's wing, with a powder, which 
the touch of the finger brings off, thereby spoiHng the flow- 
er. A stage of Auriculas is a really beautiful sight. Some 
old books on the culture of this flower recommend the most 
nauseous composts for its growth. It is, however, absurd to 
pretend that any thing disagreeable is necessary for the pur- 
pose. Loam from rotted turfs, two-thirds, and decomposed 
dung fairly rotted into mould, one-third, will be found excel- 
lent compost for them to grow in ; and if the loam be a lit- 
tle adhesive, which it ought not to be, some silver sand may 
be mixed with it. The pots in which they grow should be 
one-third filled with broken pots, to secure complete drain- 
age ; and, in potting the plants, the fibres of the roots should 
be spread out all round. The best way is to put the soil 
into the pot in the form of a cone, highest in the middle, 
and nearly as high as the edge of the pot ; put the plant on 
this, with the fibres spread all round, and press it down on 
the soft light mould, so that the collar of the plant shall be 
just below the level of the edge of the pot ; press the soil 
a little to the roots as the pot is filled, and water it. The 
Auricula may be grown to perfection in a common garden 
frame, with a glass to keep off heavy rains and hard frosts. 
It requires but little water all the winter. In February, the 
surface of the mould should be stirred a little, and thrown 
out, and the pots filled up again with a top-dressing of de- 
composed poultry-dung, sand, and cow-dung rotted into 
mould, equal parts ; and from this time they may be regular- 
ly watered, have air on fine days, and be covered at nights 
and in frosty weather. In April, when in bloom, they must 
be shaded, or the sun would spoil the flowers. 

Polyanthus (Primula vulgaris timbellata). — The Poly- 
anthus is a well-known hardy perennial, blooming early in 
spring. Its flowers, variegated and richly colored, are ele- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3O9 

vated several together on the top of a common stalk. Of 
the same habit are the species, P. elatior^ the oxiip, and P. 
veris, the cowslip, both of which, together with the common 
Primrose, are favorite subjects for planting in shrubberies, 
and in other shady parts of the flower-garden and pleasure- 
ground. These, with the Polyanthus, prefer a heavier loamy 
soil than that already recommended for double Primroses. 
They are propagated by division of the roots ; and may also 
be raised from seeds. The seeds should be sown in March, 
in boxes of fine soil, put in a cool frame, and kept moist. 
The plants, as soon as they can be handled, may be pricked 
out an inch apart in other boxes, and when large enough, 
planted out in beds of the soil already mentioned. For va- 
rieties, it is best to consult the most recent florists' lists. 

P. auricula (auricula) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in April; Switzerland; 1596. This has sported into 
various colors. P. cortusoides (cortusa-like) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers rose, in June ; Siberia ; 1794. P. elatior (oxlip) ; 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in April ; England. 
P. farinosa (mealy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, 
in June ; England. P. Helvetica (Swiss) ; hardy perennial ; 
3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Switzerland. P. minima 
(least) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in April ; 
south of Europe ; 1819. P. nivea (snowy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 
inches ; flowers white, in May; Siberia. P. Palinuri (Palinuri) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Naples ; 
1 8 16. P. Scotica (Scotch) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
rose, in June ; Scotland. P. veris (cowslip) ; hardy perennial ; 6 
inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; England. P. villosa (shaggy) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Switzer- 
land ; 1768. P. vulgaris (Primrose); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in March ; England. 

Most of these succeed better in the Northern States if 
protected in a frame in winter. 



310 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Prince's Feather. See Amaranthus and Polygonum. 

Prinus. See Ilex. 

Privet. See Ligustrum. 

Provence Rose. See Rosa. 

Prunella, or Brunella. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herba- 
ceous perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. 
P. grajidiflora^ Marryatti, ovafa, vulgaris, and varieties elo?i- 
gata, fiore plena, hispida, pinnatifida and rubra, and P. Web- 
biana, are all useful border plants with purplish flowers. P. 
ovaia is annual. 

Prunus. Phwi. [Drupaceae.] Hardy deciduous tree, 
with showy flowers. Soil, dryish loam. Propagated by 
grafting or budding. The double-flowered and variegated- 
leaved varieties are very showy, P. spinosa is the Sloe-tree. 

P. Japonica fiore pieno is a fine hardy white flowering shrub, 
which, when in flower, contrasts beautifully with the flowering 
almond ; China; 1846. P. triloba is a fine pink flowering spe- 
cies ; China; 1847. 

Psoralea. [Leguminosas.] Hardy herbaceous plants or 
greenhouse shrubs. For the former, good dryish sandy soil, 
and propagate by division or seeds ; for the latter, peat and 
loam, and increase by cuttings in sand under glass. 

Ptelia. Hop-tree. [Xanthoxylaceae.] Hardy tree. Prop- 
agated by seed or layers. Common soil. 

P. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; 1 2 feet ; flowers green, in June ; 
North America; 1704. P. trifoliata variegata (variegated- 
leaved) ; 12 feet ; flowers green, in June ; 1846. 

Puccoon. See Sanguinaria. 

Pulmonaria. Lunguiort. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy per- 
ennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. 

P. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; 
flowers violet, in May ; Britain. P. aziirea (light-blue) ; hardy 
perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Poland ; 1823. P, 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3II 

Dahurica (Dahurian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
May; Dahuria ; 181 2. P. £-ra7idiyiora {Isirge-Howered) ; hardy 
perennial; i foot; flowers pink, in May; France; 18 19. /*• 
Sibirica (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in 
June; Siberia; 1801. P. Virginica (Virginian); hardy peren- 
nial; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; North America ; 1799. 

PuNiCA. Pomegranate. [Myrtacese.] Beautiful decidu- 
ous trees. Light rich soil. Propagated by cuttings, layers, 
or grafting. Should be wintered in a cellar. 

P . gra7iaUii}i {zommov^ ; half-hardy tree ; 12 feet; flowers red 
or whitish, single or double, in July ; south of Europe ; 1548. 

Purslane. See Portulaca. 

Pyrethrum. Feverfeiv. [Compositae.] A rather large 
genus, consisting mostly of hardy perennials, of the easiest 
culture ; not very omamenta-1, with the exception of a double- 
flowered variety of P. Parthenium, which is sho^^% blooming 
in profusion throughout the summer and autumn. This va- 
riety is multiplied by cuttings, planted during summer under 
a hand-glass ; the other hardy kinds by division. There are 
also some free-growing greenhouse shrubs, of little impor- 
tance. 

Chrysanthemum {Pyrethrum sinense). This popular plant 
is quite hardy ; but as it blooms late in autumn, just at the 
season severe frost often occurs, it sometimes happens, 
that out-door plants which are one day in full beauty, and 
almost the only ornaments of the garden, are the next 
day blackened and cut up by the frost. For high culture, 
the plants require to be renewed every year by cuttings. 
They will spread in the ground and bloom for years ; but 
if a dwarf plant is wanted, and the flowers are required in 
perfection, they must be renewed by cuttings. One plan, 
the object of w^hich is to secure small dwarf plants in pots, 
is, in July, when the plants have grown two feet or more in 



312 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

height, to take off the tops three inches long, cut off the 
lower leaves, plant them in sandy soil, and cover with a 
hand-glass : they must be kept moist, and the pots set in 
a gentle hot-bed, and the glass wiped every morning. In a 
short time they will strike root ; then pot them in five-inch 
pots, and grow them in the open air in a situation where 
they will have all sun. The soil in which they are potted 
should be loam and rotted dung, with a little silver sand. 
When the blooms are showing, they may be changed into 
larger pots, and removed into the house, where they will 
bloom in perfection. The plants having nearly expended 
their growth before the tops were taken off, the cuttings have 
not much more growth to develop, and therefore bloom in 
a dwarf state. There are other ways of growing this plant. 
The young suckers, or shoots from the root, may be taken 
off in February, placed in a gentle hot-bed till well rooted, 
and then potted singly in light soil, hardened off, and pro- 
tected in a cold well-aired frame until May, when they may 
be set out of doors in an open place until the end of Sep- 
tember. They must have two good shifts, and the tops may 
be twice or thrice pinched out, after two or three inches' 
growth, to produce bushy plants. In this way, large plants 
are formed, which become very ornamental. In all cases, 
the plants should have weak liquid manure or clarified soot- 
water, at every watering from the time the flower-buds show 
distinctly : nothing else is so effective in producing fine high- 
colored flowers. 

There are two distinct classes of Chrysanthemums now 
cultivated : one tall-growing, with large flowers ; the other 
dwarf, compact, with numerous smaller flowers. Both are 
highly ornamental ; the latter class, called Pompones, being 
perhaps the most useful where only small greenhouses are 
available for blooming them. These naturally grow dwarf 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 3I3 

and bushy, and therefore do not require so much stopping 
as the others. They should not be topped oftener than once,, 
but may be made to branch by good culture, and by spread- 
ing out the stems somewhat. They are also better propa- 
gated in spring than late in the summer. Chr}^santhemums 
grow well against walls, and bloom magnificently if the 
season proves favorable. They are also almost unaffected 
by the smoke of cities and towns. For varieties consult 
florists' catalogues. 

P. Partheniiun fiore-pleno (double- comnion); hardy perennial ; 
2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; England. P, sineiise (Chrysan- 
themum) ; hardy sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers various, in Novem- 
ber ; China ; 1764. 

There are many other species. Within the last few years, 
many fine hybrids have been obtained from P. roseum, which 
is itself a coarse, weedy flower. The following are fine 
enough to find place in any garden : P. roseum alburn^ 
Lysias, Mrs. Dix^ Princess Alexandra^ Purple Prince^ Ver- 
sailles^ Defiance^ Mr. Dix, Iveryana, striatum plenum, Nemesis, 
fulgens, Herman Stinger, floribunda plena, Wilhelm Kramper, 
Anne PPolborn. 

Pyrus. See Cydonia, 





QUAMOCLIT. Cypress-vine. [Convolvulaceae.] Twin- 
ing plants, the annual species of which should be 
raised in a hot-bed in April, and planted out in May. The 
seeds are very hard ; and a very successful mode of making 
them germinate is to delay planting them till the warm days 
of June : choose a hot noon, plant the seed, and immediately 
water plentifully with boiling water. The plants will be 
above ground in thirty-six hours. The most common species 
are — 

Q. cocci nea (scarlet) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 12 feet ; flow- 
ers scarlet, in July ; North America ; 18 18. Q. vulgaris (com- 
mon) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 8 feet ; flowers crimson, in 
July ; East Indies ; 1629. There is a white-flowered variety. 

Q. digitata^ hcderifolia^ lutcola^ P/icenicea, serotina, and 
triloba are other annual species. 

Quaking-Grass. See Briza. 

QuELTiA. See Narcissus. The plants formerly called 
by this name are now known as Narcissus. 

QuERCUS. Oak. [Amentaceae.] Well-known valuable 
trees. There are some hundred species and varieties ; but 
only a few are valuable for the garden, as, generally, they 
are too large-growing. The variegated and fastigate vari- 
eties are very desirable. As Oaks are found in all parts of 
the world, there are many tender species. The principal 
Nordi American species are — 

Q. Phellos (willow-leaved); 1723; and x^ineiy Junnilis ; 1812. 
314 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 315 

Q. p 'inus (chestnut-leaved) ; 1 730. Q. bicolor (white-swamp) ; 
181 1, g. ;;/^;z/iZ«<^ (rock-chestnut) ; 1800. Q. castaitea {^^^^ovi- 
chestnut) ; 1816. Q. prinoides (dwarf-chestnut, chinquapin). 
Q. nigra (black) ; 1739. Q- tinctoria (dyer's) ; 1800 Q. coccinea 
(scarlet) ; 1 69 1. Q. ambigua {^r2.-f) \ \%oo. Q. rubra {rtd); IJ2,<). 
Q. macrocarpa (overcup, white) ; 1800. Q. alba (white); 1724. 
Q. virens (live-oak) ; Q. robur (English oak). 

Many of these are very ornamental street or lawn trees, 
growing to a great size, and attaining great age. In the 
autumn, the foliage of the scarlet oak is most conspicuous 
in woodland scenery, and continues uninjured by the frost 
later than that of most forest trees. The leaves of some of 
the oaks change in autumn to a rich yellow or brown ; and 
in a plantation of different species we often see most exqui- 
site contrasts of color. The foliage of many species clings 
to the branches until torn off by the winter's wind, or forced 
from the tree by the swelling buds in spring. Oaks are 
usually propagated from acorns, which should be gathered 
when ripe, kept in damp sand, or buried, during the wdnter, 
and sown in drills in spring. The young plants should be 
frequently transplanted, unless sown where they are to stand 
permanently, as the long tap-root renders the successful re- 
moval of a large tree very uncertain. 

Quince. See Cydonia. 





RANUNCULUS. Crow-foot [Ranunculaceae.] A large 
genus, comprising many annual weeds and aquatics ; 
but chiefly consisting of hardy herbaceous perennials, some 
of which are ornamental. It includes the common Crow- 
foot, the Buttercups of the meadow, as well as the florists' 
Ranunculus, which have sprung from R. Asiaticus. The 
cultivation of these beautiful flowers has puzzled florists a 
good deal. There is, however, one kind of compost in 
which they will thrive ; and it is worth while to be at some 
pains to get it. It is obtained thus : Cut from a good loamy 
pasture the surface sod three inches thick ; let these be piled 
on one another in ridges for a year, and then sliced down 
with a sharp spade so as to form a crumbly mass. Turn this 
over, and pick out all the wire-worms, grubs, and earwigs, 
and any other living pest you can discover. This done, let 
it be packed into a heap again, and remain another year, by 
which time all the herbage will have resolved itself into that 
kind of mould, which, if separate, we should call vegetable 
mould. At the end of the second year, let it be again turned, 
and examined in the same way to clear completely any re- 
maining intruders. This soil, thus cleared of vermin, will 
grow the Ranunculus well. Composts of a stimulating and 
exciting character are used by some for the sake of getting 
the flowers a little larger ; but there is always the risk of do- 
ing mischief : and those who have grown them on the stim- 
ulating plan have occasionally been visited by disease, and 
316 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 31/ 

lost many of their tubers. In this loam, then, enriched as it 
is by vegetable mould, plant the roots in autumn, and protect 
the bed by a frame two inches below the surface ; and press 
the earth close about them. "Wlien they come up, keep 
them clear of weeds ; and, as they break the ground, loose 
about them, crumble it, and keep it pressed close round 
them. Water them freely in hot weather, and the instant 
they show the color of their blooms keep the sun off : they 
will very well repay the trouble. When the flowers are over, 
and the leaves are turning yellow, take up the tubers, and 
keep them out of ground till planting time. They may be 
raised from seeds in the same way as Anemones. 

R. acoiiitifoliiis (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in May; European Alps ; 1596. R. acris fiore- 
pleno (bachelor's buttons) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; garden variety. R. A Ipestris {A\^mt); hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in July ; Scotland. R. amplex- 
icaulis (stem-clasping) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, 
in May ; Pyrenees ; 1633. R. Asiaticus (common garden); hardy 
perennial; 9 inches; flowers various, in June ; Levant; 1596. 
The colors of the double garden varieties are very various. R. 
chcerophyllus (chervil-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in May ; Portugal. R. gra^nineus (grassy) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, single or double, in May ; Europe. 
R. viillefoliatus (thousand-leaved); hardy perennial; i foot; 
flowers yellow, in May ; Sicily ; 1820. R. platanifolhis (plane- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, single or double, 
in June ; Alps ; 1 596. R. 7'utcEfolins (rue-leaved) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in June ; Austria; i759- 

Ragged Robin. See Lychnis floscuculi. 

Reseda. Mignonette. [Resedaceae.] The botanical name 
of the mignonette is Reseda odorata. This universally ad- 
mired annual is one of the most easily-grown of all plants ; 
no matter when it is sown or where. Sow the seeds, and 



3l8 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

the plant, bloom, and seed soon reward us. It may be sown 
four times a year with advantage in pans, or pots, and may 
be planted out anywhere, three or four plants in a patch. It 
may be sown in pots, and be thinned ; the plants taken out 
being transplanted somewhere else. If in winter, the pots 
must be kept in the greenhouse, or in pits, or frames with 
glasses ; if in summer, they may be in the open air. No 
plants will bear rougher treatment ; none sooner show when 
they have been removed to better soil. Mignonette is noth- 
ing to look at except by means of a magnifying glass ; it 
makes no show ; but its scent, which has no superior among 
all the fragrant flowers of the garden, will always secure for 
it a place in the most recherche collections. Scatter the seed 
upon the borders ; let the plants come up like weeds ; they 
are acceptable anywhere — everywhere. It is so nearly 
hardy, that we have seen the old plants and young seedlings 
from the self-sown seed, standing side by side after a mild 
winter. Mignonette, although an annual, can be struck from 
cuttings, which in their turn do very well, and almost assimi- 
late the plant to a perennial. They bloom more dwarf un- 
der these circumstances, but they are not the worse for that ; 
and as to foliage, generally speaking, that is not much to 
look at after the plant begins to bloom, and does not improve 
the second year. Large quantities of mignonette are grown 
for the market ; for which purpose it is generally sown in 
pots, half a dozen seeds sprinkled in each pot, and all of 
them submitted to the common garden frames with lights ; 
the seeds are sown about September, and the plants have 
all the air that can be given all the winter. Of course, they 
keep growing, except in frosty weather ; and in the spring 
months rapidly come forward. These plants show bloom 
very early, before they have grown much, and are in flower 
until others, sown in February and March, come in to succeed 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 319 

them. The Mignonette may be had in bloom all the year 
round by a succession of sowings. A sowing in July brings 
plants that flower from November till March ; a sowing the 
first week in September will carry on the blooming from 
March to July ; and the spring-sown ones will do the rest. 
No frost must reach the pots in the winter-time, and the 
earth must be occasionally stirred upon the surface to let in 
the air. 

R. odorata (scented mignonette) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers greenish, all summer ; North Africa ; 1752. 

There are many other species ; but they are of little value 
in the garden. 

Restharrow. See Ononis. 

Rhamnus. Biickthojm. [Rhamnaceae.] The most im- 
portant garden plant of this family is the well-known hedge 
plant R. catharticus. There are many other species. 

Rheum. Rhubarb. [Polygon aceae.] Hardy perennials 
of coarse habit, but having a fine effect in rough borders, 
and in situations where bold-looking striking plants are 
desirable. Good garden sofl. Increased by division or 
seeds. 

Rhodanthe. [Compositae.] A beautiful little half-hardy 
annual, whose flowers are like so many pink stars sprinkled 
all over the branches, and, when well grown, as delicate as 
the most elegant artificial flowers ; the petals are stiff and 
dry, and, if gathered when in good order, the flowers may 
be classed among those vulgarly called " everlasting." The 
soil adapted best for its healthy culture is a compost of loam, 
decomposed cow-dung, turfy peat, and sand ; two parts of 
the loam, and one of each of the rest, well incorporated, 
and passed through a coarse sieve. In a shallow pan of 
this compost, gently compressed by striking the pan on the 
table, and levelled even with the edge, the seeds should be 



320 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

sown in April, very thinly and evenly ; with the hand spread 
flat, press the surface gently all over, and then, with a very 
fine sieve, shake enough compost over the seeds to cover 
them, and no more. The pan may be placed in a hot-bed, 
or in the stove. When the plants come up, let them be 
thinned a little, drawing out any weeds that may come up 
with them, and place them close to the glass. In a few days 
they will be large enough to prick out four or six in a three- 
inch pot ; and, as soon as they have taken root, they may 
be put into the greenhouse, and allowed to grow until they 
nearly touch each other ; but they must be kept near the 
light, and have air in very mild weather. When they are 
first pricked out, they must be shaded a day or two. They 
may next be planted singly in three-inch pots, and still kept 
near the glass. In these pots they may continue growing 
until the roots completely fill the space round the sides, when 
they may be transferred to five-inch pots, in which they may 
bloom. Continue to give them plenty of air, plenty of light, 
and moderate waterings. There are few annuals that com- 
pete with them for elegance of form, symmetry, and beauty 
of flower. The supernumerary pots of five or six plants 
each — that is, those not required for separate potting — 
should be set aside, and kept in the frames till the middle of 
May, when they may be turned out into the borders in the 
patches, without being disturbed. Being dwarf, they must 
be kept near the front. From those in the borders, seed 
may be expected ; be careful to gather it as soon as the 
flowers lose their bright pink color ; for, as the seed ripens, 
the petals get paler, and being a composite flower the seed 
is not within a pod, and would easily be lost. Pick off the 
flowers whole, and the seed easily rubs out. In warm situa- 
tions and in light rich soils, the seeds for the out-door plants 
may be sown in May in the borders, and the patches then 
merely require thinning out. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 32 1 

J^. Maiiglesii (Mangles's) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
pink, in July ; Swan River ; 1832. 

Rhodochiton. [Scrophularinese.] R. volubile^ once 
called Lophospermum Rhodochito7t^ is a plant with much the 
habit and appearance of Lophospermutn, but more slender ; 
the blossoms have a saucer-shaped rosy calyx, and a deep 
purple, almost black corolla. The plant is increased by cut- 
tings, which may be put in at any period between March and 
August, in sandy soil, and placed in a close shady place : 
mild heat assists their rooting. The young plants soon ac- 
quire strength, when placed in a moderate bulk of compost, 
which should consist of loam, peat, and leaf-mould in equal 
proportions, and used in rather a rough or lumpy condition. 
It is adapted for the open ground, and may be grown to a 
very pretty state ; the branches being trained around several 
upright stakes forming a cylinder. In any case, the plants 
should be renewed annually. It requires the usual treatment 
of bedding out climbers. 

R. volubile (twining); greenhouse climbing perennial ; 12 feet; 
flowers rose and chocolate, in June ; Mexico; 1833. 

Rhododendron. Rose-bay. [Ericaceae.] One of the 
most ornamental families of evergreen flowering shrubs, 
comprising great variety both of foliage and flower. Some 
of the wild species have superb flowers ; but the seedlings 
raised in English gardens carry the splendor of this family 
greatly beyond that of any of the original species. R. Ca- 
tawbiefise, which has the best habit of all the American spe- 
cies, has been so improved from seed, that varieties may 
now be had of almost every color. The Indian and hardy 
species, too, have been so crossed, that the most superb 
varieties have been produced with the best qualities of sev- 
eral species combined. They must be seen in flower to be 
purchased with advantage. Peat soil is the most suitable 
21 



322 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

for these shrubs ; but the hardy sorts will grow well planted 
either in fibry or heavy loams, which are improved by the 
addition of vegetable soil. They are propagated in a variety 
of ways. The common sorts increase plentifully from seeds, 
which are also resorted to (the flowers having been cross- 
fertilized), for the raising of new varieties. Sow the seeds 
in broad shallow pots, well drained, and filled with a mixture 
of two-thirds peat and one-third loam ; place them in a cold 
pit ; keep the soil moist, for it must not once dry after the 
seeds are in. When large enough, prick the young plants 
out at an inch apart, into other pots or pans, and, as they 
become larger, pot them singly ; or, if intended for the open 
air, plant them in peat-beds, giving them room from year to 
year by taking away alternate plants, and putting them else- 
where. They may continue in the beds till they flower. If 
there be any doubt of their hardiness, put hoops and mats 
over them ; but it is useless to raise tender ones, while there 
are so many fine hardy varieties. Approved sorts and rare 
species are propagated by layering, or by grafting on stocks 
of the common species, sometimes by cuttings. 

R. arboreum (tree) ; half-hardy evergreen tree ; 20 feet ; flow- 
ers rose, in April ; Nepaul ; 1820. This species has given rise 
to many richly-colored hybrids. R. Catawbiense (Catawba) ; 
hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North 
America ; 1809. The varieties of this afford all shades of colors, 
from purple and rose to pink and white. R. ciliahim (ciliate) ; 
half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers purple or whit- 
ish ; Sikkim Himalaya ; 1850. R. DalhousicB (Lady Dalhousie's); 
half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in March ; 
Himalaya ; 1850. R. for7;tosu7n {?,\\o^y) ; greenhouse evergreen 
shrub; 6 feet; flowers white, in June; India; 1837. Called 
also R. Gihsoiii. R. hirsutiun (hairy) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 
2 feet ; flowers bright rose or white, in May ; Switzerland ; 1656. 
R. Javanicum Qavanese) ; greenhouse or stove evergreen 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 323 

shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers salmon or copper-color, in February ; 
Java; 1847. R. Pontzamt {Pontic); hardy evergreen shrub; 6 
feet; flowers purple, in May; Gibraltar; 1763. This has 
sported into numerous varieties of various colors. 

Almost all the species of Rhododendron are worth plant- 
ing out doors, especially such of the Indian ones as ulti- 
mately prove hardy ; the tenderer sorts being the best of all 
plants, along with Camellias, for cold conservatories. The 
following are fine varieties, hardy enough to withstand a New- 
England winter : Archimedes, albimi ekgans, album grandi- 
florum, atrosaiigiiineum, Barclay ami jn, Blandyanum, Bray- 
anum, Cha?tcellor, Columbus, Delicatissiinum, Due de Brabant, 
Everestianum, giganteum, Leopardii, lucidum, Marc Antony, 
Nero, ornatu?n, Pardoleton, pictum, perspicuum, purpureum 
elegans and gra7idiflorimi, roseum elegans, grandifloru7n, pictum 
and superbum, Sherwoodianum, Victoria. 

Rhubarb. See Rheum. 

Rhus. Sumach. [Anacardiaceae.] Hardy deciduous 
shrubs. Light loam. Increased by seeds, layers, or cut- 
tings. 

Ornamental Shrubs. R. copalliiia, R. Coriaria, R. Cotinus., 
R. typhiiia. 

RiBES. Currant. [Grossulariaceae.] An extensive fami- 
ly of hardy shrubs, well suited for shrubberies. The very 
best, which grows freely in ordinary garden soil, is R. san- 
guijteum, a deciduous plant, which about May is decorated 
with drooping bunches of scarlet blossoms. Of this there 
is a very handsome double-flowered variety, and another in 
which the blossoms are white. They are propagated with- 
out difficulty either by layers or by cuttings. 

R. aureum prcecox (early) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in March ; North America ; 1812. R. sangui?ieum (bloody) ; 
hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers red or white, single or double, in 



324 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

May; North America; 1826. R. speciosum (showy); hardy 
shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May ; Cahfornia ; 1829. 

Other species may be planted in extensive shrubberies. 

RiciNUS. Pabna Christi. [Euphorbiaceae.] For ordi- 
nary gardens, R. communis^ or Castor-oil plant, is sufficient. 
It is one of those plants which, wherever there is room 
for them, should always find a place, for the sake of their 
fine expansive palmate foliage. The flowers are curious, 
but not showy. The seeds should be sown in a hot-bed in 
April, and the young plants potted singly, and grown in the 
frame for a few weeks, then transferred to the greenhouse 
or a cooler frame, and finally hardened off in a cold frame, 
ready for planting out by the end of May. The soil should 
be made rich for them ; for, being grown on account of their 
foliage, it is desirable to encourage them, that the leaves 
may be fine and vigorous. The variety called R. communis 
minor is preferable, except where there is abundant space, 
when the variety major may be grown \ the leaves of the 
latter are considerably the larger, though both are large. 
This plant, though a shrub or tree in its native climate, is 
destroyed here by our winter, and is therefore treated as a 
half-hardy annual. 

R. cominunis (castor-oil plant) ; half-hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; 
flowers greenish-yellow, in July ; East Indies ; 1548. 

This plant has latterly attracted much attention, and there 
are many very fine foliaged varieties which we may mention. 
R. sanguineus^ Borboniensis arboreus, Tuncieftsis, macrocarpus, 
specfabilis, albicans, leucocarpus, Africanus, and macrocarpus 
nanus, afford every variety of white, green, and red foliage. 
The seed ripens as far North as Massachusetts in favorable 
seasons. 

RicoTiA. [Cruciferae.] A hardy annual, thriving in gar- 
den soil from seed sown in May. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. ^2$ 

R. lunaria (Moonwort) ; flowers blue, purple, in July ; Egypt ; 
1757- 

RoBiNiA. [Leguminosae.] Deciduous shrubs and trees, 
many of them of large size, as the False Acacia, or Locust- 
tree {R. pseud- Acacia)^ which, besides its elegant pinnate 
foliage, and drooping racemes of white sweet-scented flow- 
ers, furnishes a hard and durable timber. For the flower- 
garden and shrubbery, however, the species most appropri- 
ate is the Rose Acacia {R. hispida)^ for which the allied 
species, R. macrophylla, may be substituted in situations 
where there is space for its somewhat larger growth : both 
bear long drooping racemes of large rose-colored flowers. 
The Rose Acacias grow well in moderately good garden 
soil ; but they require rather a sheltered situation, or their 
brittle branches are liable to be broken by the wind. They 
should be grown as standards. 

R. pseud, acacia variety Decaisneana, is a charming hybrid, 
with rosy-pink flowers ; 1862. 

Rocket. See Hesperis. 

RoMERiA. [Papaveraceae.] Hardy annuals, allied to 
Glaucium. Common soil. Propagated by seeds sown in 
May. 

The species are R. hybrida, 7'efracta, and vermiculata, with 
purple, red, and violet flowers in June. 

Rosa. Rose. [Rosaceae.] The varieties, colors, and 
habit of the Rose are almost endless. They are grown 
either on their own roots, or budded on stocks — that is, 
stems — of the common Dog-rose. The Rose will grow 
well in any moderately-rich garden soil. In planting roses, 
cut all the ragged and damaged parts of the root clean with 
a sharp knife ; if any part of the root is bruised, remove it ; 
plant these the same depth that they have been growing be- 
fore ; prune out all the thin twigs or shoots from the head 



326 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

or bush ; cut out all the branches which are in the way of 
others ; cut back all the last year's wood to three eyes, and 
always make the cut sloping, and just above a bud. When 
they are growing, rub off the buds that are growing inward 
so as to crowd the head. It is a good plan to prune roses 
at two if not three seasons ; for on the pruning the season 
of bloom depends. The early pruned ones grow as soon as 
the unpruned ; the latter push the eyes towards the end, 
while the eyes next the stem do not push at all ^ by pruning 
off all the grown eyes, the ungrown ones have to begin their 
growth, when the pruned bushes have grown for a month, 
and thus later flowers are obtained. For the culture of this 
favorite flower, see Parkman's Treatise on the subject. 

R. Ba7iksi(B (Lady Banks's) ; half-hardy shrub ; 20 feet; flowers 
white or yellow, in June ; China; 1807. R. bracteata (Macart- 
ney's) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; China ; 
1795. R. centifolia (cabbage); hardy shrub; 2 feet; flowers 
pink, in June ; Caucasus ; 1596. The parent of the garden va- 
rieties of Cabbage and Moss roses. R. indica (monthly) ; half- 
hardy shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers blush, all the year ; China ; 1789. 
From this have sprung the varieties of China and Tea-scented 
roses. R. Lawrenceana (Miss Lawrence's) ; half-hardy shrub ; 
I foot; flowers blush, all the year; China; 18 10: the parent 
of the Fairy roses. R. rubiginosa (eglantine) ; hardy shrub ; 5 
feet ; flowers pink, in June ; England. R. semperflore7is (ever- 
blooming) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers deep crimson, all the 
year ; China ; 1789. 

Rose Acacia. See Robinia. 

Rose Bay. See Rhododendron. 

Rose Campion. See Lychnis. 

RuBUS. Bramble. [Rosaceae.] Hardy trailing shrubs 
for the most part. Soil, rich loam. Propagated by cuttings 
and layers. A very extensive genus, which is generally well 
adapted for gardens. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



32/ 



R. fniticosus flore pleno (double); hardy deciduous trailing 
shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers light-red, in July; Britain. 

RuDBECKiA. [Compositas.] Showy hardy herbaceous per- 
ennials, from which the species of Echinacea, Obeliscaria, 
Centrocarpha, and Dracopis have been separated. Increased 
by seeds sown in May, to produce flowering-plants for the 
next year, or by dividing the old roots any time in autumn 
or spring, and planting the division with pieces of root at- 
tached. They grow readily in any good common soil. 

R. laciiiiata (jagged-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1640. R. IcBvigata 
(smooth) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
Carolina; 1812. 

Ruscus. Butcher's, Broo7n. [Smilaceae.] Evergreen un- 
dershrubs. Common soil. Propagated by suckers. These 
plants are not hardy in the Northern States. 

Curious Evergreens. — R. aculeatus, R. hypoglossum, R. 
hypophyllum, R. raceinosus. 

















^^&s^i^^ 



SABBATIA. [Gentianaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy bien- 
nials and perennials. Soil, peat, kept moist. In- 
creased by seeds or division. 

S. angularis (angular) ; hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
purple, in July ; North America ; 1826. .5'. paniculata (pan- 
icled) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers white, in May; 
North America; 1817. S. stellaris (starry); hardy biennial, 
dwarf; flowers rose, with a yellowish-green eye, in July ; North 
America ; 1827. 

Sage. See Salvia. 

Sagittaria. Arrow-head. [Alismaceae.] Aquatic per- 
ennials, requiring various degrees of temperature. Rich, 
loamy soil. Increased by division. The plants require to 
be placed in water. 

S. gramiiiea (grassy) ; greenhouse aquatic perennial ; 18 
inches; flowers white, in July; Carolina; 1812. S. latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, 
single, or double, in July ; North America ; 1818. S. sagittifo- 
lia (arrow-leaved) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, single, or double, in July ; England. S. sinensis (Chi- 
nese) ; greenhouse aquatic perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in 
October; China ; 1812. 

St, John's Wort. See Hypericum. 

Saintfoin. See Onobrychis. 

Salisburia. Maiden-hair Tree. [Taxaceae.] Hardy 
deciduous tree, ornamental on account of its habit and sin- 
gular maiden-hair-like foliage. Soil, sandy loam. Prop- 
328 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 329 

agated by layers or cuttings. S. adiantifolia is the only spe- 
cies, of which there is ^ fine variegated variety. 

Salix. Willow. [Saliceae.] A large genus of decidu- 
ous shrubs aud trees, a few of which are ornamental. Moist 
soil, rather loamy. Propagated by cuttings of the stouter 
shoots planted in spring. 

Ornamental Trees. — S. Babylonica, and its varieties cris- 
ta and Napoleona ; S. cuprea pendula. 

There are some two hundred species and varieties. 

Salpiglossis. [Solanaceae.] Annuals or biennials, of a 
showy character, requiring the protection of a frame or 
greenhouse in winter ; and except in very sheltered situa- 
tions, where they may be planted out in summer, suited 
rather for pot-culture in doors than for the open air. They 
may be managed very much in the same way as the biennial 
species of Schizanthus. They require a light and rich com- 
post. Probably they are all varieties of the same species. 
When well cultivated, they are showy plants. 

S. atropurpured (dark-purple) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers dark-purple, in June; Chili; 1827. S. Barclay ana 
(Barclay's) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers brown and yel- 
low, in June ; gardens. S. coccinea (scarlet) ; half-hardy bien- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet or coppery, in June. S. lutea (yel- 
low) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June. S. 
picta (painted) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and 
purple, in June ; Chili ; 1820. S. stra77zmea (straw) ; half-hardy 
biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellowish, in June ; Chili ; 1824. 

Salvia. Sage. [Lamiaceae.] There are two kinds of 
Salvia highly esteemed for the brilliance of their flowers, — 
S. splende?is, scarlet, and S. patents, brilliant blue ; but there 
are many more that have nearly equal claims, and scores 
that are merely weeds. Some of them are hardy, some half- 
hardy ; some require a stove, some a greenhouse. Salvias 



330 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

grow freely in any moderately good soil, the best being a 
light loam with a third of rotted dung. The greenhouse 
kinds do well planted out in May, and potted again in 
September, and are better propagated annually by cut- 
tings in July or August. The herbaceous sorts, or half- 
shrubby hardy perennials, do very well in the ordinary soil 
of the garden, and multiply by parting the roots, or by strik- 
ing the young shoots. The raising from seed is very sim- 
ple. The seed has to be sown in March, in wide-mouthed 
pots j the seedlings pricked out early, a few in a pot, to grow 
into strength, and planted out in May if they are hardy or 
half-hardy, or potted if they are tender. Even the tender 
ones may be planted out, so that they are potted early in 
September, and put into frames or greenhouses, or any other 
contrivance, to prevent the frost from injuring them. The 
stove varieties are not worth notice, and the others may all 
safely be treated like Geraniums, Verbenas, and other plants 
for bedding out. S. patens is a fleshy rooted plant, requir- 
ing to be kept dry in winter like a Dahlia root. 

S. azurea (azure) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in 
August ; North America ; 1 806. S. chamcEdryoides (german- 
der-leaved) ; half-hardy shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in 
June; Mexico; 1795. S. confertijiora {QYO\vdtd) ; stove shrub; 
5 feet; flowers orange-red, in September; Brazil; 1838. S. 
fulgetis (brilliant) ; greenhouse shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers scarlet, 
in July; Mexico; 1829. 6^. gesneriflora (gesneria-flowered) ; 
stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in winter ; 1836. S. gluti- 
nosa (glutinous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
June; Germany; 1769. S. Grahamii (Graham's); half-hardy 
shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers purple or rose, in July ; Mexico ; 1829. 
S. hiajis (gaping) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue and 
white, in June ; Cashmere ; 1839. '^" Horinimun (Clary) ; har- 
dy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1596. One variety is red-topped, another purple-topped. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 33 I 

S. leucantha (white-flowered) ; greenhouse shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- 
ers white, in July ; Mexico ; 1825. S. patens (spreading) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Mexi- 
co ; 1838. S. pratensis (meadow); hardy perennial; 3 feet; 
flowers purple, in May ; England. 6". prtinelloides (prunella- 
like) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; 
Mexico; 1838. S. pseudo-coccinea(^2,s\2x^ \ greenhouse sub- 
shrub; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; South America ; 1797. 
S. Sclarea (Clary) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers whitish and 
purple, in July; south of Europe ; 1562. S. splende?is {s^ltn- 
did) ; greenhouse shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers scarlet, in September ; 
Mexico ; 1822. S. Tenorii (Tenorie's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers blue, in June ; Italy ; 1821. 

Sandwort. See Arenaria. 

Sanguinaria. Puccoon. [Papaveraceae.] Dwarf early- 
blooming hardy perennials. Soil, light loam. Increased 
by division. They are very ornamental and valuable on ac- 
count of their early bloom. 

S. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers white, in May ; North America. 

The variety gmndiflora has larger flowers. This plant has 
a tendency to produce extra petals, and promises well for a 
double variety. 

Sambucus. Elder. [Caprifoliaceae.] Hardy shrubs, 
with white flowers and ornamental berries. Propagated by 
seeds or cuttings. Soil, deep rich damp loam. The varie- 
gated varieties are very desirable. 

S. Canadensis (Canada) ; 6 feet ; flowers in July ; North 
America; 1761. S. nigra (black-fruited); 15 feet; flowers in 
June ; Britain, S. nigra foliis-arge7iteis (white-variegated- 
leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. S. nigra foliis-hi- 
teis (yellow-variegated-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. 
S. nigra laciniata (cut ; parsley-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; 
Britain. S. nigra laciniata aurea (cut ; yellow-striped) ; 20 feet ; 
flowers in June ; 1848. 6". /«^r^ /^/^^r^^^r/^ (white-berried) ; 20 



332 GARDEN FLOWEI^S. 

feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. S. nigra monstrosa (monstrous- 
striped-barked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. S. nigra 
pulverulenta (powdered) ; 10 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. 
S. nigra rotundifolia (roundish-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in. 
June ; Britain. S. nigra virescejis (greenish) ; 20 feet ; flowers 
in June ; Britain. S. pubens (downy) ; 6 feet ; flowers in North 
America ; 181 2. .S*. racejftosa (racemed) ; 12 feet ; flowers 
green and yellow, in May; south of Europe; 1566. S. race- 
7nosa yiavescens {yt\\oW\sh) ; 12 feet; flowers yellow and green, 
in May ; south of Europe ; 1596. S. racemosa purpurea (pur- 
ple) ; 12 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; south of Europe ; 1596. 

Sanguisorba. Burnet. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous 
perennials of coarse habit, but elegant foliage. They grow 
readily in common soil, and are increased by division. 

S. Alpina (Alpine) ; flowers yellow, in June ; Altai ; 1837. S. 
Aftdersonii (Anderson's) ; flowers pink, in July ; Siberia. S. 
Canadensis (Canadian) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Can- 
ada ; 1633. S. carnea (flesh-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in 
July; Siberia ; ^1823. S. Maiiritanica (Mauritanian) ; 4 feet; 
flowers pink, in July; Algiers; 1810. S. media (middle); 4 
feet; flowers flesh, in August; Canada; 1785. S. neglecta 
(neglected); 4 feet ; flowers white, in July; Europe; 1800. S. 
officinalis (shop) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Britain. S. 
officinalis auriculata (eared) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; Si- 
cily. S. pr(Fcox (early-flowering) ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; 
Siberia ; 1827. S . te7iuifolia (fine-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, 
in July; Dahuria ; 1820. 

Sanvitalia. [Compositas.] A procumbent half-hardy 
annual, requiring the ordinary treatment of half-hardy annu- 
als. Sown in the border or in beds about the beginning 
of May, it will bloom about July. It is a suitable plant for 
the edges of beds. 

S. procumbens (procumbent) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; Mexico ; 1798. 

Saponaria. Soap-wort. [Caryophyllaceae.] Showy bar- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 333 

dy plants, consisting of annuals and perennials. Among the 
latter is S. officinalis /lore pkno, 2i Yigoxows growing subject 
of the easiest culture, which, as it propagates by fragments 
of its roots, is with difficulty extirpated where it has been 
once introduced, but does not spread very rapidly of itself 
Another pretty species, forming indeed a beautiful object 
on rock-work during summer, but apt to suffer from damp 
in winter, and therefore requiring to be preserved at that 
season in a dry frame, is S. ocymoides, which spreads over 
the surface of the ground in patches of some size, covered 
with innumerable rose-colored stars, through the principal 
part of the summer season. This kind is best increased by 
seeds, when they are to be procured : these should be 
sown in May or June, and the young plants potted singly, 
using a compost of sandy loam, and keeping them sheltered 
from much wet and damp, in cool frames, through the first 
winter, when they may be planted out. When seeds are not 
to be had, cuttings must be planted in June or July, in sandy 
soil, under hand-lights, and these young plants wintered 
as before* A store of young plants should be so preserved 
anrmally. For a dwarf bed in a flower-garden, this species 
is well suited, on account of the mass in which its blossoms 
are produced : when so planted, the surface should be cov- 
ered with stones, over which the branches of the Saponaria 
delight to spread. S. calabrica is a beautiful annual, of very 
much the same character in other respects. 

S. c(2spitosa (tufted) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
red, in July; Pyrenees; 1820. S. ocy7noides (basil-like); half- 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in June ; Europe ; 
1768. S. officinalis piore pleno ip^cmzX) ', hardy perennial; 3 
feet ; flowers pink, in July ; gardens. S. prostrata (prostrate) ; 
half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in July ; Pyre- 
nees ; 1824. 

Sarracenia. Side-saddle Flower. [Sarraceniae.] Hardy 



334 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

and half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Soil, sphagnum moss 
and fibry peat. 6". purpurea is perfectly hardy, needing only 
a moist situation : the other species need greenhouse pro- 
tection. Increased by division. 

S. D7'um7nondii^ S. Jiava, S. jninor, S. purpurea^ S. rubra, 
S. variolaris, are all interesting plants, remarkable for the 
pitcher-like form of the leaves. 

Saussurea. [Compositse] Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
with red or purple flowers, thriving in common garden soil, 
and propagated by division. There are about twenty spe- 
cies, natives of Siberia and the Caucasus. 

Saxifraga. Saxifrage. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy peren- 
nials, of close-tufted growth, mostly of small stature, and of 
simple beaut}^ All the species are admirably suited for 
rock-work, thriving when planted on raised banks among 
rough stones, which they soon cover with their matted 
branches. One species, 6*. umbrosa, is one of the most val- 
uable of plants for town gardens : in fact, it thrives any- 
where, — as well in the midst of smoke and shade as in the 
pure air. This grows a foot or more high, and has pink flow- 
ers prettily spotted, which are produced about May. The 
species flourish in any kind of light soil, and increase to any 
extent by division. They are sometimes planted as an edg- 
ing to flower borders, and look very pretty, but require to be 
frequently replanted. 

S. Cotyledon (pyramidal) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
white, in a pyramid, in June ; European Alps ; 1 596. S. crassi- 
folia (thick-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in 
April; Siberia; 1765. S. granulata ple?ta {gv2im-roottd); har- 
dy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; gardens. S. hyp- 
iioides (moss-like) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, 
in May ; Scotland. S. oppositifolia (opposite-leaved) ; hardy 
perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple or white, in March ; Bri- 
tain. S. sarmentosa (sarmentose) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 335 

feet ; flowers white, spotted red, in June ; China ; 1815. S. um- 
brosa; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers flesh-colored, spot- 
ted, in April ; Britain. 

All the perennial kinds may be safely added to this small 
selection, which serves merely to indicate the variety com- 
prised in the genus. 

ScABiosA. Seabioiis. [Dipsaceae.] Hardy herbaceous 
perennials. Common soil. Increased by division. The 
species are S. arvmsis, Australis, Carpatka, dickotoma, dip- 
sacifolia, pubescens^ Salcedi, and stricta, mostly white flowered. 

Scarlet Runner. See Phaseolus. 

ScHiVERECKiA. [Brassiccse.] Hardy perennial rock- 
plants. Common soil. Increased by division. 

ScHiZANTHUS. [Scrophularincae.] Hardy annuals and 
greenhouse biennials. The plant is of branching, elegant, 
habit, and well covered with bloom ; the flowers of an odd 
shape, with wings and lips of different colors. They are a 
very pretty tribe of plants, and for pot-culture, as well as the 
borders, are worthy of all gardens. Sown in the open bor- 
ders, they bloom the more dwarf in proportion as the soil 
is poor j but the best way to raise them is on a hot-bed in 
March. The greenhouse biennial section is only suitable 
for pot-culture, and differs in requiring to be sown in July or 
August, and kept through the winter in small pots, on a dry, 
airy, greenhouse shelf. They bloom very late if sown in 
spring. 

S. candidus (whitish) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers 
whitish, in July; Coquimbo ; 1840. S. Grahami (Graham's); 
half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac and yellow, in June ; 
Chili ; 1831. S. Hookeri (Hooker's) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 
feet ; flowers rose and yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1828. S. pinna- 
/z^j- (pinnate) ; half-hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers lilac and 
rose, in June ; Chili ; 1822. S. retusus (retuse) ; half-hardy bi- 
ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson and yellow, or white, in June ; 



33^ GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Chili; 1 83 1. S. violaceus (violet); half-hardy annual; 2 feet; 
flowers violet-purple, in July ; gardens. 

ScHizoNOTUS. [Rosaceae.] A small genus of hardy 
shrubs, separated from Spiraea, and differing in having pin- 
nate leaves. S. tommtosus ( Spiroea Li?idleyana) is a very 
desirable, hardy shrub, requiring the same mode of manage- 
ment as the shrubby species of Spiraea, and is propagated 
by cuttings and division. 

S. tome7itosa (downy) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in 
May ; India. 

ScHizoPETALON. [Brassiccae.] S. Walkeri is a hardy 
annual, more curious than beautiful, but withal worth a 
place in any garden, not only for the singularity of its ap- 
pearance, but also for the fragrance which it evolves towards 
evening. It is one of the cruciferous order, the flowers of 
which have four petals ; but, in this case, these parts are cu- 
riously fringed : they are white on the face, dull-brown on 
the back. It should be sown in May, in moderately light 
soil, and will flower about July, successional sowings bloom- 
ing on till September. 

S. Walkeri (Walker's) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white 
and brown, in July ; Chili ; 1822. 

ScHOUWiA. [Cruciferas.] A hardy annual. Propagated 
by seed sown in light soil in May. 

S. Arabica (Arabian); hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple, in July ; Arabia ; 1837. 

SciLLA. Squill. [Liliacece.] A genus of bulbs, for the 
most part hardy, and ranking among the prettiest ornaments 
of the early spring. They are far too much neglected in 
gardens, though of the easiest culture, and very ornamen- 
tal at a season when flowers are scarce. They grow very 
well in any moderately good garden soil, but have rather a 
preference for soil containing a considerable portion of peat- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 337 

earth, or a free light loam ; this is especially the case with 
several of the smaller kinds. They multiply rapidly by 
means of offsets, and their culture is very simple, for they 
merely require planting in the autumn (the bulbs being 
placed from two to four inches under ground, according to 
their size), and they may then remain year after year. Ex- 
cept for the sake of increase, the less they are disturbed the 
better. There are something like three dozen species re- 
corded as being in cultivation, all of which are worth plant- 
ing in a garden. 

S. amoena (iDleasing) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in 
May; Levant; 1596. S. bifolia (two-leaved); hardy bulb; 3 
inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Europe and Asia Minor. S. 
campaimlata (bell-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, 
white, or pink, in May ; Spain ; 1683. S. Italica (Italian) ; har- 
dy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1605. 
S. prcECox (early) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers deep-blue, in 
May; Siberia; 1790. S. Sibirica (Siberian); hardy bulb; 3 
inches; flowers blue, in May ; Siberia; 1795. 

ScoRPiURUS. [Leguminosae.] Hardy annuals. Common 
soil. Increased by seeds. 

ScROPHULARiA. [Scrophularincae.] Hardy perennials. 
Common soil, rather damp. Propagated by divison. 

Scutellaria. Skull-cap. [Scrophularineae.] A rather 
numerous family of dwarf herbaceous perennials, some of 
which are very ornamental. They are mostly hardy, showy, 
and worth growing in the mixed flower borders. They are 
not particular as to soil, and are readily increased by division, 
or, where the roots are indivisible, by planting as cuttings 
the young shoots produced from the crowns of the roots in 
spring. There is another class requiring greenhouse pro- 
tection, at least in winter. These are increased by cuttings 
planted in sandy soil, and placed in a mild hot-bed ; and 
the plants should be potted into rich soil of loam and leaf- 
22 



338 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

mould, if grown in pots ; but they may be planted out in a 
warm situation in the flower-garden by the beginning of 
June, to come into flower about August. 

S. A /p ma (Alpine); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue 
and white, in June ; Hungary; 1752. S. Columucs {he2.rt-\e2Lved) ; 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; south of Eu- 
rope ; 1806. kS". scordifolia (scordium-leaved); greenhouse peren 
nial; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Mexico ; 1841. S.ga/c- 
riczdata (small-cupped) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, 
in June ; England. S. grandifiora (large-flowered) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow and red, in July; Siberia; 
1804. S. Japonica (Japanese); hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- 
ers deep-blue, in June ; Japan ; 1838. S. lupulijia (wolf) ; har- 
dy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow and white, in July ; Tarta- 
J'y; 1739- S. macrantlia (large-flowered); hardy perennial; i 
foot; flowers purple, in July; China; 1844. S. Venteiiatii 
(Ventenat's) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in 
July; St. Martha; 1844. 

ScYPHANTHUS. [Loasaceae.] A handsome twining plant, 
related to Loasa, and best treated as an annual. It may be 
grown in pots or trellises, or on the rafters of the green- 
house, or may be planted out for the summer in warm situa- 
tions where the soil is light and dryish. In pots, it should 
be grown in a sandy mixture of loam and leaf-mould. The 
seeds should be sown in March, in a mild hot-bed, and 
nursed on till they are able to bear the temperature of the 
greenhouse, after which they may be planted out. They 
may also be sown in May in the borders. 

S. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 8 feet ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July ; Chili t 1824. 

Sea Lavender. See Statice. 

Sedum. Stonecrop. [Crassulaceae.] A large family of 
succulents, comprising a great many kinds which are hardy 
herbs. They are well adapted for covering rock-work. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 339 

They are of the easiest culture, growing in almost any soil 
not retentive of moisture, but preferring that which is sandy. 
When established on rock-work, they grow almost without 
soil. A very handsome half-hardy kind, somewhat shrubby- 
habited, is 6'. Sieboldii, one of the prettiest of the species, 
having very glaucous leaves, and large heads of pink flow- 
ers ; it forms a large tuft when grown in a large pot, and 
should have a light open soil. Increased by division. 

S. acre{2Lcnd) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in 
June ; England. S. dasyphyllum (thick-leaved) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; England. S. Kamt- 
schaticuin (Kamtschatkan) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in June ; Kamtschatka. S. rupestre (rock) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. S. Sie- 
boldii (Siebold's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in 
August ; Japan ; 1835. S. Telephium (Orpine) ; hardy perennial; 
2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; England. S. villos2im (shaggy) ; 
hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. 

All the species of Sedum, and they are numerous, are de- 
sirable plants for rock-work. 

Sempervivum. House-leek. [Crassulaceae.] A family of 
succulents, related to Sedum, comprising many shrubby 
greenhouse species and a few hardy perennials. The hardy 
herbaceous kinds flourish in rather dry garden soil, and are 
increased by division. The best species are S. arachnoideum, 
flagelHforme, globiferum, pumilum, and tectoru77i. 

Senecillus. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- 
nials, allied to Cineraria. Easily increased by seeds or 
division. Rich sandy loam. 

S. glauca (sea-green) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in August ; Siberia; 1790. 

S. purpurata, from Cape of Good Hope, with purple flow- 
ers, is not hardy in the Northern States. 



340 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Senecio. Groundsel. [Composite.] An extensive genus 
of composite plants. The hardy herbaceous kinds are of 
little importance. S. elegans is an annual, requiring to be 
sown in the open border in the month of April, and again 
in June for a succession ; the double-flowered varieties, 
which are very handsome, may be multiplied by cuttings, 
and treated as perennial sub-shrubs. The cuttings are 
struck in July or August. If for blooming in pots, they 
are shifted on like Cinerarias; but if for planting out in 
the flower-garden, where they make admirable beds, they 
may stand in the small pots till March, and then be re- 
moved into pots two sizes larger, in which they remain 
until they are planted out in the beginning of June, by 
which time they will be in flower. The young plants should 
be freely topped during autumn and winter, and the early 
spring, to make them bushy. The double white and the 
double purple are distinct, and very desirable kinds. 

Serratula. [Compositae.] A family of hardy herba- 
ceous plants, generally purple-flowered, easily propagated by 
division, and growing in common garden soil. 

Sheep Laurel. See Kalmia angustifolia. 

Shepherdia. Buffalo Berry. [Eleagnaceae.] Hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs or small trees, very ornamental when in 
fruit. The berry is eatable. Soil, deep sandy loam. Prop- 
agated by seeds. The plants are dioecious. 

S. argentea (silvery); hardy tree; i6 feet; North America; 
1820. S. Canadensis (Canadian); hardy tree; 10 feet; North 
America; 1759. 

Siberian Pea Tree. See Caragana. 

Siegesbeckia. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals, with yel- 
low flowers, thriving in common garden soil. Sow in a hot- 
bed in April, and transplant to the border in May. S. cor- 
difolia^ Jherica, Orientalis^ and triangularis are the species. 
S. Iberica has white flowers. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 34 1 

Sidesaddle Flower. See Sarracenia. 

SiEVERSiA. [Rosaceas.] Hardy perennials, with the habit 
and structure of Geum, and requiring similar treatment. 
They are mostly dwarf plants, and grow in light garden-soil, 
increase being effected by dividing the roots. Pretty plants 
for the border, or for rock-work. 

S. montana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in May; Austria; 1597. S. triflora (three-flowered); 
hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1826. 

Silene. Catchfiy. [Caryophyllaceae.] A genus of an- 
nual and perennial plants, bearing trusses of pink, red, pale- 
rose, and lilac blossoms, and lasting some weeks in bloom ; 
The annuals may be sown thinly in the open border, where 
they are to remain. The perennial sorts grow in common 
soil, and are propagated by division. 

S. Anneria (Lobel's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink 
or white, in July ; England. S. compacta (compact) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 18 inches; flowers pink, in July; Caucasus; 1823. 6'. 
fiinbriata (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in 
June ; Caucasus ; 1803. S. maritiitia fiore-pleno (double-sea) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August ; England. 
S. pendula (pendulous) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose- 
pink or white, in May; Sicily; 1731. S. rcgia (royal); hardy 
perennial; 18 inches ; flowers crimson, in June; North Amer- 
ica; 181 1. S. Schafta (Schaft's) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches ; 
flowers deep-rose, in May ; Russia ; 1844. 

There are more than a hundred other species. 

Silver Fir. See Abies. 

Skimmia. [Aurantiaceae.] Evergreen shrubs, not hardy 
in the Northern States, bearing fragrant white flowers, and 
very ornamental in fruit Good loamy soil. Propagated by 
cuttings, layers, or seeds. 

S. Japonica (Japan) ; evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, 
in spring; China; 1852. 



342 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Skull-Cap. See Scutellaria. 

Smilacina. [Liliaceae.] Hardy herbaceous plants. Light 
loamy soil. Propagated by division. 

S. bifolia (two-leaved) ; 3 inches ; flowers in May ; north of 
Europe ; 1 596. S. borealis (northern) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in 
May; 1787. S. Canadensis (Canadian); 6 inches; flowers in 
June ; 1812. S. raceinosa (racemed); i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, 
in May ; 1640. S. stellata (starred) ; 6 inches ; flowers in May ; 
1633. 6'. trifolia (three-leaved); 3 inches ; flowers in June ; 1812. 
S. umbellata (umbelled) ; 9 inches ; flowers in May ; 1778. 

S. borealis^ more properly Clintoiiia borealis^ is a very 
pretty hardy evergreen, with yellowish flowers and beautiful 
blue berries. 

Snap-Dragon. See Antirrhinum. 

Sneezewort. See Achillea ptarmica. 

Snowball. See Viburnum opulus. 

Snowdrop. See Galanthus. 

Snowflake. See Leucojum. 

Snowy Mespilus. See Amelanchier. 

SoAPWORT. See Saponaria. 

SoLANUM. Nightshade. [Solanaceae.] This very exten- 
sive genus comprises plants greatly varied in their habit, 
and includes stove, greenhouse, and hardy kinds, annuals, 
perennials, and shrubs. Some of the species are valuable 
for the flower-garden ; but they are generally rank-growing 
and weedy. S. ovigerum is the Egg-plant, which is often 
grown for ornament as well as use. All the species require 
a rich loamy soil, and are killed by the first frost. The 
greenhouse species comprise many valuable plants. 

SoLDANELLA. [Primulaccae.] A beautiful little group 
of minute perennial plants, and among the most interesting 
of the Alpine families, but seldom grown. They increase 
with facility by the process of dividing the roots. The com- 



GARDEN FLOWERS. • 343 

post for them should be sandy loam and peat, made ver}^ 
porous. 

S. Aipina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, 
in April ; Switzerland; 1656. S. 7m7ii77ta ([t2iSt) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Corinthian Alps ; 1823. 
S. i7tontana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, 
in April ; Bohemia ; 18 16. S.pusilla (weak) ; hardy perennial ; 
3 inches ; flowers violet-blue, in April ; south of Europe ; 1820. 

SoLiDAGO. Goldm-rod. [Compositae.] Hardy herba- 
ceous perennials, all producing yellow daisy-shaped blos- 
soms, small individually, but, for the most part, produced so 
abundantly as to have a very conspicuous appearance : they 
mostly bloom in autumn, and some very late in the season. 
They are increased by dividing the roots, separating some 
of the young suckers, which are annually produced in abun- 
dance at the base of the plant. But few of the numerous 
kinds are required in one garden, as there is considerable 
sameness -in their general aspect. 

S. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers 
yellow, in September ; North America ; 1648. S. huniilis 
(dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; 
North America; 181 1. 

Solomon's Seal. See Polygonatum. 

SoPHORA. [Leguminoseae.] Herbaceous plants and 
hardy trees. Propagated by division, seeds, and cuttings. 
Rich loamy soil. 

S. flavesce7is (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in June; Siberia; 1785. S. galegoides (galega-Hke) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia; 1817. 
S. Chi7ie7isis (Chinese) ; hardy tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in 
August; China; 1763. S. ^dt/^/w'^:^ (Japanese); hardy tree ; 40 
feet ; flowers white, in August ; Japan ; 1763. 

The weeping variety, and that with variegated leaves, are 
very desirable. 



344 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Sorrel-Tree. See Andromeda arborea. 

Southern-Wood. See Artemisia. 

Specularia. [Campanulaceae.] A small family of hardy 
annuals, formerly comprised under Campanula. The com- 
mon S. speculum, with purplish-lilac flowers, varies to white 
and rose-colored, and is distinct and pretty. The plants 
form a small spreading mass of about nine inches high, and 
may be had in bloom for the whole summer by successive 
sowing. The seeds may be sown — very thinly, for they are 
very small — in the open border, and should be very lightly 
covered. Six or eight plants are enough to form a patch. 

6". speculimi (Venus's looking-glass) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers purplish-lilac or white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1596. 

Speedwell. See Veronica. 

Sphenogyne. [Compositae.] A genus of composite 
plants, consisting of hardy annuals and greenhouse shrubs. 
The most useful is S. speciosa, a very pretty half-hardy an- 
nual, which may be had in succession through the summer 
by successive sowings. The plants grow well in rich light 
garden soil, and in favorable seasons are very ornamental. 

S., speciosa {shov^y) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers orange 
and black, in June ; Cape ; 1836. 

SPiEROSTiGMA. [Onagraccae.] Hardy biennials and an- 
nuals, of easy culture in the border, and propagated by 
seeds. 

S. ChaiJiissonis (Chamisso's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers 
yellow, in August ; Russia ; 1 837. S. hirtmn (hairy) ; hardy 
biennial; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in August ; Russia; 1836. 
S. ?ninutiJloru7n (small-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 1 foot ; flowers 
yellow, in August ; Russia ; 1837. 

S. cheiranthifoUum, a Chilian species, is not hardy. 
Spergula. [Caryophyllaceae.] Very pretty mossy plants, 
studded in June with white flowers. In England they are 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 345 

extensively used for lawns ; but in this country our summer's 
sun dries them up. Stiff loamy soil. Propagated by division 
and seed. 

S. pilifet'a (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 inches ; flowers white, 
in June ; Corsica. 

Spiderwort. See Tradescantia. 

Spigelia. Worm-grass. [Gentianeae.] S. Marilandica 
is a pretty hardy perennial herb, growing a foot high, and 
bearing tubular flowers, which are scarlet, tipped with green, 
and bear no inconsiderable resemblance to those of Cor- 
rea speciosa. The plant prefers a cool and somewhat shady 
situation, where the soil is of a somewhat peaty character, — 
say half peat and half maiden loam. When in a thriving 
condition, it is a very pretty plant. It is propagated by divi- 
•sion of the root. 

S. Marilandica (Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
red and green, in July ; North America ; 1694. 

Spindle-Tree. See Euonymus. 

SPiRiEA. [Rosaceae.] A very interesting tribe of hardy 
plants, some of them herbaceous perennials, others decidu- 
ous shrubs, handsome when in flower : nearly all bear white 
flowers in pyramidal spikes. The herbaceous kinds are 
beautiful in pots or in the borders ; and the shrubs are pretty 
in plantations. The former are propagated by parting the 
plants and by cuttings ; and the latter by layers, and by 
cuttings of the young wood. The herbaceous kinds spread 
a good deal, and may be divided easily. The shrubs are 
very useful in clumps, and can be pruned to any form. To 
propagate these, the branches should be layered in autumn. 
There are many species, of which those enumerated below 
are some of the best and most distinct. 

S. aricEfolia (white-beam-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flow- 
ers whitish, in July ; North America ; 1827. S. armicus (goat's- 



34^ GARDEN FLOWERS. 

beard) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 
1633. S. bella (pretty) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, in 
July ; Nepaul ; 1820. S. callosa (callous) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; 
flowers deep-rose, in June; North China; 1852. S. corymbosa 
(croymbose) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Vir- 
ginia ; 1 8 19. S. Douglasii (Douglas's); hardy shrub ; 4 feet; 
flowers rose, in July; North America; 18 14. S. filipendula 
(dropwort) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, single or 
double, in June ; Britain. S. hypericifolia (hypericum-leaved) ; 
hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 
1640. S. lobata (lobed) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers red, 
in July; North America ; 1765. S. opiilifolia (Guelder-rose- 
leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North 
America ; 1690. ^. palmata (palmate) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers red, in July ; China ; 1823. S. priinifolia (plum-leaved); 
hardy shrub; 4 feet; flowers white, in March; China; 1844. 
The double-flowered variety, Jlore-plcno, is a beautiful shrub, 
with double white, button-like blossoms. S. Reevesii (Reeves's) ; 
hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; China ; 1852. 
The double variety is the best. S. uhnifolza (elm-leaved) ; hardy 
shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Carniola ; 1790. 

Sprekelia. [Amaryllidaceae.] Beautiful stove or green- 
house bulbs. S. formosissima, the old Amaryllis fonnosissi- 
171US, is imported annually in large quantities, and does well 
bedded out and treated as a gladiolus. They may be groWn 
as greenhouse bulbs, keeping them in the house on a very 
light shelf while the leaves are growing, and watering with 
weak manure-water while in full vigor ; then ripening off, 
and keeping the bulbs quite dry in winter, until they show 
signs of flowering. Increased by offsets. 

6'. <5r^7^zi- (short-tubed); stove bulb; i foot; flowers green and 
red, in June ; Bolivia ; 1839. S.formosissima (Jacobaean lily) ; 
greenhouse bulb ; i foot ; flowers rich crimson-scarlet, in June ; 
Guatemala; 1658. S. glauca (glaucous); greenhouse bulb; i 
foot ; flowers scarlet, in May ; Mexico ; 1840. 



GARDEN FLOWERS, 34/ 

Spraguea. [Portulaceae.] A very beautiful little plant, 
of recent introduction. Rich loamy soil. Propagated by 
seeds. 

S. M7nbellata (umbelled) ; 9 inches ; flowers white and purple ; 
Cahfornia ; 1862. 

Spruce Fir. See Abies. 

Squill. See Scilla. 

Stachys. Hedge-nettle. [Lamiaceas.] Herbaceous plants, 
hardy and tender, and annuals. Many of the greenhouse 
species are desirable. The annuals are worthless. Of the 
perennials, S. Corsica^ grafidiflora^ lanataj stricta^ and setifera 
are hardy. Light loamy soil. Increased by division. 

Staff-Tree. See Celastrus. 

Staphylea. Bladder-nut. [Staphyleacese.] Hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs, with showy foliage and white flowers. Light 
garden soil. Propagated by cuttings, layers, or by seeds, 
which vegetate slowly. The hardy species are — 

S. pinnata (pinnate) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in 
June ; England. S. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 6 
feet; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1640. 

Star of Bethlehem. See Ornithogalum. 

Starwort. See Aster. 

Statice. Sea Lavender. [Plumbaginacese.] Fine hardy 
or half-hardy perennials, growing vigorously in ordinary 
flower-borders, of good light loamy soil, where they throw 
up their widely-branching flower-stems with hundreds of 
small blooms, forming a complete feather of diminutive blos- 
soms, for the most part white or blue. These perennials 
only require planting out, and, with watering in dry weather, 
they will increase in size, and flower season after season, 
until they may be taken up, and parted to multiply them. 
When the roots are taken up, they are divided so as to give 
at least one good heart to each piece of root ; the roots 



343 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

being rather coarse. All the hardy kinds want the same 
treatment. The half-hardy kinds may be kept with the pro- 
protection of a frame, and are best grown in pots ; or, at 
least, a store of plants should be kept in pots, if those in 
the borders are annually abandoned. Statices are now 
called Armeria. 

S. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers bluish-lilac, in June ; Greece ; 1810, S. emarginata 
(notched) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers bluish, in July ; 
Gibraltar. S. eximia (choice) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers red, in July ; Songaria ; 1844. S. For^um (Fortune's) ; half- 
hardy perennials ; 18 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; 
China; 1845. S. zncana {ho3.ry) -, half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers light-rose, in July ; Levant ; 1823, S. Lzmo?im?n (com- 
mon) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Eng- 
land. S. piiberula (downy) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers blue and cream, in June ; Canaries ; 1830. 

All the Statices are worth growing. 

Stenactis. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. 
Common soil. Increased by division. 

S. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, 
in July ; California ; 1831. 

Sternbergia. [Amaryllidaceae.] Hardy bulbs. Soil, 
sandy loam. Propagated by offsets. 

S. colchiciflora (colchicum-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in September ; Hungary; 1816. 

Stipa. Feather-grass. [Graminese.] Ornamental hardy 
perennial. Common soil. Increased by division. 

6*. pinnata (feathered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers in 
July ; Britain. 

Stock. See Mathiola. 

Stokesia. [Compositae.] A fine half-hardy evergreen 
herb, requiring a little winter protection, but flowering finely 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 349 

in the border in summer. Good loamy soil. Propagated 
by seeds or division, 

S. cyanea (azure) ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Carolina ; 
1776. 

Stonecrop. See Sedum. 

Stork's-Bill. See Pelargonium. 

Strawberry Elite. See Blitum. 

Stuartia. [Camellieae.] A family of showy shrubs, 
very valuable for the garden. Soil, rich loam. Propagated 
by layers and cuttings. S. pentagynia is hardy as far North 
as Massachusetts, and is very conspicuous in August from its 
large white flowers with purple centre. S. Virginica, the 
other species, is not hardy. 

Styrax. Storax. [St}Taces.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, 
with very pretty white flowers. Soil, rich sandy loam. 
Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. 

6". grandifloriwi (large-flowered) ; 6 feet ; July ; North Amer- 
ica ; 1765. S. IcEvigatum (smooth); 4 feet; July; North 
America ; 1765. S. pulveridentiim (powdery) ; 4 feet ; flowers 
in June ; North America ; 1794. 

S. officinale^ from the Levant, is half-hardy. 

Sultan. See Centurea. 
Sumach. See Rhus. 
Sun-Dew. See Drosera. 
Sun-Flower. See Helianthus. 
Sun-Rose. See Helianthemum. 
Swallow-Wort. See Asclepias. 
Swan-Daisy. See Brachycome. 
Sweet Alyssum. See Koniga. 
Sweet-Brier. See Rosa rubiginosa. 
Sweet Gum. See Liquidamber. 
Sweet Pea. See Lathyrus. 
Sweet Scabious. See Asterocephalus. 



350 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Sweet Sultan. See Centaurea moschata. 

Sweet William. See Dianthus barbatus. 

Symphiandra. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy perennial. Dry- 
ish sandy loam. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. 

S. pendtila (pendulous) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
white, in July ; Caucasus ; 1823. 

Symphoria. [Caprifoliaceae.] Pretty deciduous shrubs, 
remarkable for the white berries which succeed their flowers, 
and remain through the winter. Common soil. Increased 
by suckers. 

6'. glomerata (clustered) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers whit- 
ish, in August ; North America ; 1730. A variegated variety is 
very ornamental. S. racemostis (racemed) ; hardy shrub ; 5 
feet; flowers pinkish, in August ; North America ; 18 17. 

Symphytum. Comfrey. [Boraginaceae.] Coarse-grow- 
ing, but in some instances showy hardy perennials. Com- 
mon soil. Propagated by division or seeds. 

6". asperrimum (rough) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers red 
and blue, in June ; Caucasus ; 1799. S. Caucasiciun (Cauca- 
sian) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers azure, in June ; Cauca- 
sus ; 1820. 6^. Orientale (Eastern); hardy perennial; 3 feet; 
flowers white ; Turkey; 1752. This spreads itself about, dis- 
appearing in one spot and re-appearing in others. 

Syringa. Lilac. [Oleaceae.] This family comprises the 
I.ilac and its varieties. Well-known and favorite deciduous 
shrubs, of which there are several very distinct kinds : the 
common Lilac, S. vulgaris, gives white, red, and purple va- 
rieties ; the Persian Lilac, S. Fersica, has a white, as well as a 
cut-leaved, variety. There are some others, as S. Josikcea, 
and the Chinese, S. Rothmagensis. They chiefly differ in the 
size of the foliage and flower. All are hardy, and well de- 
serving a place in all shrubberies. They are propagated 
by layers and suckers. All these species grow naturally 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 35 1 

in the form of bushy shrubs; but they are in ever)^ re- 
spect more desirable as standards. To make them grow 
as standards, the buds of the suckers with single stems 
are all rubbed off, but two or three placed at and near 
the top ; and, as the top advances in height, the under 
branches are cut clean away, so that at no one time shall 
there be more than the few top branches. When the single 
stem, with its top three pair of branches, has reached the de- 
sired height, say six feet or less, the branches are allowed to 
remain on and grow ; but the top is removed to prevent the 
tree growing higher, and the ends of the branches are also 
removed to encourage lateral shoots, which soon form a 
handsome head. In this form, the Lilac-tree may then be 
planted among evergreen shrubs, which will completely hide 
the stem, while it takes up scarcely any room. 

S. JosikcBa (Josika's) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers deep- 
lilac, in May; Germany; 1833. S. Persica (Persian); hardy 
shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; Persia ; 1640. S.Rotho- 
inagensis (Rouen) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; 
China; 1795. S. vulgaris (common); hardy shrub; 6 feet; 
flowers lilac, purple, red, or white, in May ; Persia and Hunga- 
ry ; 1597. 

Syringa. See Philadelphus. 





^ I ^AGETES. [Compositse.] This genus contains the 
-■- French and African marigolds, both well-known and 
showy annual flowers. The African is of a rich golden 
color, and very large. The French is of a rich brown, dark 
or light, but variously blotched or edged with bright golden 
yellow. In a large number of seedlings, scarcely two will 
give flowers alike, and indeed, on the same plant, it is diffi- 
cult to find two in all respect identical. Both kinds are raised 
from seed ; and, to get them early, they should be sown in 
heat about March. AVhen they germinate, they must have 
plenty of air to prevent their becoming drawn up. Plant 
the French out towards the middle of May, about three in 
a patch, because the diversity of color assists by its con- 
trasts in producing a good effect. This, however, does not 
apply to the African, which may be put out singly, be- 
cause one plant makes show enough in a place. All single 
and semi-double ones ought to be pulled up and thrown 
away. Besides those sown in heat, others should be sown 
in the open ground to form a succession ; for, although the 
first will keep blooming until the frost cuts them off, younger 
ones coming in are more compact plants. There is another 
annual kind which should find a place in all gardens, for its 
neat and elegant foliage, its rich orange flowers, and its 
compact and profusely flowering habit: it is T. tenuifolia, 
sold in seed-shops as T. signata. The flowers are smaH, com- 
pared even with the French Marigold, and they are single 3 
352 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 353 

but, in soil not too rich, the plants form closely branched, 
compact bushes, and are literally covered with blossoms, 
which, in the mass, have a very charming effect. T. lucida, a 
pretty perennial, is propagated by division, and requires a 
greenhouse in winter, but is very effective as a bedding plant. 
S. signata piimila is a fine free-flowering dwarf variety. 

T. erecta (African Marigold) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 
orange or yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 1596. T. lucida (shining) ; 
half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; South 
America ; 1 798. T. patula (French Marigold) ; hardy annual ; 
18 inches ; flowers brown and gold, in July ; Mexico ; 1573. T. 
temiifolia (flne-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers orange- 
yellow, in July ; Peru; 1797. 

Talinum. [Portulacese.] This genus contains some an- 
nuals, which, if raised in heat and bedded out in a sheltered 
place, are effective. Soil, sandy loam. 

T. polyandnun (many-stemmed) ; flowers purple, in August ; 
Australia; 1853. T. pzirpziratiun (purple); flowers purple, in 
August; Mexico; 1826. 

• There are biennial and perennial species which are tender. 

Tamarisk. See Tamarix. 

Tamarix. Tamarisk. [Tamariscineae.] Hardy shrubs. 
Common soil. Propagated by cuttings. 

T. Gallica (French) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; 
flowers pink, in July ; south of England. T. Germanica (Ger- 
man) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; 
Caucasus ; 1682. 

Tartarian Honeysuckle. See Lonicera. 

Taxodium. Deciduous Cypress. [Pinaceae.] The most 
valuable species is T. disticJuun^ which is hardy as far North 
as Massachusetts. It is a ver}^ graceful tree, with light sprays 
of feathery foliage, and succeeds in good loamy soil. 

Taxus. Yezv. [Taxacece.] Fine evergreen shrubs or 
23 



354 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

trees. Deep loamy soil. Increased by cuttings in shady 
border, or by seeds. The Yew is hardy as far North as 
Massachusetts in sheltered situations, though liable to be 
browned by the winter's sun. The American Yew is per- 
pectly hardy. The Irish Yew (fastigiata), is tender in the 
Northern States. The berries of the Yew are very beautiful. 

T. baccata (common) ; berried ; 20 feet ; Britain, T. baccata 
fasfigmta{t'3iY)tr\r\g); 20 feet ; Ireland; 1780. T. baccata foliis 
variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 3 feet. T. baccata fructuluteo 
(yellow-berried); Ireland. T. baccata procicjnbens Q.y'mg-dovin)] 
8 feet ; Europe. T. baccata sparsifolia (scattered-leaved). T. 
baccata -L'^r/^^^/^ (variegated); 20 feet ; Europe. T. Canadensis 
(Canadian) ; 20 feet ; Canada ; 1800. 

Tecoma. [Bignoniacege.] A genus of elegant tubular- 
flowered plants, consisting of both evergreen and decidu- 
ous shrubs and climbers. T. radicans and its varieties are 
bea-utiful hardy deciduous climbers, very ornamental against 
a wall or a house : they grow well in good rich loam, and 
are propagated by layers. Also called Bignonia. 

T. grandijlora (large-flowered) ; climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; 
flowers orange, in July; China; 1800. T. radicafts (rooting); 
hardy climbing shrub ; 30 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North 
America; 1640. 

Teesdalia. [Cruciferae.] A genus of annuals allied to 
Candytuft, and requiring the same treatment. The species 
are T. Jbcris and lipidium. 

Tellima. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy perennials. Sandy 
loam and peat. Increased by division. 

j; ^;'^??^//?^r^ (large-flowered); hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- 
ers pink, in May ; North America ; 1826. 

Tetragonolobus. [Leguminosae.] Annuals and peren- 
nials,, of which the former are most important. Propagated 
by seeds sown in May in common soil. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 355 

T. bifiorus (two-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in July ; Barbary ; 1818. Z! /?^r/?/;r?^j (purple) ; hardy 
annual ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in July ; Sicily; 1769. 

Thalictrum. Meadow-rue. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy 
herbaceous perennials, w^orth growing in a mixed border for 
the sake of their pretty compound foliage, but having rather 
insignificant blossoms. They grow freely in common gar- 
den soil, and are increased by division of the plant. 

T. aquilegifolhim (columbine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 
feet ; flowers purple, in May ; .Austria ; 1731. 

T. co7'yiieUu7n and dioicum are natives of our woods and 
meadows. T. anemonoides .^ or Ajiemone f/ialictroides, is a beau- 
tiful little spring-flowering plant : the double variety is very 
desirable. There are over sixty species. 

Thrift. See Armeria. 

Throatwort. See Trachelium. 

Thorn-Apple. See Datura. 

Thuja. Arbor-vitce. [Coniferse.] These are among the 
best of evergreen shrubs for the shrubber}', or as specimen 
plants on lawns. T. Oriejitalis., the Chinese Arbor-vitae, is 
well known, and is admired for its close cone-shaped out- 
line. T. Occidentalism the American Arbor-vitse, has the same 
habit, but is of looser growth. There is another elegant 
hardy species called T. plicata^ not uncommon in gardens \ 
and one much rarer, T. pendula, which has long slender 
drooping twigs, and is a most singular and very ornamental 
small tree. The commoner sorts grow well in any moder- 
ately favorable situation, preferring a somewhat moist but 
not marshy situation. They are best raised from seeds, 
sown in April, in a frame or covered bed. T. pendiila 
should be kept dryer, and is increased by grafts or cuttings. 

T. Occideiitalis (Western) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 1 5 feet ; 
flowers green, in May; North America; 1596. T. Orientalis 



356 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

(Eastern) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 1 5 feet ; flowers green, in 
May; China; 1752. T. pendu /a (drooping) ; hardy evergreen 
shrub; 10 feet; flowers green, in May; Tartary ; 1828. T. 
pltcafa (plaited) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 10 feet; flowers green, 
in May ; Nootka Sound ; 1796. 

Thuiopsis. [Coniferae.] A family of fine hardy ever- 
greens, somewhat resembling the Arbor-vitae, but with fine 
cut foliage. None are as yet very common. Propagated 
by cuttings. Common soil. 

T. borealis (northern) ; hardy tree ; 100 feet ; Nootka Sound ; 
1855. T. dolebrata (sWveYj); hardy tree ; 50 feet ; Japan; 1850. 
Variety variegata has a yellow variegation ; Japan ; 1861. Va- 
riety 7ia7ia seldom exceeds six feet in height ; Japan ; 1861, T. 
Staiidishii (Standish's) ; resembles the last, but has more slen- 
der and less silvery foliage ; Japan ; 1861. 

Thunbergia. [AcanthacejE.] Stove evergreen climbers. 
They thrive best in a mixture of turfy loam, peat, and rotted 
dung ; but the best of them, T. alata, and its varieties, be- 
ing very liable to attacks of the red spider, are best raised 
from seeds, and treated like tender annuals, only they re- 
quire a trellis on \vhich to train their branches. T. alata 
aurantiaca is the best, having deep orange blossoms, with a 
black centre ; T. alata alba^ with white flowers and a black 
centre, is also very pretty, and there are several others ; 
the color of T. alata itself is buff-yellow, with a black centre. 
The varieties all bloom throughout the summer, and at that 
season are splendid objects in a greenhouse, if well man- 
aged : they may also be grown out-doors, and are very beau- 
tiful objects in the garden, preferring moist peat soil. All 
of the species, strike freely ; and cuttings in sand, under a 
bell-glass, v/ith a little bottom-heat, are rooted in a short 
time. The seeds may be sown in March, in w^ide-mouthed 
pots, and as soon as the plants are large enough, potted ofif 
in the smallest-sized pots, to be treated the same as cut- 
tings ; or planted in the borders in May. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 35/ 

T. alala (winged) ; stove-climbing perennials ; 5 feet ; flowers 
buff with black eye, in June; Africa; 1823. T. alata alba 
(white) ; stove climbing perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white, with 
black eye, in June ; Madagascar. T. alata atirantiata (orange); 
stove climbing perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers orange with black eye, 
in June ; gardens. 

Thymus. Thyme. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy evergreen per- 
ennials and sub-shrub. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by 
divisions or cuttings. Many of them are beautiful rock- 
plants. 

T. azureus {?iZVix€)\ hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, 
in June ; south of Europe ; 1830. T. Corsicus {Qox^\z2ivi) ; half- 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers lilac, in June ; Corsica ; 1831. 
T. lanuginosus (woolly) ; hardy trailing perennial ; flowers pur- 
ple, in July ; Britain. 

TiARELLA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy perennials. Common 
dryish soil. Increased by division. 

T. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America ; 1731. 

TiGRiDiA. Tiger-flower. [Iridaceae.] One of the most 
showy and remarkable of flowers, but at the same time one 
of the most fugitive ; the flowers last but a few hours, but 
there is a good succession of them produced. They are 
hardy bulbous-rooted plants, with the flowers large, singularly 
formed, like a cocked hat reversed, and beautifully spotted 
with a darker color upon a yellow or deep orange-colored 
ground. The two so-called species are very similar in all 
but having a darker or lighter ground color. The flowers 
last but the day they come out if the sun is pretty hot, which 
it generally is when they flower, in July. They do not grow 
more than twelve inches high, and should be planted in a 
mass, because there will then be a number of flowers open 
for some time ; when planted singly, that is not the case, for 
there will be days when a plant will have none, and that, too, 



358 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

before it is out of bloom altogether. Plant them in May, 
three inches deep, and take them up in the autumn. In- 
creased by offsets. 

T. conchifiora (shell-flowered) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flow- 
ers yellow-spotted, in June ; Mexico ; 1823. T. pavonia (pea- 
cock) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers orange and red, in June ; 
Mexico ; 1796. T. speciosa is a hybrid between these two, with 
more of the nature of T. pavonia. T. Wheelerii is also a hy- 
brid resembling T. conchifiora. 

TiLiA. Lime or Linden. [Tiliaceae.] Well-known hardy 
ornamental trees. The American is the best. Propagated 
by seeds and layers. Soil, rich loam. 

T. alba (white-wooded) ; 30 feet ; flowers in July ; Hungary ; 
1767. T. A7nericana (American); 30 feet; flowers in June; 
North America; 1752. T. A7nericana heterophylla (various- 
leaved); 30 feet; flowers in July; North America; 181 1. T. 
Americana laxijlora (loose-flowered) ; 50 feet ; flowers white in 
June ; North America ; 1820. T. Americana ptibescens {&o\^tvj)\ 
20 feet ; flowers in July ; North America ; 1726. T.Americana 
pubescens leptophylla (thin-leaved-downy) ; 20 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; North America. T. Europcea (European, or com- 
mon) ; 50 feet ; flowers in July ; Britain. T. Etiropcza aurea 
(golden-twigged) ; 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Eu- 
ropcea dasystyla (hairy-styled) ; 50 feet ; flowers in July ; Tauria. 
T. Europcea laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in August ; 
Britain. T. Europcea microphylla (small leaved) ; 50 feet ; flow- 
ers in August ; Britain. T. Europcea pendula (drooping) ; flow- 
ers in June ; 1845. ^- Europcea platyphylla (broad-leaved) ; 50 
feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Eiiropcea platyphylla au- 
rea (golden-broad-leaved) ; 20 feet ; Britain. T. Europcea rubra 
(red-twigged); 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Europ(xa 
^^rzV^^a:/^ (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in June; 1847. T. Eu- 
7-opcea vitifolia (vine-leaved) ; flowers in June ; 1 846. 

Toad-Flax. See Linaria. 
Tobacco. See Nicotiana. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 359 

ToLPis. Hawkweed. [Compositse.] A fine yellow-flow- 
ered annual, formerly called Crepis ba?'bafa. Sow in May in 
common soil. The flowers close in cloudy weather, 

T. barbata (bearded) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow 
and purple, in July ; 1620. The other species are T. aliissima, 
coronopifolia^ grandijlora, timbellata^ and virgata. 

ToRREYA. [Taxaceas.] Hardy evergreen trees. Deep 
loamy soil. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. 

T. myristica (Californian nutmeg) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 30 
feet; Cahfornia ; 185 1. Z". /«:r^^//« (yew-leaved) ; hardy ever- 
green shrub ; 20 feet ; Florida ; 1840. 

Touch-me-not. See Impatiens. 

TouRNEFORTiA. [Boragincse.] T. heliotropoides is a heli- 
otrope-like hardy or nearly hardy plant, not very showy, but 
a very free bloomer, and useful for small beds. It will grow 
in the open borders : a plant or two should be kept in a 
frame through the winter. It is increased either by seeds 
sown in May, or by cuttings ; and is a low plant, flowering 
from May to August. 

T. heliotropoides (hehotrope-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; i 
foot ; flowers lilac, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1829. 

Trachelium, Throaiwort. [Campanulaceae,] Half-hardy 
herbaceous perennials. Light loamy soil. Increased by 
seeds sown in spring in a gentle heat, and carefully grown 
while young. 

T. cosruleinn (blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers 
purple or white, in August ; Italy ; 1640. 

Tradescantia. Spiderwort. [Commelinaceae.] The 
hardy perennial species of this genus are adapted for the 
common borders. They are readily increased by division, 
and only require to be planted in the common soil, and left 
undisturbed till they get too large, when they must be taken 



360 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

up and divided. The tender species are of less moment, 
except T. discolor^ a curious stove species, and T. iridescetis, 
a prett}^ dwarf free-blooming greenhouse herb. 

T. subaspera (roughish) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flow- 
ers purple, in May ; North America ; 1812. T. Virginica (Vir- 
ginian) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in June; 
North America ; 1629. 

This varies, with white, blue, red, crimson, and double- 
blue flowers. 

Tragopogon. [Compositas.] A family of hardy bien- 
nials, thriving in common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. 
T. floccosus^ imitabilis^ and roscus are hardy border plants. 

Tragopyrum. [Polygonaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, 
propagated by layers, and growing best in moist, peaty soil. 

T. biixifoliii7ii (box-leaved) ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July; 
Siberia; 1800. T. lanceolatu7n (spear-shaped); 2 feet ; flowers 
pink, in July; Siberia; 1778. 

Tree-Peony. See Moutan. 

Trefoil. See Trifolium. 

Trientalis. [Primulaceae.] A family of delicate little 
perennials, grown best in a shady situation in leaf-mould. 
Propagated by division. 

T. Americana (American) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; 
North America ; 18 16. The European species (T. Eiiropcsa) 
much resembles this. 

Trifolium. Trefoil, or Clover. [Leguminosse.] Hardy 
herbs, many of which are annuals or biennials, and a large 
number perennials. They are not of much value as garden 
plants. T. incarnatum, with its scarlet flower-heads, is 
showy ; and T. unifloriun is a very pretty minute perennial 
species, deserving a place among alpines. The annuals may 
be sown in April in the places where they are to flower. 
The perennials need only to be planted in ordinary' soil. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 36 1 

T. incariiatiun (flesh) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, 
in June ; Italy ; 1596. T. lagopiis (hare's-foot) ; hardy annual ; 
18 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Spain; 1827. T. megacepha- 
luin (great-headed) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-pur- 
ple, in July ; North America. T. rttbens (red) ; hardy perennial ; 
2 feet; flowers deep-red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1633. T. 
unifioruni (one-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers 
red and white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1800. 

Trillium. [Trilliacece.] Curious small hardy herbaceous 
plants. The stem has three leaves, and the flowers three 
petals. They are tuberous-rooted perennials, and propagate 
but slowly by dividing the roots ; but they may be raised 
from seed, which is inclosed in a berry. This may be sown 
in pans, and be raised in a frame, and pricked out, three or 
four in a pot, to grow ; and lastly potted singly into sixty- 
sixed pots. All those curious in plants should grow them, 
though, like many other curious plants, they are greatly ne- 
glected. They flower very early in spring, and grow best in 
peat soil. 

T. cernuiun (drooping) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers white, in May; North America; 1758. T. erectum 
(erect) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in 
May; North America ; 1700. T. grandijlorum ([^xgQ-fiov^&VQd) ; 
hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; 
North America ; 1799. T. obovatum{ohQiV2X€) ; hardy tuberous 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in May ; North America ; 
1 8 10. T. sessile (sessile) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers brownish-purple, in May; North America; 1759. ^• 
tindulatum (wavy) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers red, in May ; North America ; 18 18. 

Tritoma. [Liliaceae.] Beautiful half-hardy herbaceous 
plants, requiring a light dry soil, and warm or sheltered situ- 
ation, in which they produce their upright spikes of droop- 
ing scarlet tubes, freely, in the autumnal months. They 



362 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

throw out suckers from their roots, by which they may be 
increased. They are sometimes called Kniphofia. 

T. Btirchellii (Burchell's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers orange, in August ; Cape; 18 16. T. pumila{A\N2x'i)\ hardy 
perennial; i foot; flowers orange, in September; Cape ; 1774. 
T. Rooperi (Rooper's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers or- 
ange-scarlet, in autumn; Natal; 1848. T. Uvaria (grape); 
hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in August ; Cape ; 1 707, 

Trollius. Globe-flower. . [Ranunculaceas.] Showy her- 
baceous perennials, quite hardy, growing in ordinary garden 
soil, and increased easily by parting the roots during the 
dormant season. 

T. Asiaticzis (Asiatic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers 
deep-yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1759. T. Eiiropcciisi^\xxo^^2C!\)\ 
hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; Britain. 

There are many other species. 

Trop^eolum. Indian Cress. [Tropseolaceas.] Soft- 
stemmed climbing herbs, part of which are annual, and 
others perennial, having tuberous roots. T. majus, the 
common Nasturtium, as it is called erroneously, and its va- 
rieties, may be sown in the open ground in May, where it is 
to bloom through the summer, and requires neither care nor 
attention. These are beautiful plants everywhere — in rich 
ground, covering the surface with foliage and flowers, or 
climbing up stakes, and hiding unsightly fences or other ob- 
jects, or potted and placed on the window-sill, where the 
burning heat and limited food arrests their vegetation, but 
adds profusion to the blossoms, and intensity to their colors. 
T. minus is smaller, but equally effective in its way. The 
double orange-colored variety of T. ?7iajits is a greenhouse 
plant, as is also the double scarlet Nasturtium, which is the 
double-flowered variety of T. minus. These are increased 
by cuttings, and preserved, like other half-hardy things, in 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 363 

the greenhouse during winter for planting out in summer, 
where they thrive in hot, diy situations. T. percgrinmn is 
the canary-bird flower, and thrives well in the border in sum- 
mer, producing its yellow, curiously-shaped flowers profusely. 

T. Tom Thumb is a fine variety of T. majiis, forming a clump ; 
flowers bright-yellow; hybrid; 1859. There are many others 
of this type. 

Hardy Annuals. — T. majus (greater) ; 6 feet ; flowers or- 
ange-yellow, in July; Peru; 1686. T. majus atrosangiime2U7i 
(dark-red) ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-red, in August ; Peru. T. mi- 
nus (smaller) ; i foot ; flowers orange and yellow, in August ; 
Peru; 1596. T. peregrimwi (canary-bird flower); 6 feet; 
flowers yellow, in September ; New Grenada ; 18 10. 

Trumpet-Flower. See Bignonia and Tegoma. 

Tuberose. See Polianthes. 

TuLiPA. Tulip. [Liliaceas.] Hardy and very shoMy 
bulbs. The variegated Tulips of the gardens are the pro- 
geny of T. Ges7ieriana. The bulbs are planted in October 
or November, and bloom in May. They grow in nothing 
so well as in plain, good, sandy loam, taken from a pasture 
with the turf rotted in it ; and it is the custom to dig out 
the bed from two to three feet deep, that this soil may 
be placed therein. They are planted six inches apart, the 
bed being four feet wide, and containing seven flowers 
across. The tallest flowers, which are known well to the 
fanciers, are planted in the centre row ; those a little shorter, 
in the rows next to the middle ; and the shortest, outside : 
so that the tulip-bed when in flower looks like a bank of 
bloom. The small offsets are planted in separate beds, un- 
til they grow large enough to plant in the principal beds. 
They are raised from seed to produce new varieties, and 
they multiply by offsets. The seeds may be sown in pans 
or wide-mouthed pots, in the early spring or the autumn, 
and placed in a garden frame. They wfll come up, and 



364 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

about June turn yellow, and die down, but little bulbs will 
have formed : some take them up and replant them ; but, if 
they are not too thick, they may be left until the next year. 
It will be five or six years before they bloom. The Van 
Thol Tulip, a pretty early sort, is the 7! suaveolens : this 
blooms naturally in April, and is very well adapted for 
forcing even much earlier than this. Few of the other 
species are cultivated except as curiosities. 

T. Gesneriana (Gesner's) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers red 
or striped, in May ; Levant ; 1577. The florists' varieties are of 
a garden origin. T. oculis solis (sun's-eye); hardy bulb ; i foot ; 
flowers red, with dark eye, in April; Italy; 1816. T. precox 
(early) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers scarlet and yellow, in 
April; Italy; 1825. T. suaveolens (Van Thol); hardy bulb; 
6 inches ; flowers scarlet and gold, in April ; south of Europe ; 
1603. T. Turcica (Florentine); hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers 
yellow, in April ; south of Europe. 

There are some twenty other species. 

Tulip-Tree. See Liriodendron. 

TussiLAGO. ColVs-foot. [Compositae.] A genus of hardy 
or half-hardy plants, doing best in rich loamy soil. Propa- 
gated easily by division. The species are T. alba, Alpina, 
discolor, farfara, fragraiis, frigida, Icevigata^ nivea, palj7iata, 
and sagittata. 





ULEX. Furze. [Leguminosae.] This well-known, gay- 
flowering plant is not hardy in the Northern States. 
It grows in any soil, and is propagated by seed. 

W. Europcea (common) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers 
yellow, in May ; Britain. The double-flowered variety, U. Eu- 
ropcEa flore-pleiio^ is the most beautiful. U. 7iana (dwarf) ; ever- 
green trailing shrub; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; 
England. 

Ulmus. Elm. [Ulmacese.] Hardy deciduous timber- 
trees. Soil, deep, dry, sandy loam. The common sorts 
are propagated by seeds, layers, or grafts ; the varieties by 
grafting. 

U. alata (winged); 30 feet; North America; 1820. U. alba 
(white; Hungarian); 30 feet; Hungary; 1824. U. Americana 
(white ; American) ; 40 feet ; North America. U. Americana 
alba (white branched) ; 40 feet ; North America. U. Americana 
foliis-variegatis (variegated-leaved). U. A77iericana i?icisa (cut- 
leaved) ; North America. U. Americana petidula (drooping) ; 
North America; 1820. 17. Americana rubra (red-branched); 
40 feet ; North America; 1824. U. campestris (English field); 
80 feet ; Britain. U. campestris acutifolia (acute-leaved) ; 80 
feet ; Britain. U. campestris alba (white) ; 80 feet ; Britain. 
U. campestris betuloBfolia (birch-leaved) ; Britain. U. campestris 
Chinensis (Chinese) ; China. U. campestris foliis-aiweis (leaves 
golden-variegated) ; Britain. U. campestris foliis-va7'iegatis 
(leaves variegated with white) ; Britain. U. ca77ipestris latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. ca77ipestris fia7ia (dwarf) ; 

365 



366 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

2 feet ; Britain. U. campestris parvifolia (small-leaved) ; 20 
feet; Siberia; 1822. U. campestris stricta (upright); 80 feet; 
Britain. U. campestris viminalis (twiggy) ; 30 feet ; Britain. 
U.fiilva (slippery); 60 feet ; North America. U. glabra (smooth); 
60 feet ; Britain. U. glabra latifolia (broad-leaved) ; Britain. 
U. 7najor (greater) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. viontana (mountain ; 
Scotch or Wych) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. inoiitaiia fastioiata (py- 
ramidal; Exeter); Exeter; 1826. U. moiitana nigra (black); 40 
feet; Ireland. U. 7nofitana pendula {droo-^mg); Britain. U.mo)i- 
tana rugosa (rough-leaved) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. mo7itana vul- 
garis (common) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. siiberosa (cork-barked) ; 
40 feet ; Britain. U. siiberosa alba (white-barked) ; Britain. 
U. siiberosa angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; Hertford. U. siibe- 
rosa erecta (upright) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. siiberosa foliis-varie- 
gatis (variegated-leaved) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. suberosa latifo- 
lia (broad-leaved) ; Hertford. U. siiberosa vulgaris (common) ; 
80 feet; Holland. 

Urospermum. Sheep' s-beard. [Compositae.] A hardy 
perennial, with showy yellow flowers. Soil, common loam. 
Propagated by seed. 

U. Dalechampi; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in 
July ; south of Europe. 

UvuLARiA. [Melanthaceae.] Neat, dwarf, hardy, herba- 
ceous perennials. They grow with ordinary attention in the 
common soil of gardens, preferring a cool situation, without 
stagnant moisture, and are propagated by division. 

U. grandijlora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; 
flowers yellow, in May; North America ; 1802. U. pei'foliata 
(perfoliate) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; 
North America; 18 10. U. sessilifolia (sessile-leaved); hardy 
perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers cream-colored, in May ; North 
America; 1790. 




VACCINIUM. Whortleberry. [Vaccinaceoe.] Hardy, 
deciduous, or sometimes evergreen shrubs, mostly 
ornamental. Soil, sandy loam or peat. Propagated by 
suckers or layers. There are many species in cultivation. 
Some of the East-Indian species are ver^' beautiful, but are 
not hardy. The hardy species are not very showy, but are 
useful in a shrubbery. 

Valeriana. Valerian. [ Valerian aceae.] Hardy peren- 
nials, some of which are pretty, but not remarkably orna- 
mental. They may all be grown in the open border, in or- 
dinary garden soil They increase readily by division of the 
plants. 

V. Celtica (Celtic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in 
June; Switzerland; 1748. V. dioica (diaecious) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; England. V,. mon- 
tana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers light-red, in 
June ; Switzerland ; 1748. V. Phu (Phu) ; hardy perennial ; 3 
feet; flowers white, in June; Germany; 1597. V. Pyrenaica 
(Pyrenean) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; 
Scotland. V. tuberosa (tuberous); hardy perennial ; 18 inches; 
flowers pale red, in June ; south of Europe ; 1629. 

Valerianella. Lamb'' s Lettuce. [Valerianaceae.] Hardy 
annuals, mostly weedy or salad plants. V. congesta is pretty. 
Common soil. Increased by seeds. 

V. co7igesta (crowded) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in 
July ; Columbia ; 1826. 

Venedium. [Compositae.] A genus containing some 



268 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

half-hardy showy annuals. Light, rich soil. Propagated by- 
seeds, which should be sown in May where they are to bloom. 

V. calendiilacetim (marigold-like) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; 
flowers yellow, in August; Cape of Good Hope ; 1852. 

Venus Looking-Glass. See Specularia. 

Venus Navelwort. See Omphalodes. 

Veratrum. [Melanthacese.] Hardy herbaceous plants 
of tall coarse habit, but with fine ornamental foliage, and 
having a very distinct habit and appearance, and therefore 
desirable in large mixed borders. They increase by division, 
and grow in ordinary garden-soil. 

V. albtu7i (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish, 
in July ; Europe; 1548. V. nigricm (black); hardy perennial; 
3 feet ; flowers dark-chocolate, in July ; Siberia ; 1596. V. viride 
(green) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers greenish, in June ; 
North America ; 1742. 

Verbascum. Mullein. [Scrophularineas.] .Hardy peren- 
nials, strikingly effective in large borders, or towards the 
margins of shrubberies. They are easily-grown plants, thriv- 
ing in any garden soil, and only need to be sown where they 
are to bloom, each patch being thinned away, leaving only 
the strongest. The seeds should be sown about June in one 
year, to produce flowering plants for the next season. They 
are mostly biennials, and young plants should therefore be 
raised from seeds annually. The perennials are increased 
both by seeds and division. 

V. alopecitrns (fox-tail) ; hai dy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yel- 
low, in July ; France; 1820. V. A2istriacum{K\xs\x\2iVi)', hardy 
perennial; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Austria; 1818. V. 
blattaria (moth) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; 
England. V. formosiun (handsome) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; 
flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1818. V. grandijlonnji (large- 
flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Eu- 
rope ; 1820. V. Ph(£niceu?n (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 369 

flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1796. V. spectabile 
(showy) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and purple, 
in July ; Tauria ; 1820. V. //e^^j/zi- (shepherd's club); hardy 
biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; England. V. triste 
(dark) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in July ; 
south of Europe ; 1688. 

There are about fifty other species. 

Verbena. Vervain, [Verbenaceae.] Beautiful flower-gar- 
den plants, consisting for the most part of perennial species, 
requiring protection during winter. The race of half-hardy 
Verbenas has given rise to those fine seminal varieties, which 
are now, during summer, to be seen decorating every garden. 
V. Melindres or chanicedrifolia was one of the first favorites ; 
but, like most of the other species, it has been lost amid the 
more beautiful sorts that have sprung up under the florists' 
care. It is the creeping habit, however, and abundant bloom 
of V. Melindres, which has given much of their value to the 
florists' seedlings ; their size and the more erect habit and 
fragrance observable in recent varieties having been derived 
from V. teucrioides. The Verbena strikes freely under a bell- 
glass in light sandy soil, and very quickly in a mild hot-bed ; 
and it grows freely in any rich light soil. New varieties are 
raised from seeds. The seeds should be sown in pans, and 
placed in a greenhouse or frame, the young seedlings planted 
out in beds six inches apart, until it is seen what flowers 
they produce, when such as are worthy may be propagated. 
In gardens, those which approach nearest to the admirable 
habit of V. MeBidres — which creeps along the ground, 
spreading and rooting at every joint, until it covers a bed 
like a carpet, and throws up its umbels or trusses of flowers 
all over its allotted space — should be selected. 

V. Melindres (Mehndres) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- 
ers scarlet, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1827. V. multifida (many- 
24 



370 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

cleft) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, lilac, or 
white, in July; Chili; 1839. K pidchella (neat); half-hardy 
traihng perennial ; flowers purple or white ; Buenos Ayres ; 
1827. V. radicans (rooting); half-hardy traihng perennial; 6 
inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Chili ; 1832. V. sidpJmrea (sul- 
phur) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in July ; 
Chili; 1832. V. teucrioides (teucrium-like) ; half-hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers whitish, in July ; Monte Video ; 1837. V. 
Tweediaiia (Tweedie's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- 
ers rose-crimson, in June ; Brazil; 1834. V. venosa (veiny); 
half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in May ; 
Buenos Ayres ; 1830. 

For fine varieties, consult florists' catalogues. The follow- 
ing can, however, be recommended. White — Mrs. Hol- 
ford^ Snowflake^ Aiine. White, dark centre — Fairest of 
the Fair, Viscountess F??ily?i, Earl of Shaftsbury. Peach — 
Great Easte?'n, Sal??ion, Ida. Reddish Scarlet — Gen. 
Simpson. Scarlet — Defiance, Phejiomenon, Fox hunter, Lord 
Raglan. Crimson — Admiral Dundas, Jean Ba?'t, Geant 
des Batailles. Purple — Ariosto, Purple Kifig, Azucetta, 
Zampa. Blue — Garibaldi. 

Verbena Lemon. See Aloysia. 

Veronica. Speedwell. [Scrophularineae.] A very large 
genus, consisting almost entirely of hardy perennials. About 
a score are insignificant annuals ; half a dozen are sub-aqua- 
tics ; some half-dozen are shrubs requiring greenhouse pro- 
tection ; and the rest are hardy perennials, most of the 
larger-growing of which are adapted for the mixed borders, 
and are really showy with their long narrow close spikes of 
flowers, usually blue. These latter may be said to require no 
culture ; they grow with the greatest facility in garden soil of 
of any description, increase extensively by partition of the 
roots, and live through all the inclemencies of winter and the 
droughts of summer without suffering material detriment. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 37 1 

V. Caticasica (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers 
blush, in July ; Caucasus ; 1816. V. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; 
hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Europe ; 1822. 
V. elegans (elegant) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in 
June; south of France; 1822. V. formosa (handsome) ; half- 
hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Van 
Diemen's Land; 1835. V. glabra {?>vaooX\\) ; hardy perennial ; 
4 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1804. 
V, grandis (grand) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, 
in August ; Siberia; 1826. V. hybi^ida (hybrid); hardy peren- 
nial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; England. V. i7icana (hoar}^); 
hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July; Russia; 1759. 
V. incisa (cut-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in 
July; Siberia; 1739. V. /oHgi/o/ia {long-\ea.yed) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, white, or flesh-colored, in August ; 
south of Europe ; 1731. V. panictilata (panicled) ; hardy peren- 
nial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Russia ; 1797. V. salicifo- 
lia (willow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers 
Hlac, in September ; New Zealand; 1843. V. speciosa {^\\Qr^y)\ 
half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or rose, in 
July; New Zealand; 1835. ^ Virgi7iica (Virginian); hardy 
perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white or flesh-colored, in July ; Vir- 
ginia ; 1 7 14. 

Vervain. See Verbena. 

Vesicaria. [Brassiceae.] Hardy annuals or perennials. 
Common soil. Multiplied by seeds, division, or cuttings, 
according to habit. V. utriculati is a beautiful rock plant. 

V. grandiflo?-a (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- 
ers yellow, in July ; Texas ; 1835. ^ 7itric2{lata{h\2idd.er) ; hardy 
perennial ; i foot ; flowers sulphur-yellow, in May ; Levant ; 
1730. 

Vetch. See Vicia. 

Viburnum. [Caprifoliaceae.] A genus consisting for the 
most part of hardy shrubs. The Guelder-rose, V. Opiihcs, is 
ver}^ familiar in shrubberies : the bloom is white, in bunches 



S72 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

that form complete balls, and, being abundant, is very effec- 
tive. This is generally propagated from suckers, which come 
up, like those of the Lilac, very freely. There is a great va- 
riet}. of species, but few are so handsome as the Guelder- 
rose. F. macrocephahwi and plkatum are, however, fine 
showy shrubs. Rich loamy soil. Increased by layers, cut- 
tings, or suckers. 

V. macroccphahun (large-headed) ; hardy shrub ; lo feet ; 
flowers white, in May; China; 1845. ^ Opuliis (Guelder- 
rose) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. 
V. p/icaium {p\3.ited) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in 
May; China ; 1845. 

Many of our native species, such as K prunifoliiim, Len- 
tago, dmtatum, and la?itanoides, are very handsome shrubs. 

ViciA. Vetch. [Leguminosae.] Hardy annuals or per- 
ennials. Common soil. Propagated by seeds or division. 

ViNCA. Perhainkk. [Apocynaceae.] Pretty, hardy, shrub- 
by plants, always dwarf and evergreen, generally of trailing 
habit, and well adapted for covering the surface of the ground 
in shady situations where little else will live. They are in- 
creased by separating the rooted trailing shoots. Common 
soil. V. rosea, and its variety alba, and octllata, are properly 
stove shrubs, but do finely as bedding plants in rich soil, in 
a warm exposure : they may be raised from seed in a hot-bed 
or from cuttings. They should not be planted out until all 
danger of cold weather is over. Natives of East Indies. 

V. herbacea (herbaceous) ; hardy evergreen trailing perennial ; 
6 inches; flowers purple, in June ; Hungary; 1816. V. major 
(greater); hardy evergreen trailing shrub; 18 inches; flowers 
blue, in July ; England. V. minor (lesser) ; hardy evergreen 
trailing shrub ; i foot ; flowers blue, in May ; England. 

There is a variety with variegated leaves. 

Viola. Violet. [Violaceae.] A large genus of pretty 



GARDEX FLOWERS. 373 

herbaceous plants, almost all of which are hardy. The 
first to be mentioned is the Sweet Violet, V. odofafa, 
of which the common wild forms should be planted in 
abundance in every shrubber}^ for the sake of their sweet 
blossoms. For general cultivation, the varieties known as 
the Neapolitan, the Russian, and the Tree-violet, are the 
best. The Russian is quite hardy, and requires only to be 
planted in rich soil, which must be renewed, in part at least, 
annually. The others need higher culture. To grow the 
Xeapolitan a bed of rich light soil must be made up ; 
and about the beginning of May, the old plants must be 
divided into t^vo, three, or more, according to their size. 
These young plants are put out, and carefully watered, when 
necessary, through the summer ; and are enher allowed to 
bloom in these beds, some protection being afforded them to 
keep off heavy rains and frost, or they are taken up about 
the end of September, potted, and die pots kept in a cold 
dr}' frame during winter, with such other protection as the 
season renders necessar}-. They may be forced in frames 
by the application of gentle heat : and by this means, it is 
no unusual thing, with the luxurious, to have violets all the 
winter. The Tree-violet is a double-flowered, dark variet}^, 
which, if kept trained to a single stem, acquires the appear- 
ance of a miniature tree. This requires to be gro^^^l as a 
hardy plant in frames ; the soil being turfy loam, decomposed 
cow-dung, and leaf-moukl in equal parts. To secure the 
tree-like habit, the crown of vigorous young plants must be 
encouraged to push upwards by the removal of all lateral 
growth ; otherwise this variet}' spreads out its runners just 
like other violets. There are several other varieties of the 
Sweet Violet ; but these are the best. The whole genus, 
with one or two tender exceptions, are worth cultivating as 
hardy perennials. They grow ver\' freely in good garden 



374 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

soil, preferring loam moderately rich. Increased by divis- 
ion. Those which grow with stems, like the Heartsease, or 
Pansy, should be frequently renewed from cuttings, which 
should, moreover, be, as far as possible, the young shoots 
from the root, in preference to the tips of the older shoots. 

Pansy ( Viola tricolor). — The numerous varieties of this 
popular flower, frequently called Heartsease, originated from 
the common three-colored Violet. Like the varieties of the 
Pink, these require to be constantly renewed by striking cut- 
tings ; for, as may have been observed by many who have 
grown them, the blooms come smaller and out of character 
as the plants get larger and older. It is true, there are more 
flowers on the plants when they enlarge ; but there is a great 
alteration for the worse in their colors and forms. The 
ground in which they thrive most is good rich loam. They 
should be grown in beds six inches apart every way. The 
side-shoots make the best plants. They should be stripped 
off when they are two inches long ; and may be put into 
the ground half their length, and covered with a hand- 
glass : if the place be shady, so much the less trouble, but^ 
if not, the hand-glass must be covered so as to keep off the 
hot sun ; the cuttings must be kept well watered till rooted. 
To have the Heartsease in perfection, there should be a con- 
stant supply of cuttings ; and when they are struck, which 
will be seen by their beginning to grow, they should be very 
carefully lifted, so as to break none of their fibres, and 
planted out wherever they are to bloom, whether it be in the 
borders or in beds. After they are planted out, they should 
be well watered. When the plants get large, cut them down 
close ; and all the shoots that come will make excellent cut- 
tings. The Pansies, w^hich are of all sorts of colors, should 
be had in bloom all the year, except in winter, a succession 
of young plants being raised for this purpose. 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 375 

V. Altaica (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pur- 
ple, in May ; Siberia ; 1808. V. blanda (charming) ; hardy per- 
ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 
1803. V. calcarata (spurred) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- 
ers bluish; in May; Switzerland; 1752. V. grandiflor-a (\2xg(t- 
flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; 
Switzerland. V. hitea (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 
flowers yellow, in June ; England. V. ochrolenca (yellowish) ; 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers straw-colored, in June ; 
North America ; 1800. V. odorata (common) ; hardy perennial ; 
6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in May ; England. V. Palma- 
oisu (Palmer) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple- 
hlac, in May; south of Europe; 1836. V. pahjiata (broad- 
leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May 
North America; 1752. V. parnassicefolia (parnassia-leaved) 
hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in winter and spring 
Patagonia; 1850. V. pedata (pedate) ; hardy perennial; 6 
inches; flowers blue, in May; North America; 1759. V. Ro- 
thomagensis (Rouen) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 
in July ; France ; 1783. V. stricta (upright) ; hardy perennial ; 
I foot ; flowers pale-blue, in May; Europe; 1822. V. tricolor 
(three-colored) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers various, all 
summer ; Britain. 

There are many other species. 

Viper's Bugloss. See Echium. 

ViRGiLiA. [Leguminosae.] A fine hardy tree, producing 
long racemes of locust-like flowers, and very ornamental in 
flower and leaf. Deep rich soil. Propagated by seeds and 
layers. 

V. hitea (yellow) ; hardy tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in 
June ; North America. 

Virginian Creeper. See Ampelopsis. 

Virginian Stock. See Malcolmia. 

Virgin's Bower. See Clematis. 

Viscaria. [Caryoph3dlaceae.] A small genus, allied to 



3/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Lychnis, containing some neat small-growing perennials, as 
V. vulgaris, negkcta, Alpma, and Helvetica, forming pretty 
rock-plants. These perennials are increased by carefully 
dividing the dense tufts of branches which they form, re- 
taining a share of loots to each slip if possible, and treating 
the divisions rather as cuttings than as plants, by keeping 
them in a close frame until they begin to grow. These like 
a very open soil, containing pounded bricks or old mortar, 
or any substance of similar texture. The genus also con- 
tains two very showy hardy annuals, V. Cmli-rosa and oculata. 
These may be sown in the open borders with other hardy 
annuals in May. 

K ^/^/;z<3: (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers pink, 
in May ; Scotland. V. Cosli-rosa (Rose of Heaven) ; hardy an- 
nual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose, light eye, in June ; Levant ; 1713. 
V. Helvetica {Swiss) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches; flowers red, 
in June; Switzerland; 18 14. V. neglecta (neglected); hardy 
perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. V. ocu- 
lata (dark-eyed) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose, dark 
eye, in June; Algiers; 1843. V. Siiecica (Swedish); hardy 
perennial; 6 inches; flowers pink, in June; Sweden; 1824. 
V. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, 
in May; England. 



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WAHLENBERGIA. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy or half- 
hardy perennials and annuals. The latter should be 
sown in heat in March, and potted or planted out to flower ; 
the former increase by division or seeds. Soil, sandy loam. 

Wall-Cress. See Arabis. 

Wallflower. See Cheiranthus. 

Walnut. See Juglans. 

Water-Lily. See Nymph^a. 

Water-Plantain. See Alisma. 

Water-Reed. See Arundo. 

Weigela. [Caprifoliaceae.] Very' handsome hardy de- 
ciduous shrubs. They are free-growing, striking readily from 
cuttings or from layers, and grow vigorously in good garden 
soil. The blossoms, at first white, but changing to rose- 
pink, are produced, generally in great profusion, in spring. 

IV. amabilis (lovely) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in 
May; Japan; 1852. W. rosea (rosy); hardy shrub; 3 feet; 
flowers pink, in May; China; 1844. W. Middeiidorffiaiia ; 
hardy shrub ; flowers white, shading to pale-yellow, spotted with 
carmine ; south of Russia ; 1856. 

There are other species, and a variet}^ with variegated 
foliage. 

Washingtonia. [Coniferse.] A magnificent hardy ever- 
green tree. Soil, loam. Increased by seeds. This tree 
will survive as far north as Massachusetts. 

W. gigantea (gigantic) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 200 feet ; flow- 
ers deep purple, in July ; California ; 1844. 

Z17 



S7^ GARDEN FLOWERS. 

Whitlavia. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, of or- 
namental character. Rich light soil. Increased by seeds. 

IV. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flow- 
ers deep purple, in July ; Cahfornia ; 1853. 

Whitlow-Grass. See Drab a.. 
Whortle-Berry. See Vaccinum. 
Willow. See Salix. 

WiNDFLOWER. ScC AnEMONE. 

Winter Aconite. See Eranthis. 

Winter Cherry. See Physalis. 

Wistaria. [Leguminesae.] Hardy, vigorous-growing de- 
ciduous climbers. ^W. sinensis, formerly named Glycine sinen- 
sis, is a perfectly hardy, climbing shrub bearing long racemes 
of purplish-lilac flowers before the foliage is produced. 
Young plants, when newly planted, are often of slow growth ; 
but as soon as they get established they grow very rapidly. 
The flowers are, however, produced on spurs of the old 
wood. It is propagated by layers, which root freely if pegged 
under ground any time during autumn. 

W. fnitescens J hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers deep 
purple, in summer; North America ; 1724. W. sijiensis (Chi- 
nese) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 25 feet ; flowers lilac or white, in 
May ; China ; 1818 ; the white variety in 1846. 

Witch Hazel. See Hamamelis. 
Wolfsbane. See Aconitum. 
Woodbine. See Ampelopsis and Caprifolium. 
WuLFENiA. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, 
requiring a dry soil. Propagated by seeds and division. 

W. AmherstiancE (Amherst's); hardy perennial; 6 inches; 
flowers lilac, in July ; Chinese Tartary ; 1846. W. Carinthiaca 
(Corinthian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; 
Carinthia; 1817. 

Wytch Elm. See Ulmus montanus. 




XANTHIUM. Small Burdock. [Compositae.] A genus 
of weedy plants of easy culture. The flowers are in- 
conspicuous, but the foliage may be effective in masses. 
The species are X. strumarium^ Orientate^ spinosum.^ and echi- 
natum. Easily propagated by seeds. 

Xanthorhiza. Yellow-root. [Ranunculaceae.] A hardy 
shrub, increasing rapidly by suckers. Soil, sandy loam, 
rather moist. The dark-purple flowers are very pretty in 
early spring, and the foliage is delicate and prett}^ 

X. apiifolia (parsley-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers 
purple, in May; North America; 1766. 

Xanthoxylum. [Xanthoxylaceae.] A hardy tree, grow- 
ing in any garden soil, and very easily propagated by seeds 



X. f rax 171621771 (ash-like); hardy tree ; 15 feet; flowers white, 
in April ; North America ; 1759. 

There are other species, mostly tender. 

Xeranthemum. [Compositse.] Hardy annuals of the 
composite kind, now almost expelled from gardens by 
the ga3^er annuals from California and elsewhere. They 
must not be confounded with the showy yellow and white 
Everlasting flowers (as they are called), which have been, 
and indeed now are, sometimes named Xeranthemum. 
They are among the most easily cultivated of annuals, re- 
quiring only to be sown about May in the open border, and 

379 



380 GARDEN FLOWERS. 

thinned out for flowering. A succession may be sown a 
month later than the first sowing, if it is required. 

X. aiimium (annual) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or 
white,- in July ; south of Europe ; 1570. 

Xerophyllum. [Melanthaceae.] A genus of pretty but 
rare half-hardy plants, with spikes of white flowers resem- 
bling Helonias. The foliage appears withered, whence the 
name. Good garden soil. Propagated by seeds. 

X. setifolium (bristle-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; flowers 
white, in June ; North America ; 1823. This plant is also known 
as X. asphodeloides and X. tenax. 

Xylosteon. A subdivision of the Honeysuckle family 
(Caprifoliaceae), including some of the shrubby Honeysuckles. 
See LoNiCERA. 

Xyris. Yellow-eyed Grass. [Xyridaceae.] A genus of 
very pretty yellow flowers, of which one species is very com- 
mon in open sandy or peat bogs. If cultivated in a mass, 
the flower would be effective. Soil, peaty sand. Propa- 
gated by seed. 

X. biilbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- 
low, aU summer ; North America. X. Caroliniana (Carolinian); 
hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; North 
America. X. fiinbriata is a Southern species. 





YAM, Chinese. See Dioscorea batatas. 
Yarrow. See Achillea. 

Yellow-eyed Grass. See Xyris. 

Yellow Lily. See Hemerocallis. 

Yellow Pond-Lily. See Nymph^a. 

Yellow-root. See Xanthorhiza. 

Yellow Sultan. See Centaurea suaveolens. 

Yew. See Taxus. 

Yucca. Adam's Needle. [Liliaceae.] Fine exotic-looking 
shrubs, some of them hardy ; others require some amount 
of protection. They are aloe-hke, with narrow leaves, some 
growing up with an erect stem, which, in time, becomes 
forked ; and others being almost stemless, the leaves grow- 
ing close to the ground. The flowering stem in all is erect, 
bearing a close panicle of large cream-colored, drooping, 
tulip-like blossoms. They all grow in loamy soil, and the 
hardy kinds have a fine effect planted sparingly in promi- 
nent positions on rock-work. 

Y. aloifolia (aloe-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; 
flowers greenish-white, in August ; South America ; 1696. Y. an- 
gustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; 
flowers greenish- white, in July; Missouri; 18 11. Y. draconis 
(dragon) ; half hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in 
August; South America; 1732. Y. Jilainentosa {ihvQdidiy) ; hardy 
evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in September; 
Virginia; 1675. Y. glaucescens {g\2LMC0ViS) ; half-hardy evergreen 
perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America ; 1819. 

381 



382 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



V. gloriosa (glorious) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers green- 
ish white, in July; America; 1596. Y. reciirva (recurved); 
half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in 
August ; Georgia ; 1 794. Y. superba (superb) ; half-hardy ever- 
green shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August ; history un- 
known. 

The only species perfectly hardy in New England is K 
filamentosa^ though the others occasionally survive. There 
is no better plant for massing. The most effective manner 
of growing this plant is to set about a dozen strong plants 
in a large circular bed in a lawn, the soil being deep and 
well manured. The plants will display wonderful vigor of 
growth, and will often send up flower-spikes eight feet high, 
covered with hundreds of blossoms. These spikes of bloom 
are very effective by moonlight, and there is a foolish belief 
that the plant only blooms about the time of the full moon. 
The foliage should be protected by a slight covering of ever- 
green boughs from the winter's sun. Seedlings vary much 
in foliage. 








^AUSCHNERIA. [Onagraceae.] A pretty plant for 
^-^ bedding, though its blooming season is often shortened 
by the frost. It forms a dense bushy mass, covered with 
scarlet fuchsia or honeysuckle-like erect flowers. Garden 
soil. Propagated by cuttings and division. It requires 
greenhouse protection in winter in the Northern States. 

Z. Calif ornica (Californian) ; half-hardy perennial ; i8 inches; 
flowers scarlet, in August; California; 1847. 

Zenobia. See Andromeda. 

Zinnia. [Compositae.] A genus of Mexican annuals, 
bearing flowers of many different colors, seedling varieties 
having become numerous. The most ornamental species is 
Z. elegans^ which grows best in peaty soil, and in a cool sit- 
uation. The plant may be termed coarse, and is better- 
looking in moderate than in rich soil. The seed may be 
sown in the open ground, or in heat, according to the time 
it is desired to be in flower. When large enough, it may be 
planted out at once into beds a foot apart, or in the border 
three in a patch. When seed has been saved from a single 
plant, and none, other has been near, the plants have come 
pretty constant to the parent ; but, generally speaking, in 
the seed that is purchased we obtain all the colors from 
scarlet to light-pink and to dark-crimson, and all the shades 
from dark-chocolate to light-purple and lilac. It is a diffi- 
cult matter to produce, year after year, anything like con- 

383 



/t 



384 



GARDEN FLOWERS. 



stancy in annuals ; for the only way is to destroy all others 
that can cross the seed, or to isolate those for seeding, so 
that nothing can reach them. Muslin bags have been tried 
with some effect ; but it must be done very early. The 
double varieties are brilliant ornaments of the garden, and 
come true from seed. They were introduced from India in 
1858. 

Z, elegans (elegant); half-hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers 
various, in July ; Mexico ; 1829. Z. imiltifiora (many-flowered) ; 
hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers dull-red, in August ; Mexico ; 
1770. 

Zygadenus. [Melanthaceae.] A family of herbaceous 
perennials, allied to Veratrum, natives of North America. 
Soil, moist peaty loam. Propagated by division. Flowers 
greenish-white. Z. glaucus, IdmantJioidcs^ and glaberrimiis 
are among the species. 




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